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Human PapillomavirusandRelated Diseases Report
WORLDVersion posted at www.hpvcentre.net on 17 June 2019
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Copyright and Permissions
©ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre), 2019.
All rights reserved. HPV Information Centre publications can be obtained from the HPV Informa-tion Centre Secretariat, Institut Català d’Oncologia, Avda. Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199-203 08908L’Hospitalet del Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain. E-mail: [email protected]. Requests for per-mission to reproduce or translate HPV Information Centre publications - whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution- should be addressed to the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, at the aboveaddress.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part the HPV Information Centre concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there maynot yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products doesnot imply that they are endorsed or recommended the HPV Information Centre in preference to othersof a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietaryproducts are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by theHPV Information Centre to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the publishedmaterial is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The respon-sibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the HPVInformation Centre be liable for damages arising from its use.
The development of this report has been supported by grants from the European Comission (7th Frame-work Programme grant HEALTH-F3-2010-242061, HEALTH-F2-2011-282562, HPV AHEAD).
Recommended citation:
Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. ICO/IARCInformation Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and RelatedDiseases in the World. Summary Report 17 June 2019. [Date Accessed]
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
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Abbreviations
Table 1: AbbreviationsAbbreviation Full termHPV Human papillomavirusPREHDICT Project Health economic modelling of prevention strategies for HPV-related diseases in
European countriesHPV Information Centre ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical CancerGW Genital wartsRRP Recurrent respiratory papillomatosisSIL Squamous intraepithelial lesionsLSIL Low-grade cervical lesionsHSIL High-grade cervical lesionsICC Invasive cervical cancerCIS Carcinoma in situCIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasiaAIN2/3 Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3VIN 2/3 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3VaIN 2/3 Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3PeIN 2/3 Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 395% CI 95% confidence intervalN Number of cases testedHPV Prev HPV prevalenceASR Age-standardised rateMSM Men who have sex with menNon MSM Heterosexual menSCC Squamous cell carcinomasSTI Sexually transmitted infectionsHIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndromeTS Type specificEIA Enzyme immunoassayRLBM Reverse line blotting methodRFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphismRHA Reverse hybridisation assayRLH Reverse line hybridisationLiPA Line probe assaySBH Southern blot hybridisationISH In situ hybridisationMABA Micro array-based assayLBA Line blot assayHC2 Hybrid Capture 2SAT Suspension array technologyPCR Polymerase chain reactionSPF Short primer fragmentq-PCR Quantitative polymerase chain reactionRLBH Reverse line blot hybridisationRT-PCR Real-time polymerase chain reactionDBH Dot blot hybridisationHR High riskDSA Direct sequence analysisMAA Microchip array assay
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
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Executive summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and there isgrowing evidence of HPV being a relevant factor in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina andpenis) as well as head and neck cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cer-vical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent HPV 16 and 18 infections are now availableand have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical and other anogenital cancers.
This report provides key information for Less developed regions on: cervical cancer; other anogeni-tal cancers and head and neck cancers; HPV-related statistics; factors contributing to cervical cancer;cervical cancer screening practises; HPV vaccine introduction; and other relevant immunization indi-cators. The report is intended to strengthen the guidance for health policy implementation of primaryand secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies in the region.
The World has a population of 2,784 million women aged 15 years and older who are at risk of de-veloping cervical cancer. Current estimates indicate that every year 569,847 women are diagnosed withcervical cancer and 311,365 die from the disease. Cervical cancer ranks* as the third most frequentcancer among women in the World.* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer and considering separated
colon, rectum and anus. Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.
Table 2: Key statistics
Population Wor
ld
Les
sde
velo
ped
regi
ons
Mor
ede
velo
ped
regi
ons
Women at risk for cervical cancer (Female population aged >=15 yrs) in millions 2,784.9 2,240.4 544.4Burden of cervical cancerAnnual number of new cervical cancer cases 569,847 - -
Standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population 13.1 - -
Annual number of cervical cancer deaths 311,365 - -
Standardized mortality rates per 100,000 population 6.9 - -
Burden of cervical HPV infectionPrevalence (%) of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 among women with:
Normal cytology 3.9 3.8 3.8
Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1) 25.8 25.1 25.9
High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS) 51.9 46.7 54.1
Cervical cancer 69.4 69.5 71.8
Please see the specific sections for more information.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
LIST OF CONTENTS - v -
Contents
Abbreviations iii
Executive summary iv
1 Introduction 1
2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors 3
3 Burden of HPV related cancers 83.1 Cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1 Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.1.2 Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Anogenital cancers other than the cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.2.1 Anal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.2.2 Vulvar cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.2.3 Vaginal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.2.4 Penile cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 Head and neck cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.3.1 Oropharyngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4 HPV related statistics 894.1 HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous lesions or
invasive cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894.1.1 HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.1.2 HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous
cervical lesions and cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204.1.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.2 HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than the cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604.2.1 Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604.2.2 Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1704.2.3 Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1814.2.4 Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.3 HPV burden in men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974.4 HPV burden in the head and neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.4.1 Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2134.4.2 HPV burden in head and neck cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5 Factors contributing to cervical cancer 243
6 Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators 247
7 HPV preventive strategies 2487.1 Cervical cancer screening practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2487.2 HPV vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.2.1 HPV vaccine licensure and introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8 Protective factors for cervical cancer 264
9 References 269
10 Glossary 303
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
LIST OF FIGURES - vi -
List of Figures1 World geographical regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Population pyramids by World, developing and developed regions, estimates for 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Population trends in four selected age groups by World, developing and developed regions for 2017 . . . . . . . . 44 Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (estimates for
2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (esti-
mates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for
2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe (estimates
for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania (estimates
for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1310 World age-standardised incidence rates by World and sub regions (estimates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511 Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates
for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612 Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates
for 2018) (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713 Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914 World age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer by World and sub regions World (estimates for 2018) . 2115 Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (esti-
mates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2216 Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (esti-
mates for 2018) (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2317 Age-standardised incidence rates of other anogenital cancer in the World (estimates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . 2418 Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (esti-
mates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2519 Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas
(estimates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2720 Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (esti-
mates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2921 Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe
(estimates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3122 Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania
(estimates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3323 Age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer in the World (estimates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . 7724 Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (esti-
mates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7825 Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas
(estimates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8026 Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates
for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8227 Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe (esti-
mates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8428 Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania (esti-
mates for 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8629 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9030 Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal cervical cytology in
the World and its regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9131 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . . . 9232 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study (continued) . . . 9433 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study . . . . . . 9534 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 9735 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 9936 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued)10137 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . . . 10238 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 10439 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 10640 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 10841 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 11042 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . . 11243 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 114
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
LIST OF FIGURES - vii -
44 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 11645 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 11846 Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . . . 11947 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . 12148 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study . . . . 12249 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (con-
tinued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12350 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . 12451 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 12552 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . 12653 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) 12754 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . 12855 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . 12956 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study . . . 13057 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study
(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13158 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . 13259 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) . 13360 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . 13461 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 13562 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . 13663 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . 13764 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study . . 13865 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study
(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13966 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . 14067 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) 14168 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study . . . . . . 14269 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued)14370 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . 14471 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . . 14572 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study . . . . 14673 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study (con-
tinued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14774 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . . 14875 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 14976 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 15077 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . 15178 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) . 15279 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) . 15380 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . 15481 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and without cervical lesions by
World compared to developing and developed regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15582 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology by
World, developing and developed regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15683 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 16484 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . 16585 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 16586 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 16687 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . 16688 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16789 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . . 16790 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16891 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16892 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 16993 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . 17594 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . 17695 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 17696 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . 17797 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . 17798 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17899 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . . 178100 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179101 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179102 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
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LIST OF FIGURES - viii -
103 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . 183104 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . 183105 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 184106 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . 184107 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . 185108 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185109 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . . 186110 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186111 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 187112 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 187113 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . 192114 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . 192115 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . 193116 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . 193117 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . 194118 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194119 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . . . 195120 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195121 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 196122 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . 196123 Female smoking prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243124 Total fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244125 World prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245126 World HIV prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246127 Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247128 Worldwide status of cervical cancer screening programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248129 Worldwide status of HPV vaccination programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259130 Worldwide prevalence of male circumcision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264131 Worldwide prevalence of condom use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
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LIST OF TABLES - ix -
List of Tables1 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii2 Key statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv3 World population estimates (in millions), 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 World sociodemographic indicators, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Incidence of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Cervical cancer mortality by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Incidence of anal cancer by cancer registry and sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Incidence of vulvar cancer by cancer registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Incidence of vaginal cancer by cancer registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5710 Incidence of penile cancer by cancer registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6711 Cancer incidence of the oropharynx by sex, in the World and its regions. Includes ICD-10 codes: C09-10 (esti-
mates for 2018). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8712 Cancer mortality of the oropharynx by sex, in the World and its regions. Includes ICD-10 codes: C09-10 (esti-
mates for 2018). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8713 Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive
cervical cancer by World region and sub-regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12014 Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive
cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15715 Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15816 Studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases (male and female) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16017 Studies on HPV prevalence among AIN 2/3 cases (male and female) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16218 Studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17019 Studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17320 Studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18121 Studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18222 Studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18823 Studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19124 Studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19825 Studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20226 Studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21327 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21628 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oropharyngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22729 Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23630 Cervical cancer screening policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24931 HPV vaccination policies for the female population in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26032 References of studies included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26933 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
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1 INTRODUCTION - 1 -
1 Introduction
Figure 1: World geographical regions
Australia and New Zealand
Caribbean
Central America
Central Asia
Eastern Africa
Eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
Melanesia
Micronesia
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Northern America
Northern Europe
Polynesia
South America
South−Eastern Asia
Southern Africa
Southern Asia
Southern Europe
Western Africa
Western Asia
Western Europe
Data sources: United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications.
The HPV Information Centre aims to compile and centralize updated data and statistics on HPV andHPV-related cancers. This report aims to summarize the data available to fully evaluate the burden ofdisease in the World and to facilitate stakeholders and relevant bodies of decision makers to formulaterecommendations on the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Data include rel-evant cancer statistic estimates, epidemiological determinants of cervical cancer such as demographics,socioeconomic factors, risk factors, burden of HPV infection in women and men, and cervical screeningand immunization practices. The report is structured into the following sections:
Section 2, Demographic and socioeconomic factors. This section summarizes the sociodemo-graphic profile of the World. For analytical purposes, the World is divided into five regions: Africa,the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania (Figure 1).
Section 3, Burden of HPV related cancers. This section describes the current burden of invasivecervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers in the World with estimates of prevalence, incidence andmortality rates.
