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Human Physiology in the Development of Performance
D681 12
Session 2
By the end of today’s lesson you should:
• Correctly identify what you have learned from last week
• Correctly identify the anatomy of a long bone
• Correctly identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each
• Correctly describe the basic movement patterns
• Correctly identify and describe the features of a synovial joint
• Correctly identify the adaptations that occur in the skeleton due to exercise
Test
• Lets now see what you have remembered from last week
• Anatomical names of bones
Revision from session 1
• 5 main functions of the skeleton
Support
Protection
Movement
Blood Cell Production
Calcium Storage
Revision from session 1
• 5 Types of bone
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Structure of a Long Bone
• The following slide contains a diagram of a long bone
• The parts labelled are the most important and a brief explanation of each is provided on the following slides
• The terms you require to be most familiar with are:
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Periosteum
Medullary Cavity
A Long Bone
Features of a Long Bone; Terms You Need to Know
Structure Description Function
Diaphysis Centre or shaft of the bone
Gives bone length
Epiphysis Bulges or ends of the bone
Allows attachment of tendons and ligaments
Periosteum Tough skin like coating
Protects the bone
Medullary Cavity
Hollow in the diaphysis of the bone
Contains yellow marrow
Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms
Structure
Description Function
Cartilage White rubbery material
Protects ends of bones and acts like a shock absorber
Epiphyseal Plate
Line between the diaphysis and epiphysis
Where bone grows longer
Bone Marrow
Soft tissue which fills the medullary cavity
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells yellow produces white blood cells
Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms
Structure
Description Function
Collagen Bundles of tough stringy material
Strengthen bone during development
Compact bone
Dense rigid part of bone
Gives bone it’s strength
Spongy Bone
Lies beneath compact bone in a criss cross appearance
Allows bones to be light yet strong
Task
• You must now draw your own long bone
• The bone must be labelled with all 10 terms found in the tables above
• Take your time and make your drawing big and clear
Activity
• In your groups think about what a joint is and then make a list of all the joints you can think of in the body?
Types of Synovial Joints
• There are 6 basic types of Synovial joints:Hinge jointBall and socketPivot jointCondyloid (Ellipsoid/Ovoid) jointGliding jointSaddle joint
Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge joint– Joint which only allows movement in one
plane– Examples: Elbow, Knee and Ankle
Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket– Allows the widest range of movement– Examples: Shoulder and Hip
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot joint– Joint which only allows movement in one plane– Examples: Radius and Ulna below elbow joint
Top 2 vertebrae in neck (cervicle)
Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle joint– Joint which allows movement in two
planes– Example: Metacarpal Thumb joint
Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding joint– Joint where flat surfaces glide past each
other (normally allow movement in two planes however may permit movement in all directions)
– Examples: Carpals, Tarsals, Vertebrae
Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint– Joint which allows movement usually in two planes– Example: Metacarpal and 1st phalange
Radius, Ulna & Carpals (wrist)
Movement Patterns
• FlexionAngle between joints is decreasedBending action
• ExtensionStraightening actionAngle between joints is increased
• Hyper ExtensionExtreme extensionUsually straightening past 180º
Movement Patterns
• Horizontal Flexion
Bending action on horizontal plane
Angle between joints is decreased
• Horizontal Extension
Straightening action on horizontal plane
Angle between joints is increased
Movement Patterns
• Abduction
Moving away from the midline of the body
• Adduction
Moving towards the midline of the body
Movement Patterns
• Rotation
A bone turns around within it’s axis
Usually a twisting action
• Circumduction
A bone turns around within it’s axis to make a cone like shape
Movement Patterns
• Dorsi FlexionThe foot is raised
upwards towards the tibia
• Plantar FlexionThe toes are pointed
downwards
Movement Patterns
• Supination
Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face upwards
• Pronation
Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face downwards
Making Movement Patterns Specific
• Whenever you use a movement pattern you must make it specific to a joint
• Simply saying extension gives us little information
• If however you say knee extension then we know exactly what type of extension we are talking about
• More importantly where in the body you are talking about
Activity – Charades
• You will now be split into small groups
• One person in the group will volunteer to go first
• Each volunteer must act out the three movements on the card and it is up to those in the group to correctly name the movement patterns
• The volunteers will then swap
• Everyone will get the opportunity to act out the movement patterns to their group
Task
• In your small groups work out the movement patterns that are created during the exercises listed and state the joint that is involved
• Lift phase – when the weight/body is lifted
• Lower phase – when the weight is lowered/body is lowered
Structure of a Synovial Joint (Knee Joint)
Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term Description
Femur Thigh bone
Tibia Lower leg bone (thick)
Fibula Lower leg bone (fine)
Patella Knee Cap
Quadriceps Thigh muscle
Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term Description
Bursa Fluid-filled sacs, between bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures help cushion the friction in a joint
Cartilage Cartilage is found at the end of bones and helps reduce the friction of movement
Ligaments Attach bone to bone
Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term Description
Tendon Attach bone to muscle
Synovial Membrane
A tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule.
Synovial Fluid Synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) is secreted from the synovial membrane around the joint to lubricate it.
What happens to the skeleton if you take part in sport or fitness training programme?
• Skeleton =
Bones
Ligaments
Tendons
In your group make a list of all the changes that you think happen to the skeleton with exercise
Adaptations to the Skeleton with Exercise
• Increased bone density
• Increased bone strength
• Increased strength of ligaments and tendons
• Increased flexibility of ligaments and tendons
You Should Now Be Able To;
• Identify what you have learned from last week
• Identify the anatomical names of the bones in the upper body
• Identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each
• Describe the basic movement patterns
• Identify and describe the features of a synovial joint