Section 4, HPV related statistics. This section summarizes reports on prevalence of HPV and HPVtype-specific distribution in women with normal cytology, women with precancerous lesions and inva-sive cervical cancer. In addition, the burden of HPV in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina,and penis) are presented.
Section 5, Factors contributing to cervical cancer. This section describes factors that can modifythe natural history of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis such as smoking, parity, oral contraceptive useand co-infection with HIV.
Section 6, Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators. This section presents sex-ual behaviour and reproductive health indicators that may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPVinfection and anogenital cancers.
Section 7, HPV preventive strategies. This section presents preventive strategies that include ba-sic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening status, status of HPV vaccine licensure
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1 INTRODUCTION - 2 -
introduction, and recommendations for national immunization programmes.
Section 8, Protective factors for cervical cancer. This section presents the prevalence of malecircumcision and condom use.
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2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS - 3 -
2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors
Figure 2: Population pyramids by World, developing and developed regions, estimates for 2017World
Under 55−9
10−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79
80+
349,829,084 327,366,060335,774,327 313,746,425
319,234,869 298,235,603305,987,869 286,092,545306,491,349 288,010,457
313,473,665 298,334,654292,886,089 283,256,913
258,830,356 253,010,519245,620,628 240,305,828
234,480,311 231,085,393209,789,785 209,916,683
176,317,054 180,256,332148,391,358 156,056,168
112,938,633 123,435,03675,902,498 87,382,118
51,775,314 64,809,26953,342,033 82,918,928
Males Females
Less developed regions
Under 55−9
10−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79
80+
314,809,904 294,127,227299,928,521 279,608,386
284,381,259 264,967,031271,565,315 253,306,430268,528,681 251,851,526271,279,644 257,720,849
249,130,628 240,483,535216,398,075 210,893,484
202,923,518 197,374,544191,962,136 188,096,318
166,457,533 165,275,860134,278,650 135,504,545
110,815,917 114,053,08280,354,469 85,847,323
51,320,568 57,462,52633,558,330 39,804,08230,729,546 42,761,219
Males Females
More developed regions
Under 55−9
10−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79
80+
35,019,180 33,238,83335,845,806 34,138,03934,853,610 33,268,57234,422,554 32,786,115
37,962,668 36,158,93142,194,021 40,613,805
43,755,461 42,773,37842,432,281 42,117,03542,697,110 42,931,28442,518,175 42,989,075
43,332,252 44,640,82342,038,404 44,751,787
37,575,441 42,003,08632,584,164 37,587,713
24,581,930 29,919,59218,216,984 25,005,187
22,612,487 40,157,709
Males Females
Population by sex and age group
Data accessed on 27 Mar 2017.Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.Data sources:United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].
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Figure 3: Population trends in four selected age groups by World, developing and developed regions for2017World
Projections
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Female population trendsNumber of women by year and age group
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Data accessed on 27 Mar 2017.Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.Data sources:United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].
(Continued on next page)
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( Figure 3 – continued from previous page)
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Table 3: World population estimates (in millions), 2017Region / Country Male Female
10-14 years 15+ years Total 10-14 years 15+ years TotalWorld 319.23 2786.23 3791.07 298.24 2784.87 3724.22Less developed regionsa 284.38 2279.30 3178.42 264.97 2240.44 3079.14More developed regionsb 34.85 506.92 612.64 33.27 544.44 645.08Africa 74.46 366.41 623.91 72.68 372.16 622.59
Eastern Africa 26.43 117.18 207.24 26.18 120.82 209.44Middle Africa 10.36 43.80 80.44 10.25 44.69 80.80Northern Africa 11.02 78.21 116.59 10.53 79.00 115.60Southern Africa 3.04 21.94 31.46 3.03 23.00 32.39Western Africac,d 23.60 105.28 188.18 22.68 104.65 184.37
Americase 39.74 383.15 500.03 38.20 398.60 510.76Caribbean f 1.83 16.19 21.68 1.76 16.83 22.09Central America 8.38 62.80 87.87 8.05 65.33 89.38Northern Americag 11.69 145.76 180.10 11.23 150.22 183.12South Americah 17.84 158.40 210.37 17.16 166.23 216.18
Asia 184.06 1724.83 2290.13 167.41 1673.22 2188.18Central Asia 2.93 23.59 34.04 2.80 25.25 35.20Eastern Asia 46.74 685.40 831.25 40.71 666.46 793.61South-Eastern Asia 28.15 236.41 323.07 26.76 242.18 324.52Southern Asia 93.75 681.16 963.08 85.21 650.33 907.38Western Asia 12.49 98.27 138.70 11.91 88.99 127.47
Europe 19.42 296.45 356.72 18.48 325.29 382.49Eastern Europe 7.44 112.86 137.40 7.07 131.24 154.51Northern Europei 2.97 41.62 51.04 2.84 43.48 52.44Southern Europe j 3.90 62.96 74.13 3.69 67.36 77.92Western Europek 5.11 79.01 94.15 4.87 83.21 97.61
Oceania 1.56 15.39 20.27 1.47 15.60 20.20Australia & New Zealand 0.92 11.70 14.56 0.87 11.97 14.69Melanesia 0.58 3.26 5.09 0.54 3.19 4.90Micronesial 0.03 0.19 0.27 0.03 0.19 0.27Polynesiam 0.03 0.25 0.35 0.03 0.24 0.34
Data accessed on 27 Mar 2017.Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.Year of estimate: 2017;aLess developed regions comprise all regions of Africa, Asia (except Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean plus Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.bMore developed regions comprise Europe, Northern America, Australia/New Zealand and Japan.cIncluding Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.d Including Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha.eAggregated by the HPV Information Centre pooling its individual areas/countries.f Including Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten (Dutch part) and Turks and CaicosIslands.gIncluding Bermuda, Greenland, and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.hIncluding Falkland Islands (Malvinas).i Including Faeroe Islands, and Isle of Man.j Including Andorra, Gibraltar, Holy See, and San Marino.kIncluding Liechtenstein, and Monaco.l Including Marshall Islands, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau.mIncluding American Samoa, Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands.Data sources:United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].
Table 4: World sociodemographic indicators, 2017Indicator Male Female TotalPopulation in thousands1,± 3,791,065.3 3,724,218.9 7,515,284.2
Population growth rate (%)1,∓ - - 1.2
Median age of the population (in years)1,∗ - - 29.6
Population living in urban areas (%)2,∗ - - 54
Crude birth rate (births per 1,000)1,∓ - - 19.6
Crude death rate (deaths per 1,000)1,∓ - - 7.8
Life expectancy at birth (in years)3,a,b - - -
Adult mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 yearsold per 1,000)4
- - -
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( Table 4 – continued from previous page)Indicator Male Female TotalUnder age five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)3,c - - -
Density of physicians (per 1,000 population)5,d - - -
Gross national income per capita (PPP current international $)6,e - - -
Adult literacy rate (%) (aged 15 and older)7,? 89.2 81.5 85.3
Youth literacy rate (%) (aged 15-24 years)7,? 92.6 88.6 90.6
Net primary school enrollment ratio7, f ,? 90.1 88.5 89.3
Net secondary school enrollment ratio7, f ,? 65.1 65 65Data accessed on 27 Mar 2017.Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.aWorld Population Prospects, the 2015 revision (WPP2015). New York (NY): United Nations DESA, Population Division.bWHO annual life tables for 1985–2015 based on the WPP2015, on the data held in the WHO Mortality Database and on HIV mortality estimates prepared by UNAIDS. WHO MemberStates with a population of less than 90 000 in 2015 were not included in the analysis.cLevels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2015. Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York (NY), Geneva and Washington (DC):United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, World Bank and United Nations; 2015 (http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2015_Web_9_Sept_15.pdf, accessed 26 March 2016).dNumber of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per 1 000 population.eGNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An internationaldollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies)not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current international dollars basedon the 2011 ICP round.f UIS EstimationYear of estimate: ±2017; ∓2010-2015; ∗2015; ?2014;Data sources:1United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].2United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition. Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].3World Health Statistics 2016. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2016. Available at: http://who.int/entity/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/en/index.html. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].4World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory data repository. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.1360?lang=en. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].5The 2016 update, Global Health Workforce Statistics, World Health Organization, Geneva (http://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/hwfstats/). [Accessed on March 21, 2017].6World Bank, World Development Indicators Database. Washington, DC. International Comparison Program database. Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. [Accessed on March 21, 2017].7UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre [online database]. Montreal, UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Available at: http://stats.uis.unesco.org [Accessed on March 21, 2017].
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3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 8 -
3 Burden of HPV related cancers
3.1 Cervical cancer
Cancer of the cervix uteri is the 3rd most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated569,847 new cases and 311,365 deaths in 2018 (GLOBOCAN). The majority of cases are squamous cellcarcinoma followed by adenocarcinomas. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl10; Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol. 90)
This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer in the World and its regions withestimates of the annual number of new cases, deaths, incidence and mortality.
3.1.1 Incidence
About 569,847 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually inWorld (estimates for 2018).
Cervical cancer ranks* as the 3rd leading cause of female cancer in theWorld.
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer in the womenaged 15 to 44 years in World.
KEY STATS.
* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer and considering separated
colon, rectum and anus. Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.
Figure 4: Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2018)
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methodsData sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
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Figure 5: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inAfrica (estimates for 2018)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Western Sahara**Seychelles**
EgyptTunisiaAlgeriaSudanNigerLibya
MauritiusDjiboutiEritrea
Sierra LeoneMorocco
CongoEthiopia
CARChad
GabonS.Tome & Prin.
Cape VerdeBenin
TogoSomaliaNamibia
DR CongoEq. Guinea
South SudanNigeria
Côte d'IvoireGambia
CameroonBotswana
RwandaGuinea−Bissau
GhanaMauritania
KenyaAngolaLiberiaSenegal
MozambiqueSouth Africa
MaliBurkina Faso
GuineaComoros
MadagascarLesothoUgandaBurundi
TanzaniaZimbabwe
ZambiaMalawi
Swaziland
2.3 4.0
8.1 8.2
9.611.512.413.313.813.8
17.217.5
18.919.219.320.020.120.5
23.723.824.024.224.8
26.926.927.2
28.629.0
31.331.631.932.732.932.933.8
36.137.237.8
42.843.543.945.145.5
50.951.652.1
54.857.4
59.162.3
66.472.9
75.3
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 10 -
Figure 6: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inthe Americas (estimates for 2018)
0 10 20 30 40
Antigua & Bar.**
Dominica**
Grenada**
St Kitts & Nev.**
St Vincent**
Canada
USA
Bahamas
Mexico
Costa Rica
Brazil
Chile
Uruguay
Colombia
St Lucia
Cuba
Trinidad & Tob.
Barbados
Argentina
Dominican Rep.
Haiti
Ecuador
Panama
El Salvador
Honduras
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Peru
Venezuela
Suriname
Belize
Jamaica
Paraguay
Guyana
Bolivia
5.7
6.5
10.9
11.0
11.2
12.2
12.2
12.4
12.7
13.0
14.6
15.2
15.5
16.7
17.1
17.1
17.8
18.4
18.5
19.6
21.1
21.2
23.2
23.7
26.8
28.0
28.4
31.5
32.7
38.5
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 11 -
Figure 7: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inAsia (estimates for 2018)
0 10 20
Taiwan**Iraq
YemenIran
PalestineSaudi Arabia
JordanKuwait
SyriaBahrain
QatarIsrael
TurkeyLebanon
TajikistanOman
UAEAzerbaijan
AfghanistanViet NamPakistan
SingaporeSri Lanka
ArmeniaRep. Korea
GeorgiaUzbekistan
MalaysiaBangladesh
ChinaDPR Korea
LaosTimor−Leste
CambodiaTurkmenistan
BhutanIndia
JapanPhilippines
KazakhstanThailand
KyrgyzstanBrunei
MyanmarNepal
MaldivesIndonesiaMongolia
1.9 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0
4.8 4.8
5.7 5.7
6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6
7.1 7.3 7.7 7.8
8.4 8.4
9.8 9.9
10.510.610.711.111.4
12.513.513.6
14.414.714.714.9
15.716.2
19.920.6
21.521.5
23.223.423.5
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 12 -
Figure 8: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inEurope (estimates for 2018)
0 10 20 30
Andorra**Liechtenstein**
Monaco**San Marino**
MaltaSwitzerland
FinlandSpain
AustriaLuxembourg
CyprusNetherlands
AlbaniaFrance
ItalySlovenia
GermanyIceland
BelgiumCroatiaGreece
UKPortugalSwedenPoland
Czech Rep.Macedonia
NorwayDenmark
IrelandMontenegro
BelarusSlovakia
RussiaUkraine
HungaryLithuaniaRomaniaBulgaria
SerbiaMoldovaEstonia
Bosnia & H.Latvia
3.5 3.8
4.7 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7
6.5 6.7 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.910.0
10.710.911.0
12.513.3
16.617.017.017.2
18.919.5
20.320.3
21.422.5
23.925.0
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 13 -
Figure 9: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inOceania (estimates for 2018)
0 10 20 30
FS Micronesia**
Kiribati**
Marshall Is.**
Nauru**
Palau**
Tonga**
Tuvalu**
Australia
New Zealand
Samoa
Vanuatu
Solomon Is.
Fiji
Papua N. Guinea
6.0
6.0
12.6
17.0
22.6
25.9
29.1
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 14 -
Table 5: Incidence of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2018)Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC
Area N cases Crude ratea ASRa ages 0-74 yearsb All women Women 15-44 yearsWorld 569,847 15.1 13.1 1.4 3 2Less developed re-gions
- - - - - -
More developed re-gions
- - - - - -
Africa 119,284 18.5 27.6 3.0 2 2Eastern Africa 52,633 24.1 40.1 4.3 1 1Middle Africa 12,635 14.9 26.8 3.0 2 2Northern Africa 7,652 6.5 7.2 0.8 3 4Southern Africa 14,409 42.8 43.1 4.2 2 1Western Africa 31,955 16.8 29.6 3.5 2 2
Americas 71,689 14.0 11.2 1.1 6 3Caribbean 4,200 18.8 15.5 1.5 4 2Central America 12,406 13.7 13.0 1.3 2 3Northern America 15,502 8.4 6.4 0.6 14 3South America 39,581 18.2 15.2 1.6 2 2
Asia 315,346 14.2 11.9 1.2 3 3Central Asia 4,555 12.5 12.2 1.3 2 2Eastern Asia 126,874 15.7 10.9 1.1 6 3Southern Asia 116,369 12.7 13.0 1.4 2 2South-EasternAsia
62,456 19.0 17.2 1.9 2 2
Western Asia 5,092 3.9 4.1 0.4 12 4Europe 61,072 15.9 11.2 1.1 9 2
Eastern Europe 35,940 23.3 16.0 1.6 5 2Northern Europe 6,319 11.9 9.5 0.8 13 3Southern Europe 9,155 11.7 7.8 0.8 13 3Western Europe 9,658 9.8 6.8 0.7 15 4
Oceania 2,456 11.9 10.2 0.9 9 3Australia & NewZealand
1,114 7.5 6.0 0.6 14 4
Melanesia 1,254 24.3 27.7 2.6 2 2Micronesia 51 19.3 18.6 2.0 3 2Polynesia 10 10.5 12.6 1.5 5 3
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Standardised rates have ben estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference.Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women and women ages 15-44 years according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer.Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.aRates per 100,000 women per year.bCumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would beexpected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.Data sources:1Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 15 -
Figure 10: World age-standardised incidence rates by World and sub regions (estimates for 2018)
World, developed and developing regions
0 10 20
Less developed**
More developed**
World 13.1
Five continents
0 10 20 30
Oceania
Americas
Europe
Asia
Africa
10.2
11.2
11.2
11.9
27.6
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised mortality rate per 100,000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
Continental sub−regions
0 10 20 30 40 50
Western Asia
Australia & New Zealand
Northern America
Western Europe
Northern Africa
Southern Europe
Northern Europe
Eastern Asia
Central Asia
Polynesia
Central America
Southern Asia
South America
Caribbean
Eastern Europe
South−Eastern Asia
Micronesia
Middle Africa
Melanesia
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
4.1
6.0
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.8
9.5
10.9
12.2
12.6
13.0
13.0
15.2
15.5
16.0
17.2
18.6
26.8
27.7
29.6
40.1
43.1
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 16 -
Figure 11: Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World andits regions (estimates for 2018)
World
15−39 40−64 65+0
54000
108000
162000
216000
270000
324000
110736* 114867
344078*
Ann
ual n
umbe
r of
cas
es
of c
ervi
cal c
ance
r
Africa
15−39 40−64 65+0
38000
76000
114000
152000
190000
24518* 23980
70744*
* World 15-19 yrs: 470 cases. 20-24 yrs: 4767 cases. 25-29 yrs: 17874 cases. 30-34 yrs: 36730 cases. 35-39 yrs: 50895 cases. 40-44 yrs: 65456 cases. 45-49 yrs: 76909 cases. 50-54 yrs: 76873cases. 55-59 yrs: 67980 cases. 60-64 yrs: 56860 cases.* Africa 15-19 yrs: 260 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1416 cases. 25-29 yrs: 4209 cases. 30-34 yrs: 7697 cases. 35-39 yrs: 10936 cases. 40-44 yrs: 13321 cases. 45-49 yrs: 14596 cases. 50-54 yrs: 14967cases. 55-59 yrs: 14673 cases. 60-64 yrs: 13187 cases.
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methodsaRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 17 -
Figure 12: Annual number of cases and age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World andits regions (estimates for 2018) (Continued)
Americas
15−39 40−64 65+0
38000
76000
114000
152000
190000
17813* 16968
36903*
Ann
ual n
umbe
r of
cas
es
of c
ervi
cal c
ance
r
Asia
15−39 40−64 65+0
38000
76000
114000
152000
190000
53887*59072
202273*
Ann
ual n
umbe
r of
cas
es
of c
ervi
cal c
ance
r
Europe
15−39 40−64 65+0
38000
76000
114000
152000
190000
13697* 14498
32872*
Oceania
15−39 40−64 65+0
38000
76000
114000
152000
190000
821* 3491286*
* Americas 15-19 yrs: 100 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1495 cases. 25-29 yrs: 3689 cases. 30-34 yrs: 5537 cases. 35-39 yrs: 6992 cases. 40-44 yrs: 7843 cases. 45-49 yrs: 7881 cases. 50-54 yrs: 7639cases. 55-59 yrs: 7192 cases. 60-64 yrs: 6348 cases.* Asia 15-19 yrs: 96 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1004 cases. 25-29 yrs: 7196 cases. 30-34 yrs: 18703 cases. 35-39 yrs: 26888 cases. 40-44 yrs: 37254 cases. 45-49 yrs: 47317 cases. 50-54 yrs: 47277cases. 55-59 yrs: 39229 cases. 60-64 yrs: 31196 cases.* Europe 15-19 yrs: 12 cases. 20-24 yrs: 772 cases. 25-29 yrs: 2601 cases. 30-34 yrs: 4536 cases. 35-39 yrs: 5776 cases. 40-44 yrs: 6723 cases. 45-49 yrs: 6807 cases. 50-54 yrs: 6718 cases.55-59 yrs: 6664 cases. 60-64 yrs: 5960 cases.* Oceania 15-19 yrs: 2 cases. 20-24 yrs: 80 cases. 25-29 yrs: 179 cases. 30-34 yrs: 257 cases. 35-39 yrs: 303 cases. 40-44 yrs: 315 cases. 45-49 yrs: 308 cases. 50-54 yrs: 272 cases. 55-59 yrs:222 cases. 60-64 yrs: 169 cases.
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 18 -
( Figure 12 – continued from previous page)For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methodsaRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
For time trends in cervical cancer incidence, please refer to individual country data.
NOTE.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 19 -
3.1.2 Mortality
About 311,365 new cervical cancer deaths occur annually in theWorld (estimations for 2018).
Cervical cancer ranks* as the 3rd leading cause of female cancer deathsin the World.
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer deaths in womenaged 15 to 44 years in the World.
KEY STATS.
* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer and considering separated
colon, rectum and anus. Ranking is based on crude incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.
Figure 13: Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2018)
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.ASR: Age-standardized rate, Standardized rates have been estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference;Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 20 -
Table 6: Cervical cancer mortality by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2018)Cumulative risk (%) Ranking of CC
Area N cases Crude ratea ASRa ages 0-74 yearsb All women Women 15-44 yearsWorld 311,365 8.2 6.9 0.8 3 2Less developed re-gions
- - - - - -
More developed re-gions
- - - - - -
Africa 81,687 12.7 20.0 2.3 1 2Eastern Africa 37,017 16.9 30.0 3.4 1 1Middle Africa 9,418 11.1 21.1 2.5 1 2Northern Africa 5,243 4.4 5.1 0.6 3 7Southern Africa 6,480 19.3 20.0 2.1 1 1Western Africa 23,529 12.4 23.0 2.8 1 2
Americas 34,170 6.7 4.9 0.5 5 2Caribbean 2,464 11.0 8.5 0.9 4 2Central America 6,619 7.3 7.0 0.8 2 2Northern America 5,852 3.2 1.9 0.2 12 2South America 19,235 8.9 7.1 0.8 3 2
Asia 168,411 7.6 6.2 0.7 4 2Central Asia 2,369 12.3 6.5 0.7 3 2Eastern Asia 54,547 6.8 4.1 0.4 8 2Southern Asia 72,764 7.9 8.3 0.9 2 2South-EasternAsia
35,738 10.9 10.0 1.2 2 2
Western Asia 2,993 2.3 2.5 0.3 10 7Europe 25,829 6.7 3.8 0.4 11 2
Eastern Europe 16,011 10.4 6.1 0.7 8 1Northern Europe 2,060 3.9 2.1 0.2 17 2Southern Europe 3,512 4.5 2.2 0.2 15 2Western Europe 4,246 4.3 2.1 0.2 16 3
Oceania 1,268 6.1 4.8 0.5 7 2Australia & NewZealand
403 2.7 1.7 0.2 18 2
Melanesia 825 16.0 19.0 1.9 2 1Micronesia - - - - - -Polynesia 6 6.3 7.5 1.0 5 2
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Standardised rates have ben estimated using the direct method and the World population as the reference.Ranking of cervical cancer mortality to other cancers among all women and women ages 15-44 years according to highest mortality rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer.Ranking is based on crude mortality rates (actual number of cervical cancer deaths). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.aRates per 100,000 women per year.bCumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would beexpected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.Data sources:1Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 21 -
Figure 14: World age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer by World and sub regions World(estimates for 2018)
World, developed and developing regions
0 10
Less developed**
More developed**
World 6.9
Five continents
0 10 20 30
Europe
Oceania
Americas
Asia
Africa
3.8
4.8
4.9
6.2
20.0
Cervical cancer: Age−standardised mortality rate per 100,000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)
Continental sub−regions
0 10 20 30 40
Micronesia **
Australia & New Zealand
Northern America
Northern Europe
Western Europe
Southern Europe
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Northern Africa
Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Central America
South America
Polynesia
Southern Asia
Caribbean
South−Eastern Asia
Melanesia
Southern Africa
Middle Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.5
4.1
5.1
6.1
6.5
7.0
7.1
7.5
8.3
8.5
10.0
19.0
20.0
21.1
23.0
30.0
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Rates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 22 -
Figure 15: Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World andits regions (estimates for 2018)
World
15−39 40−64 65+0
1200024000360004800060000720008400096000
108000120000132000144000156000168000180000
31511*
102102
177686*
Ann
ual n
umbe
r of
dea
ths
of c
ervi
cal c
ance
r
Africa
15−39 40−64 65+0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
72000
84000
96000
9595*
22017
50071*
World 15-19 yrs: 81 cases. 20-24 yrs: 719 cases. 25-29 yrs: 4008 cases. 30-34 yrs: 9859 cases. 35-39 yrs: 16844 cases. 40-44 yrs: 24798 cases. 45-49 yrs: 33033 cases. 50-54 yrs: 39481 cases.55-59 yrs: 41091 cases. 60-64 yrs: 39283 cases. Africa 15-19 yrs: 13 cases. 20-24 yrs: 322 cases. 25-29 yrs: 1323 cases. 30-34 yrs: 2919 cases. 35-39 yrs: 5018 cases. 40-44 yrs: 7373 cases.45-49 yrs: 9253 cases. 50-54 yrs: 10841 cases. 55-59 yrs: 11552 cases. 60-64 yrs: 11052 cases.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methodsaRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 23 -
Figure 16: Annual number of deaths and age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World andits regions (estimates for 2018) (Continued)
Americas
15−39 40−64 65+0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
72000
84000
96000
4361*
1296616836*
Ann
ual n
umbe
r of
dea
ths
of c
ervi
cal c
ance
r
Asia
15−39 40−64 65+0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
72000
84000
96000
14963*
55783
97610*
Ann
ual n
umbe
r of
dea
ths
of c
ervi
cal c
ance
r
Europe
15−39 40−64 65+0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
72000
84000
96000
2338*
1097612515*
Oceania
15−39 40−64 65+0
12000
24000
36000
48000
60000
72000
84000
96000
254* 360654*
Americas 15-19 yrs: 12 cases. 20-24 yrs: 122 cases. 25-29 yrs: 659 cases. 30-34 yrs: 1420 cases. 35-39 yrs: 2148 cases. 40-44 yrs: 2753 cases. 45-49 yrs: 3243 cases. 50-54 yrs: 3583 cases.55-59 yrs: 3678 cases. 60-64 yrs: 3579 cases. Asia 15-19 yrs: 55 cases. 20-24 yrs: 227 cases. 25-29 yrs: 1678 cases. 30-34 yrs: 4656 cases. 35-39 yrs: 8347 cases. 40-44 yrs: 12825 cases. 45-49yrs: 18266 cases. 50-54 yrs: 22361 cases. 55-59 yrs: 22714 cases. 60-64 yrs: 21444 cases. Europe 15-19 yrs: 1 cases. 20-24 yrs: 27 cases. 25-29 yrs: 298 cases. 30-34 yrs: 784 cases. 35-39yrs: 1228 cases. 40-44 yrs: 1726 cases. 45-49 yrs: 2130 cases. 50-54 yrs: 2555 cases. 55-59 yrs: 3013 cases. 60-64 yrs: 3091 cases. Oceania 15-19 yrs: 0 cases. 20-24 yrs: 21 cases. 25-29 yrs:50 cases. 30-34 yrs: 80 cases. 35-39 yrs: 103 cases. 40-44 yrs: 121 cases. 45-49 yrs: 141 cases. 50-54 yrs: 141 cases. 55-59 yrs: 134 cases. 60-64 yrs: 117 cases.Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methodsaRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 24 -
3.2 Anogenital cancers other than the cervix
Data on HPV role in anogenital cancers other than the cervix are limited, but there is an increasing bodyof evidence strongly linking HPV DNA with cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, and penis. Althoughthese cancers are much less frequent compared to cervical cancer, their association with HPV makethem potentially preventable and subject to similar preventative strategies as those for cervical cancer.(Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5; IARCMonographs 2007, Vol. 90)
Figure 17: Age-standardised incidence rates of other anogenital cancer in the World (estimates for 2012)
Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Afghanistan, Angola, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burundi, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Barbados, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Comoros, Cape Verde, Djibouti, DominicanRepublic, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Georgia, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Greece, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyr-gyzstan, Cambodia, Laos, Liberia, Lesotho, Republic of Moldova, Madagascar, Maldives, Macedonia, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mauritania, Nicaragua, Nepal, Panama, Papua New Guinea,DPR Korea, Paraguay, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, South Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Chad, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Uzbekistan, Venezuela:No data.- For United Arab Emirates, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bhutan, Botswana, Fiji, Gambia, Guam, Jordan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Mauritius, Namibia, New Caledonia,French Polynesia, Reunion, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Trinidad & Tobago, Vanuatu, Samoa, South Africa: National data (rates).- For Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Philippines, Serbia, Thailand: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).- For Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bahrain, Belarus, Canada, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, United Kingdom, Croatia, Ireland, Iceland, Israel,Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Martinique, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Oman, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, Uruguay,USA: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Brunei, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Iraq, Palestine, Rwanda, Sudan, Togo: Frequency data.- For Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Algeria, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, Jamaica, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Zimbabwe: High quality regional(coverage lower than 10%).- For Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Morocco, Mexico, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Tanzania, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia: Regional data (rates).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Benin, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Comoros, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Cambodia,Laos, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Maldives, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mauritania, Nepal, DPR Korea, Rwanda, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria,Chad, Timor-Leste: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Albania, Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Serbia: Estimated from national mortality estimates by modelling using incidencemortality ratios derived from recorded data in local cancer registries in neighbouring countries- For United Arab Emirates, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bhutan, Botswana, Cyprus, Gambia, Guam, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Mauritius, Namibia, New Caledonia, Oman,Qatar, Swaziland, Ukraine, Uruguay, Samoa: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Poland: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortalityratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries- For Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belize, Barbados, Brunei, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Georgia, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, El Salvador, Suriname, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Trinidad & Tobago, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Vanuatu: Estimatedfrom national mortality estimates using modelled survival- For Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Bahrain, Belarus, Canada, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, United Kingdom, Croatia, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Jordan,Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Martinique, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, French Polynesia, Reunion, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, USA, South Africa: Rates projected to 2012- For Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Iraq, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Palestine, Sudan, Togo: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitionedusing data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Libya, Mali, Malawi, Niger, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile- For Algeria, Egypt, Indonesia, India, Iran, Kenya, Morocco, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Tanzania, Zimbabwe: Estimated as the weighted averageof the local rates
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 25 -
Figure 18: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Africa (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
S.Tome & Prin.**Seychelles**
SudanWestern Sahara
GambiaMoroccoTunisiaAlgeria
EgyptLibya
GuineaGuinea−Bissau
LiberiaLesothoNigeria
Sierra LeoneBenin
Côte d'IvoireCongo
Cape VerdeMauritania
NamibiaCAR
CameroonGhana
MozambiqueNiger
SenegalSwaziland
ChadTogo
BotswanaComoros
TanzaniaAngola
Burkina FasoEq. Guinea
DR CongoDjiboutiEritrea
MaliZambia
BurundiEthiopia
GabonMalawi
South SudanMadagascar
UgandaZimbabwe
RwandaSomalia
South AfricaKenya
Mauritius
0.20.30.30.30.3
0.40.40.4
0.50.60.60.60.60.6
0.70.70.70.70.70.7
0.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.8
0.90.90.9
1.01.01.0
1.11.11.11.11.1
1.21.21.21.2
1.31.41.41.4
1.51.6
1.71.9
2.4
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 26 -
( Figure 18 – continued from previous page)Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Sudan, Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Rwanda: Frequency data.- For Western Sahara, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Lesotho, Sierra Leone, Cape Verde, Mauritania, Central African Republic, Senegal, Chad, Comoros, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, DR Congo,Djibouti, Eritrea, Burundi, South Sudan, Madagascar, Somalia: No data.- For Gambia, Namibia, Swaziland, Botswana, South Africa, Mauritius: National data (rates).- For Morocco, Guinea, Nigeria, Congo, Cameroon, Mozambique, Niger, Tanzania, Mali, Zambia, Ethiopia, Kenya: Regional data (rates).- For Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Malawi, Uganda, Zimbabwe: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Sudan, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mozambique, Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (byage and sex)- For Western Sahara, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Lesotho, Sierra Leone, Benin, Cape Verde, Mauritania, Central African Republic, Senegal, Chad, Comoros, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, DRCongo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Burundi, South Sudan, Madagascar, Rwanda, Somalia: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Gambia, Namibia, Swaziland, Botswana, Mauritius: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Kenya: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates- For Libya, Guinea, Congo, Cameroon, Niger, Mali, Zambia, Ethiopia, Malawi, Uganda: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile- For South Africa: Rates projected to 2012
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 27 -
Figure 19: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in the Americas (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Antigua & Bar.**
Dominica**
Grenada**
St Kitts & Nev.**
St Lucia**
St Vincent**
Nicaragua
Venezuela
Guatemala
Mexico
Paraguay
Belize
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Honduras
Haiti
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Panama
Peru
Costa Rica
Jamaica
Suriname
Bolivia
Guyana
Brazil
Trinidad & Tob.
Argentina
Bahamas
Canada
USA
El Salvador
Uruguay
Barbados
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.3
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 28 -
( Figure 19 – continued from previous page)Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Nicaragua, Venezuela, Guatemala, Paraguay, Belize, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Haiti, Panama, Suriname, Bolivia, Guyana, Bahamas, El Salvador, Barbados: No data.- For Mexico, Peru: Regional data (rates).- For Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).- For Costa Rica, Canada, USA, Uruguay: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Brazil, Argentina: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).- For Trinidad & Tobago: National data (rates).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Nicaragua, Venezuela, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Belize, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Haiti, Panama, Peru, Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, Bahamas, ElSalvador, Barbados: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival- For Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specificcancer registries- For Costa Rica, Canada, USA: Rates projected to 2012- For Bolivia: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Uruguay: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 29 -
Figure 20: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Asia (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Taiwan**UAE
BangladeshBhutan
Sri LankaMongolia
NepalOman
YemenAfghanistan
BahrainKuwait
MaldivesPakistan
QatarSaudi Arabia
ThailandTajikistan
UzbekistanBrunei
IraqJapan
KyrgyzstanLaos
PalestineTurkmenistan
TurkeyViet NamIndonesia
IranLebanon
PhilippinesSyria
JordanMyanmarMalaysia
DPR KoreaAzerbaijan
ChinaRep. KoreaSingapore
ArmeniaGeorgia
CambodiaTimor−Leste
IsraelIndia
Kazakhstan
0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.2
0.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.3
0.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.4
0.50.50.50.50.5
0.60.60.60.6
0.70.70.70.7
0.80.80.80.8
0.91.01.0
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 30 -
( Figure 20 – continued from previous page)Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Jordan: National data (rates).- For Bangladesh, Brunei, Iraq, Palestine, Indonesia: Frequency data.- For Nepal, Afghanistan, Maldives, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Turkmenistan, Syria, Myanmar, DPR Korea, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Cambodia, Timor-Leste,Kazakhstan: No data.- For Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Israel: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Yemen, Pakistan, Viet Nam: Regional data (rates).- For Thailand, Japan, Philippines: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).- For Turkey, Iran, Malaysia, China, India: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Bangladesh, Iraq, Palestine: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Nepal, Afghanistan, Maldives, Laos, Syria, Myanmar, DPR Korea, Cambodia, Timor-Leste: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Yemen: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile- For Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Israel: Rates projected to 2012- For Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia, Iran, Philippines, Malaysia, India: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates- For Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Brunei, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Viet Nam, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelledsurvival- For Japan, China: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 31 -
Figure 21: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Europe (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Andorra**Liechtenstein**
Monaco**San Marino**
BelarusBosnia & H.
PolandGreece
MoldovaRomania
RussiaUkraineAlbaniaCyprus
HungaryMacedonia
PortugalSlovakiaBulgaria
Czech Rep.Spain
EstoniaFinland
LatviaMalta
SwitzerlandCroatia
ItalyLithuania
MontenegroSerbia
AustriaSlovenia
GermanyLuxembourg
SwedenUK
IrelandBelgiumIceland
NetherlandsNorwayFrance
Denmark
0.60.70.7
0.80.80.80.80.8
0.90.90.90.90.90.9
1.01.01.01.01.01.01.0
1.11.11.11.11.11.1
1.21.2
1.31.31.3
1.41.4
1.51.5
1.71.7
1.82.2
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 32 -
( Figure 21 – continued from previous page)Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Belarus, Ukraine, Cyprus, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Malta, Croatia, Lithuania, Austria, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium,Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Bosnia & Herzegovina, Russian Federation, Luxembourg: National data (rates).- For Poland, Portugal: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).- For Greece, Republic of Moldova, Albania, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro: No data.- For Romania: Regional data (rates).- For Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Germany, France: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Belarus, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Malta, Croatia, Lithuania, Austria, Slovenia, Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, Ireland,Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark: Rates projected to 2012- For Bosnia & Herzegovina, Ukraine, Cyprus, Belgium: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, France: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancerregistries- For Greece, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Albania, Hungary, Macedonia, Portugal, Serbia, Luxembourg: Estimated from national mortality estimates by modelling using incidencemortality ratios derived from recorded data in local cancer registries in neighbouring countries- For Montenegro: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 33 -
Figure 22: Age-standardised incidence rate of other anogenital cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Oceania (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
FS Micronesia**
Kiribati**
Marshall Is.**
Nauru**
Palau**
Tonga**
Tuvalu**
Vanuatu
Solomon Is.
Fiji
Papua N. Guinea
Samoa
New Zealand
Australia
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
1.2
1.3
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 34 -
( Figure 22 – continued from previous page)Other anogenital cancer cases (vulvar, vaginal, anal, and penile).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa: National data (rates).- For Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea: No data.- For New Zealand, Australia: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Vanuatu, Fiji: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival- For Solomon Islands: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Papua New Guinea: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Samoa: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For New Zealand, Australia: Rates projected to 2012
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
3.2.1 Anal cancer
Anal cancer is rare in the general population with an average worldwide incidence of 1 per 100,000,but is reported to be increasing in more developed regions. Globally, there are an estimated 27,000 newcases every year (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Women have higher incidences ofanal cancer than men. Incidence is particularly high among populations of men who have sex with men(MSM), women with history of cervical or vulvar cancer, and immunosuppressed populations, includingthose who are HIV-infected and patients with a history of organ transplantation. These cancers arepredominantly squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinomas, or basaloid and cloacogenic carcinomas.
Table 7: Incidence of anal cancer by cancer registry and sexMale Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Algeria1
Batna 2008-2012 4 0.1 0.2 5 0.2 0.2
Sétif 2008-2011 3 0.1 0.1 4 0.1 0.2Argentina1
Chaco 2008-2012 12 0.4 0.5 17 0.6 0.7
Córdoba 2008-2012 26 0.8 0.7 34 1 0.7
Entre Rios Province 2008-2011 18 0.9 0.8 30 1.4 1.2
Mendoza 2008-2012 31 0.7 0.7 43 1 0.8
Tierra del Fuego 2008-2012 0 0 0 0 0 0Australia1
Australian CapitalTerritory
2008-2012 11 1.2 0.9 9 1 0.7
National 2008-2012 751 1.4 0.9 1106 2 1.2
New South Wales 2008-2012 259 1.5 1 351 2 1.2
Northern Territory 2008-2012 7 1.2 0.9 6 1.1 1
Northern Territory(Indigenous)
2008-2012 0 0 0 1 0.6 1.3
Northern Territory(Non-Indigenous)
2008-2012 7 1.6 1.1 5 1.3 1
Queensland 2008-2012 149 1.4 0.9 235 2.1 1.4
South 2008-2012 66 1.6 1 71 1.7 1
Tasmania 2008-2012 19 1.5 1 35 2.7 1.7
Victoria 2008-2012 191 1.4 0.9 295 2.1 1.3
Western 2008-2012 49 0.8 0.6 104 1.8 1.2Austria1
Carinthia 2008-2012 21 1.5 0.8 29 2 1.1
National 2008-2012 230 1.1 0.7 454 2.1 1.1
Tyrol 2008-2012 21 1.2 0.7 42 2.3 1.3
Vorarlberg 2008-2012 9 1 0.6 16 1.7 0.8Bahrain1
National (Bahraini) 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.6 2 0.1 0.2
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Belarus1
National 2008-2012 72 0.3 0.2 175 0.7 0.4Belgium1
National 2008-2012 317 1.2 0.7 454 1.6 0.9Brazil1
Aracaju 2008-2012 4 0.3 0.3 21 1.4 1.3
Curitiba 2008-2011 12 0.3 0.3 30 0.8 0.6
Florianopolis 2008-2010 7 1.2 1.3 11 1.7 1.5
Goiânia 2008-2012 12 0.4 0.5 41 1.2 1.1
Jau 2008-2012 3 0.9 0.8 3 0.9 0.6
Pocos de Caldas 2008-2011 2 0.7 0.6 3 1 0.8Brunei1
National 2010-2012 2 0.4 0.5 1 0.2 0.2Bulgaria1
National 2008-2012 98 0.5 0.3 154 0.8 0.4Canada1
Alberta 2008-2012 84 0.9 0.6 157 1.7 1.2
British Columbia 2008-2012 165 1.5 0.9 294 2.6 1.5
Manitoba 2008-2012 26 0.8 0.5 59 1.9 1.2
New Brunswick 2008-2012 15 0.8 0.5 40 2.1 1.2
Newfoundland andLabrador
2008-2012 11 0.9 0.5 27 2 1.1
Northwest Territories 2008-2012 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nova Scotia 2008-2012 29 1.3 0.7 67 2.8 1.5
Nunavut 2008-2012 1 1.2 1 0 0 0
Ontario 2008-2012 513 1.6 1 743 2.2 1.3
Prince Edward Island 2008-2012 5 1.4 0.8 10 2.8 1.5
Saskatchewan 2008-2012 26 1 0.6 50 1.9 1.1
Yukon 2008-2012 2 2.3 1.7 0 0 0Chile1
Bío Bío Province 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.3 4 0.4 0.3
Concepcion 2008-2010 8 0.5 0.5 13 0.8 0.7
Region of Antofagasta 2008-2010 3 0.3 0.4 6 0.7 0.6
Valdivia 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.5 8 0.8 0.5China1
Anshan City 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.1 9 0.2 0.1
Beijing 2008-2012 33 0.2 0.1 27 0.1 0.1
Benxi 2008-2011 3 0.2 0.1 8 0.4 0.3
Cixian County 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1 7 0.4 0.5
Guangzhou 2010-2012 41 0.3 0.2 24 0.2 0.1
Guanyun 2008-2012 0 0 0 1 0 0
Haimen County 2008-2012 3 0.1 0 2 0.1 0
Hangzhou City 2008-2012 99 0.6 0.3 77 0.5 0.3
Harbin City, NangangDistrict
2008-2012 7 0.3 0.2 2 0.1 0.1
Hefei 2010-2012 7 0.2 0.2 5 0.2 0.1
Hengdong 2009-2012 0 0 0 3 0.2 0.1
Hong Kong 2008-2012 118 0.7 0.4 155 0.8 0.4
Huaiyin District,Huai’an
2009-2012 3 0.2 0.1 2 0.1 0.1
Jiangmen 2010-2012 3 0.3 0.3 7 0.7 0.5
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Jianhu County 2010-2012 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jiashan County 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.3 4 0.4 0.3
Jiaxing City 2008-2012 21 1.6 1 10 0.8 0.4
Lianyungang 2008-2012 9 0.4 0.3 4 0.2 0.1
Linzhou County 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1 1 0 0
Liuzhou 2009-2012 4 0.2 0.2 4 0.2 0.1
Maanshan 2008-2012 8 0.5 0.4 1 0.1 0
Qidong County 2008-2012 6 0.2 0.1 1 0 0
Shanghai City 2008-2012 62 0.4 0.2 59 0.4 0.1
Shenyang 2008-2012 23 0.3 0.2 13 0.1 0.1
Shexian County 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.2 1 0.1 0.1
Sheyang 2008-2012 0 0 0 1 0 0
Tongling City 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1 2 0.2 0.2
Wuhan City 2008-2012 46 0.4 0.3 44 0.4 0.2
Wuxi 2010-2012 14 0.4 0.2 8 0.2 0.1
Xianju 2010-2012 9 1.2 0.9 6 0.8 0.6
Xiping 2010-2012 2 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 0.1
Yanshi 2010-2012 0 0 0 1 0.1 0.1
Yanting County 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1 2 0.1 0.1
Yueyanglou 2009-2012 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zhongshan City 2010-2012 12 0.5 0.4 3 0.1 0.1
Zhuhai 2010-2012 3 0.2 0.2 6 0.4 0.3Colombia1
Bucaramanga 2008-2012 13 0.5 0.5 31 1.1 1
Cali 2008-2012 47 0.9 0.9 126 2.2 1.9
Manizales 2008-2012 8 0.9 0.7 14 1.4 1
Pasto 2008-2012 2 0.2 0.2 6 0.6 0.5Costa Rica1
National 2008-2011 31 0.3 0.4 42 0.5 0.5Croatia1
National 2008-2012 69 0.7 0.4 72 0.6 0.3Cyprus1
National 2008-2012 12 0.6 0.4 22 1 0.6Czech Rep.1
National 2008-2012 236 0.9 0.6 416 1.6 0.8Denmark1
National 2008-2012 192 1.4 0.8 423 3 1.7Ecuador1
Cuenca 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1 8 0.6 0.5
Guayaquil 2008-2012 13 0.2 0.2 60 1 1.2
Loja 2008-2010 0 0 0 2 0.6 0.8
Manabi 2008-2012 8 0.2 0.2 21 0.6 0.7
Quito 2008-2012 9 0.2 0.3 44 1.1 1.1Estonia1
National 2008-2012 19 0.6 0.3 65 1.8 0.8Finland2
National 2003-2007 65 0.5 0.3 115 0.9 0.4France1
Bas-Rhin 2008-2011 14 0.6 0.4 50 2.2 1.2
Calvados 2008-2012 18 1.1 0.7 54 3 1.7
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Doubs 2008-2012 12 0.9 0.5 41 3 1.6
Gironde 2008-2012 54 1.5 1 140 3.7 2
Haut-Rhin 2008-2012 21 1.1 0.7 44 2.3 1.2
Hérault 2008-2012 54 2.2 1.4 120 4.4 2.3
Isère 2008-2012 32 1.1 0.7 75 2.4 1.5
Lille-Métropole 2008-2012 14 0.7 0.6 47 2.3 1.5
Limousin 2009-2012 5 0.7 0.3 30 3.8 1.8
Loire-Atlantique 2008-2012 42 1.3 0.9 114 3.4 1.9
Manche 2008-2011 9 0.9 0.5 33 3.2 1.5
Martinique 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.2 22 2.1 1.2
Somme 2008-2012 19 1.4 0.9 32 2.2 1.2
Tarn 2008-2012 8 0.9 0.4 33 3.4 1.6
Territoire de Belfort 2008-2012 2 0.6 0.2 6 1.7 1.1
Vendée 2008-2012 10 0.6 0.3 48 3 1.4Gambia3
National 1997-1998 1 0.1 0.2 2 0.2 0.3Germany1
Bavaria 2008-2012 390 1.3 0.7 751 2.4 1.2
Bremen 2008-2012 31 1.9 1.1 66 3.9 2
Hamburg 2008-2012 146 3.4 2.1 244 5.4 2.8
Lower Saxony 2008-2012 273 1.4 0.7 501 2.5 1.2
Munich 2008-2012 178 1.6 0.8 345 3 1.5
North Rhine-Westphalia 2008-2012 781 1.8 1 1188 2.6 1.3
Rhineland-Palatinate 2008-2012 128 1.3 0.7 231 2.3 1.1
Saarland 2008-2012 43 1.7 1 58 2.2 1.2
Schleswig-Holstein 2008-2012 153 2.2 1.2 257 3.6 1.8Iceland1
National 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.2 9 1.1 0.7India1
Ahmedabad 2008-2011 5 0.2 0.2 7 0.2 0.3
Bangalore 2008-2012 64 0.3 0.4 69 0.4 0.5
Barshi, Paranda, andBhum
2008-2012 4 0.3 0.3 0 0 0
Bhopal 2008-2012 30 0.6 0.8 13 0.3 0.4
Cachar 2008-2012 13 0.3 0.4 7 0.2 0.2
Chennai 2008-2012 73 0.6 0.6 57 0.5 0.5
Dindigul, Ambilikkai 2008-2012 12 0.2 0.2 14 0.3 0.2
Kamrup Urban District 2009-2012 12 0.5 0.5 8 0.4 0.4
Kollam 2008-2012 12 0.2 0.2 8 0.1 0.1
Mizoram 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.2 1 0 0.1
Mumbai 2008-2012 120 0.3 0.4 87 0.3 0.3
Poona 2008-2011 26 0.2 0.3 14 0.1 0.2
Sikkim State 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.4 5 0.4 0.5
Tripura 2010-2012 10 0.2 0.2 4 0.1 0.1
Trivandrum 2008-2012 8 0.3 0.3 4 0.1 0.1
Wardha 2010-2012 8 0.4 0.4 1 0.1 0.1Iran1
Golestan Province 2008-2011 6 0.2 0.2 2 0.1 0.1Ireland1
National 2008-2012 99 0.9 0.6 138 1.2 0.8
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Israel1
National 2008-2012 86 0.5 0.4 105 0.5 0.4
National (Jews) 2008-2012 73 0.5 0.4 96 0.7 0.4
National (Non-Jews,Arab)
2008-2012 9 0.2 0.4 3 0.1 0.1
National (Non-Jews,Other)
2008-2012 4 0.5 0.5 6 0.7 0.6
Italy1
Aosta Valley 2008-2012 6 1.9 1 7 2.2 1.2
Barletta 2008-2011 7 0.9 0.5 5 0.6 0.3
Bergamo 2008-2012 30 1.1 0.7 59 2.2 1
Biella 2008-2012 5 1.1 0.5 19 3.9 1.4
Caserta 2008-2010 12 0.9 0.5 9 0.6 0.4
Catania, Messina andEnna
2008-2012 38 0.8 0.5 56 1.1 0.5
Como 2008-2011 13 1.1 0.6 25 2.1 1
Cremona 2008-2010 7 1.3 0.8 9 1.6 0.8
Ferrara 2008-2011 12 1.7 0.7 16 2.1 0.5
Florence and Prato 2008-2010 29 1.7 0.8 57 3 1.3
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2008-2010 27 1.5 0.7 61 3.2 1.2
Latina 2008-2012 47 3.5 2 36 2.6 1.1
Lecco 2008-2010 4 0.8 0.4 10 2 0.8
Lombardy, South, Pavia 2008-2010 13 1.6 0.8 17 2 1
Mantua 2008-2010 67 11.4 5 61 9.8 3.8
Milan 2008-2012 120 1.8 0.9 206 2.9 1.3
Modena 2008-2012 20 1.2 0.6 33 1.9 0.9
Monza 2008-2012 25 1.2 0.5 35 1.6 0.6
Naples 2008-2012 9 0.7 0.4 12 0.8 0.5
Nuoro 2008-2012 2 0.4 0.1 5 0.9 0.2
Palermo 2008-2012 33 1.1 0.6 44 1.4 0.6
Parma 2008-2012 15 1.5 0.9 36 3.3 1.4
Piacenza 2008-2011 12 2.2 0.9 11 1.9 0.6
Ragusa andCaltanissetta
2008-2012 15 1.1 0.5 15 1 0.4
Reggio Emilia 2008-2012 17 1.3 0.7 20 1.5 0.8
Romagna 2008-2012 47 1.6 0.8 80 2.5 1.2
Sassari 2008-2011 11 1.1 0.6 15 1.5 0.7
Sondrio 2008-2012 3 0.7 0.3 9 1.9 1.1
South Tyrol 2008-2010 5 0.7 0.3 12 1.6 0.5
Syracuse 2008-2012 8 0.8 0.4 5 0.5 0.2
Taranto 2008-2011 10 0.9 0.5 22 1.8 1
Trento 2008-2010 8 1.1 0.4 10 1.3 0.4
Turin 2008-2012 110 2 0.9 117 2 0.8
Umbria 2008-2011 27 1.6 0.7 39 2.1 0.9
Varese 2008-2012 18 0.9 0.5 55 2.5 1
Veneto 2008-2010 40 1.1 0.5 64 1.6 0.7Jamaica1
Kingston and St Andrew 2008-2011 9 0.7 0.8 9 0.7 0.5Japan1
Aichi Prefecture 2008-2012 114 0.6 0.3 110 0.6 0.3
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Fukui Prefecture 2008-2012 13 0.7 0.3 14 0.7 0.2
Hiroshima Prefecture 2008-2012 45 0.7 0.2 52 0.7 0.2
Miyagi Prefecture 2008-2010 17 0.5 0.2 19 0.5 0.2
Nagasaki Prefecture 2008-2012 26 0.8 0.3 31 0.8 0.2
Niigata Prefecture 2008-2012 44 0.8 0.4 39 0.6 0.2
Osaka Prefecture 2008-2012 154 0.7 0.3 174 0.8 0.3
Tochigi Prefecture 2008-2012 34 0.7 0.3 25 0.5 0.2
Yamagata Prefecture 2008-2012 21 0.7 0.3 29 1 0.3Jordan1
National (Jordanians) 2008-2012 29 0.2 0.3 18 0.1 0.2Kenya1
Nairobi 2008-2012 9 0.1 0.5 24 0.3 1Kuwait1
National 2008-2012 16 0.1 0.3 13 0.2 0.4
National (Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.3 10 0.3 0.6
National (Non-Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 11 0.1 0.4 3 0.1 0.2Latvia1
National 2010-2012 14 0.5 0.3 53 1.6 0.7Libya2
Benghazi 2003-2005 5 0.2 0.3 3 0.1 0.2Lithuania1
National 2008-2012 35 0.5 0.3 65 0.8 0.4Malawi2
Blantyre 2003-2007 3 0.1 0.2 4 0.2 0.5Malaysia1
Penang 2008-2010 6 0.3 0.3 14 0.6 0.6
Penang (Chinese) 2008-2010 3 0.3 0.2 12 1.2 0.8
Penang (Indian) 2008-2010 0 0 0 0 0 0
Penang (Malay) 2008-2010 3 0.3 0.5 1 0.1 0.1Mali3
Bamako 1994-1996 4 0.3 0.6 6 0.5 1.1Malta1
National 2008-2012 18 1.7 1.1 7 0.7 0.4Netherlands1
National 2008-2012 409 1 0.6 497 1.2 0.7New Zealand1
National 2008-2012 103 1 0.6 187 1.7 1.1
National (Maori) 2008-2012 10 0.6 0.8 21 1.2 1.5
National (PacificIslander)
2008-2012 4 0.6 0.8 5 0.7 1
Norway1
National 2008-2012 118 1 0.6 226 1.8 1Oman4
Omani 1998-2001 11 0.3 0.7 1 0 0.1Pakistan4
South Karachi 1998-2002 19 0.4 0.7 8 0.2 0.4Peru1
Lima 2010-2012 44 0.3 0.4 180 1.3 1.2Philippines1
Manila 2008-2012 30 0.2 0.3 27 0.2 0.2
Rizal 2008-2012 34 0.2 0.3 22 0.1 0.1Poland1
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Kielce 2008-2012 12 0.4 0.2 20 0.6 0.3
Lower Silesia 2008-2012 32 0.5 0.3 85 1.1 0.5
Lublin 2008-2012 26 0.5 0.3 36 0.6 0.3
Podkarpackie 2008-2012 25 0.5 0.4 37 0.7 0.3
Poznan 2008-2012 23 0.3 0.2 59 0.7 0.4Portugal1
Azores 2008-2011 3 0.6 0.4 4 0.8 0.5Qatar1
National (Qatari) 2008-2012 4 0.6 1.3 1 0.2 0.4Rep. Korea1
Busan 2008-2012 43 0.5 0.3 60 0.7 0.4
Daegu 2008-2012 20 0.3 0.2 21 0.3 0.2
Daejeon 2008-2012 17 0.5 0.5 24 0.6 0.5
Gwangju 2008-2012 16 0.4 0.4 17 0.5 0.3
Incheon 2008-2012 28 0.4 0.4 27 0.4 0.3
Jejudo 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1 6 0.4 0.3
National 2008-2012 516 0.4 0.3 646 0.5 0.3
Seoul 2008-2012 112 0.4 0.4 133 0.5 0.4
Ulsan 2008-2012 4 0.1 0.2 12 0.4 0.3Russia1
Arkhangelsk 2008-2012 8 0.3 0.2 18 0.5 0.3
Chelyabinsk 2008-2012 45 0.6 0.4 92 1 0.6
Karelia 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1 9 0.5 0.2
Samara 2008-2012 42 0.6 0.4 70 0.8 0.5Saudi Arabia1
Riyadh (Saudi) 2008-2012 22 0.2 0.3 11 0.1 0.2Serbia2
Central 2003-2007 90 0.7 0.4 86 0.6 0.3Seychelles1
National 2009-2012 0 0 0 1 0.6 0.5Singapore2
National 2003-2007 59 0.7 0.6 43 0.5 0.3
National (Chinese) 2003-2007 51 0.8 0.6 38 0.6 0.4
National (Indian) 2003-2007 1 0.1 0.1 2 0.3 0.2
National (Malay) 2003-2007 7 0.6 0.7 2 0.2 0.2Slovakia1
National 2008-2010 65 0.8 0.6 72 0.9 0.5Slovenia1
National 2008-2012 26 0.5 0.3 45 0.9 0.4South Africa1
Eastern Cape 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.3 1 0 0Spain1
Albacete 2008-2010 4 0.7 0.4 5 0.8 0.5
Asturias 2008-2010 19 1.3 0.7 23 1.4 0.6
Basque Country 2008-2012 52 1 0.5 53 1 0.4
Canary Islands 2008-2011 51 1.5 0.9 31 0.9 0.5
Castellón 2008-2012 10 0.7 0.5 13 0.9 0.5
Ciudad Real 2008-2011 5 0.5 0.2 7 0.7 0.3
Cuenca 2008-2011 5 1.1 0.5 3 0.7 0.2
Girona 2008-2012 15 0.8 0.5 12 0.7 0.4
Granada 2008-2012 15 0.7 0.4 9 0.4 0.1
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
La Rioja 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.3 1 0.1 0
Mallorca 2008-2011 24 1.4 1 18 1.1 0.6
Murcia 2008-2010 8 0.4 0.2 6 0.3 0.1
Navarra 2008-2010 6 0.6 0.3 7 0.7 0.4
Tarragona 2008-2012 35 1.7 1 30 1.5 0.8Sweden2
National 2003-2007 198 0.9 0.5 459 2 1Switzerland1
Fribourg 2008-2012 8 1.2 0.8 20 2.9 1.6
Geneva 2008-2012 22 2 1.2 64 5.4 3.2
Graubünden and Glarus 2008-2012 6 1 0.6 16 2.8 1.4
Neuchâtel 2008-2012 10 2.4 1.3 19 4.3 1.9
St Gall-Appenzell 2008-2012 13 1 0.6 35 2.6 1.3
Ticino 2008-2012 12 1.5 0.7 33 3.8 1.8
Valais 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.2 23 2.9 1.6
Vaud 2008-2012 33 1.9 1.1 86 4.7 2.4
Zurich 2008-2012 65 1.9 1.2 105 3.1 1.7Thailand1
Bangkok 2008-2010 41 0.4 0.4 36 0.3 0.3
Chiang Mai 2008-2012 17 0.5 0.4 15 0.4 0.3
Chonburi 2008-2011 10 0.4 0.4 11 0.4 0.4
Khon Kaen 2008-2012 17 0.4 0.3 9 0.2 0.1
Lampang 2008-2012 6 0.3 0.2 9 0.5 0.2
Lopburi Province 2009-2012 9 0.6 0.4 7 0.5 0.3
Songkhla 2008-2012 14 0.4 0.3 12 0.3 0.2Tunisia2
North 2003-2005 23 0.3 0.3 11 0.2 0.2Turkey1
Antalya 2008-2012 13 0.3 0.2 12 0.2 0.2
Bursa 2008-2012 16 0.2 0.2 16 0.2 0.2
Edirne 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.3 2 0.2 0.1
Erzurum 2010-2012 1 0.1 0.1 4 0.3 0.3
Eskisehir 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1 2 0.1 0.1
Izmir 2008-2012 33 0.3 0.3 39 0.4 0.3
Samsun 2008-2012 11 0.4 0.3 4 0.1 0.1
Trabzon 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.2 4 0.2 0.1Uganda1
Kyadondo County 2008-2012 4 0.1 0.3 6 0.1 0.2UK1
England 2008-2012 1758 1.4 0.8 2982 2.2 1.2
England, East 2008-2012 210 1.5 0.8 350 2.4 1.2
England, East Midlands 2008-2012 152 1.4 0.7 231 2 1.1
England, London 2008-2012 225 1.1 0.9 333 1.6 1.2
England, North East 2008-2012 74 1.2 0.7 164 2.5 1.4
England, North West 2008-2012 234 1.4 0.8 399 2.2 1.2
England, South East 2008-2012 283 1.3 0.8 512 2.3 1.3
England, South West 2008-2012 198 1.5 0.8 365 2.7 1.3
England, West Midlands 2008-2012 155 1.1 0.7 279 2 1.1
England, Yorkshire andThe Humber
2008-2012 227 1.8 1 349 2.6 1.4
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
National 2008-2012 2095 1.4 0.8 3598 2.3 1.3
Northern Ireland 2008-2012 45 1 0.7 92 2 1.2
Scotland 2008-2012 176 1.4 0.8 337 2.5 1.4
Wales 2008-2012 116 1.6 0.9 187 2.4 1.3Ukraine1
National 2008-2012 493 0.5 0.3 811 0.7 0.3Uruguay1
National 2008-2012 97 1.2 0.9 148 1.7 1USA1
Alabama 2008-2012 182 1.6 1.1 304 2.5 1.5
Alabama (Black) 2008-2012 44 1.5 1.3 38 1.1 0.8
Alabama (White) 2008-2012 137 1.6 1 263 3.1 1.7
Alaska 2008-2012 16 0.9 0.7 33 1.9 1.4
Alaska (Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 2 0.7 0.6 4 1.3 1.4
Arizona 2008-2012 168 1.1 0.7 305 1.9 1.1
Arizona (AmericanIndian)
2008-2012 2 0.2 0.2 2 0.2 0.2
Arizona (Black) 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.2 8 1.1 1.1
Arizona (White) 2008-2012 163 1.2 0.8 288 2.1 1.2
Arkansas 2008-2012 97 1.4 0.9 172 2.3 1.4
Arkansas (Black) 2008-2012 14 1.3 1.1 10 0.8 0.7
Arkansas (White) 2008-2012 82 1.4 0.9 157 2.6 1.5
California 2008-2012 1368 1.5 1.1 2017 2.2 1.4
California (AmericanIndian)
2008-2012 5 0.3 0.3 10 0.6 0.5
California (Black) 2008-2012 136 2 1.7 97 1.4 1.1
California (White) 2008-2012 1134 1.6 1.2 1783 2.5 1.6
California, Los AngelesCounty
2008-2012 377 1.6 1.2 448 1.8 1.2
California, Los AngelesCounty (Black)
2008-2012 65 2.8 2.3 43 1.7 1.1
California, Los AngelesCounty (Chinese)
2008-2012 6 0.6 0.3 4 0.4 0.2
California, Los AngelesCounty (Filipino)
2008-2012 5 0.6 0.4 7 0.7 0.4
California, Los AngelesCounty (Hispanic White)
2008-2012 73 0.7 0.7 100 0.9 0.9
California, Los AngelesCounty (Korean)
2008-2012 3 0.6 0.4 4 0.7 0.4
California, Los AngelesCounty (Non-HispanicWhite)
2008-2012 205 2.9 1.6 264 3.7 1.9
California, Los AngelesCounty (White)
2008-2012 278 1.5 1.2 364 2 1.4
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area
2008-2012 243 2.3 1.5 248 2.3 1.3
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(Black)
2008-2012 24 2.4 1.8 24 2.2 1.5
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(Chinese)
2008-2012 6 0.6 0.4 5 0.4 0.1
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(Filipino)
2008-2012 3 0.5 0.4 6 0.8 0.4
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(Hispanic White)
2008-2012 17 0.8 0.9 17 0.9 0.7
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(Japanese)
2008-2012 4 3.5 2.3 2 1.3 0.9
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 179 3.7 2.1 181 3.8 1.8
California, SanFrancisco Bay Area(White)
2008-2012 196 2.8 1.8 198 2.9 1.6
Colorado 2008-2012 149 1.2 0.8 273 2.2 1.4
Colorado (Black) 2008-2012 6 0.9 0.9 5 0.9 0.7
Colorado (White) 2008-2012 140 1.2 0.9 260 2.3 1.5
Connecticut 2008-2012 117 1.3 0.9 202 2.2 1.2
Connecticut (Black) 2008-2012 18 1.8 1.7 17 1.6 1.3
Connecticut (White) 2008-2012 99 1.4 0.8 183 2.4 1.2
Delaware 2008-2012 39 1.8 1.2 59 2.5 1.6
Delaware (Black) 2008-2012 5 1 1 13 2.4 1.8
Delaware (White) 2008-2012 34 2.1 1.3 46 2.7 1.6
Florida 2008-2012 950 2.1 1.3 1625 3.4 1.8
Florida (Black) 2008-2012 86 1.1 1 126 1.5 1.3
Florida (White) 2008-2012 851 2.3 1.3 1480 3.9 2
Georgia 2008-2012 372 1.6 1.2 557 2.2 1.5
Georgia (Black) 2008-2012 119 1.7 1.5 116 1.4 1.2
Georgia (White) 2008-2012 251 1.6 1.1 435 2.8 1.7
Georgia, Atlanta 2008-2012 159 1.9 1.5 163 1.9 1.4
Georgia, Atlanta (Black) 2008-2012 74 2.3 2 49 1.3 1.2
Georgia, Atlanta (White) 2008-2012 83 1.9 1.4 109 2.5 1.6
Hawaii 2008-2012 34 1 0.7 53 1.6 0.9
Hawaii (Chinese) 2008-2012 0 0 0 2 0.8 0.3
Hawaii (Filipino) 2008-2012 1 0.2 0.1 3 0.5 0.2
Hawaii (Hawaiian) 2008-2012 5 0.7 0.7 5 0.7 0.6
Hawaii (Japanese) 2008-2012 4 0.8 0.2 4 0.7 0.3
Hawaii (White) 2008-2012 22 2.4 1.4 35 4.5 2.5
Idaho 2008-2012 46 1.2 0.8 116 3 2.1
Illinois 2008-2012 427 1.4 1 695 2.1 1.3
Illinois (Black) 2008-2012 95 2.1 1.8 92 1.8 1.3
Illinois (White) 2008-2012 323 1.3 0.9 591 2.3 1.4
Indiana 2008-2012 214 1.3 0.9 434 2.6 1.7
Indiana (Black) 2008-2012 11 0.7 0.7 18 1.1 0.9
Indiana (White) 2008-2012 202 1.4 1 414 2.9 1.8
Iowa 2008-2012 105 1.4 0.9 205 2.7 1.6
Kentucky 2008-2012 174 1.6 1.1 331 3 1.8
Louisiana 2008-2012 185 1.7 1.2 256 2.2 1.4
Louisiana (Black) 2008-2012 60 1.7 1.5 54 1.4 1.1
Louisiana (White) 2008-2012 124 1.7 1.1 201 2.7 1.6
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Louisiana, New Orleans 2008-2012 43 2.2 1.6 48 2.3 1.4
Louisiana, New Orleans(Black)
2008-2012 14 1.8 1.5 17 1.9 1.4
Louisiana, New Orleans(White)
2008-2012 28 2.5 1.7 31 2.8 1.5
Maine 2008-2012 67 2.1 1.2 107 3.2 1.6
Maryland 2008-2012 215 1.5 1.1 335 2.2 1.4
Maryland (Black) 2008-2012 80 1.9 1.6 76 1.6 1.2
Maryland (White) 2008-2012 133 1.5 0.9 254 2.8 1.6
Massachusetts 2008-2012 242 1.5 1 400 2.4 1.4
Massachusetts (Black) 2008-2012 22 1.7 1.6 16 1.1 1
Massachusetts (White) 2008-2012 214 1.6 1 371 2.6 1.5
Michigan 2008-2012 336 1.4 0.9 612 2.4 1.4
Michigan (Black) 2008-2012 56 1.6 1.4 60 1.5 1.1
Michigan (White) 2008-2012 278 1.4 0.9 540 2.6 1.5
Michigan, Detroit 2008-2012 153 1.6 1.1 228 2.3 1.3
Michigan, Detroit(Black)
2008-2012 45 1.9 1.7 49 1.8 1.2
Michigan, Detroit(White)
2008-2012 107 1.6 1 177 2.6 1.4
Minnesota 2008-2012 153 1.2 0.8 275 2.1 1.3
Mississippi 2008-2012 118 1.6 1.2 198 2.6 1.6
Missouri 2008-2012 247 1.7 1.2 406 2.7 1.7
Missouri (Black) 2008-2012 39 2.2 2.1 38 2 1.6
Missouri (White) 2008-2012 207 1.7 1.1 368 2.8 1.7
Montana 2008-2012 31 1.2 0.8 65 2.6 1.6
National 2008-2012 11132 1.5 1 18750 2.4 1.5
National (Black) 2008-2012 1627 1.6 1.4 1691 1.5 1.2
National (White) 2008-2012 9234 1.5 1 16613 2.7 1.6
Nebraska 2008-2012 54 1.2 0.8 98 2.1 1.3
Nebraska (Black) 2008-2012 3 1.2 1.4 2 0.8 0.9
Nebraska (White) 2008-2012 51 1.2 0.8 94 2.2 1.3
Nevada 2008-2012 104 1.5 1.1 155 2.3 1.5
Nevada (Black) 2008-2012 6 0.9 0.8 8 1.3 1.1
Nevada (White) 2008-2012 90 1.6 1.1 140 2.7 1.6
New Hampshire 2008-2012 45 1.4 0.9 97 2.9 1.6
New Jersey 2008-2012 319 1.5 1 554 2.5 1.4
New Jersey (Black) 2008-2012 61 1.9 1.6 59 1.7 1.2
New Jersey (White) 2008-2012 254 1.6 1 483 2.9 1.6
New Mexico 2008-2012 53 1 0.7 104 2 1.3
New Mexico (HispanicWhite)
2008-2012 14 0.6 0.5 23 1 0.8
New Mexico(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 37 1.8 0.8 75 3.5 1.8
New Mexico (White) 2008-2012 51 1.2 0.8 98 2.2 1.4
New York State 2008-2012 835 1.8 1.2 1206 2.4 1.5
New York State (Black) 2008-2012 190 2.3 2 220 2.3 1.6
New York State (White) 2008-2012 625 1.8 1.2 962 2.7 1.5
North Carolina 2008-2012 324 1.4 1 569 2.3 1.5
North Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 93 1.8 1.6 82 1.4 1
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
North Carolina (White) 2008-2012 228 1.3 0.9 479 2.7 1.7
North Dakota 2008-2012 16 0.9 0.6 24 1.4 0.8
NPCR 2008-2012 10704 1.5 1 17925 2.4 1.5
NPCR (AmericanIndian/Alaska Natives)
2008-2012 37 0.4 0.4 63 0.7 0.6
NPCR (Asian and PacificIslander)
2008-2012 120 0.3 0.3 214 0.5 0.4
NPCR (Black) 2008-2012 1598 1.6 1.4 1663 1.5 1.2
NPCR (White) 2008-2012 8856 1.5 1 15850 2.7 1.6
Ohio 2008-2012 401 1.4 1 749 2.5 1.5
Ohio (Black) 2008-2012 57 1.6 1.5 62 1.6 1.1
Ohio (White) 2008-2012 338 1.4 0.9 682 2.7 1.5
Oklahoma 2008-2012 144 1.6 1.1 252 2.7 1.7
Oklahoma (Black) 2008-2012 8 1 1 6 0.7 0.7
Oklahoma (White) 2008-2012 126 1.7 1.1 235 3.1 1.9
Oregon 2008-2012 158 1.7 1.1 333 3.4 2
Oregon (Black) 2008-2012 1 0.4 0.6 4 1.8 1.9
Oregon (White) 2008-2012 151 1.8 1.1 320 3.6 2.1
Pacific Islands 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.4 3 0.4 0.5
Pennsylvania 2008-2012 462 1.5 1 839 2.6 1.5
Pennsylvania (Black) 2008-2012 65 1.8 1.6 89 2.3 1.8
Pennsylvania (White) 2008-2012 395 1.5 0.9 733 2.7 1.5
Puerto Rico 2008-2012 116 1.3 0.9 198 2 1.1
Rhode Island 2008-2012 33 1.3 0.8 77 2.8 1.5
Rhode Island (Black) 2008-2012 3 1.4 1.7 2 0.9 0.7
Rhode Island (White) 2008-2012 30 1.3 0.8 74 3.1 1.6
SEER (18 registries) 2008-2012 3112 1.5 1.1 4913 2.3 1.4
SEER (18 registries)(Asian and PacificIslander)
2008-2012 88 0.4 0.3 141 0.6 0.4
SEER (18 registries)(Black)
2008-2012 467 1.8 1.6 421 1.5 1.1
SEER (18 registries)(Hispanic White)
2008-2012 275 0.6 0.7 410 1 1
SEER (18 registries)(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 2237 1.9 1.1 3878 3.2 1.7
SEER (18 registries)(White)
2008-2012 2512 1.6 1.1 4288 2.6 1.6
SEER (9 registries) 2008-2012 1094 1.5 1.1 1605 2.2 1.4
SEER (9 registries)(Black)
2008-2012 176 2 1.8 149 1.5 1.2
SEER (9 registries)(White)
2008-2012 868 1.6 1.1 1383 2.6 1.5
South Carolina 2008-2012 173 1.5 1.1 286 2.4 1.4
South Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 46 1.5 1.2 51 1.4 0.9
South Carolina (White) 2008-2012 126 1.6 1 230 2.8 1.6
South Dakota 2008-2012 24 1.2 0.7 43 2.1 1.4
Tennessee 2008-2012 260 1.7 1.2 459 2.8 1.7
Tennessee (Black) 2008-2012 32 1.2 1.1 41 1.4 1.1
Tennessee (White) 2008-2012 222 1.8 1.2 415 3.2 1.9
Texas 2008-2012 735 1.2 0.9 1124 1.8 1.3
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( Table 7 – continued from previous page)Male Female
Country / Registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb N casesa Crude ratec ASRc
Texas (Black) 2008-2012 102 1.3 1.2 95 1.2 1
Texas (White) 2008-2012 625 1.2 0.9 1019 2 1.4
Utah 2008-2012 47 0.7 0.6 92 1.3 1.1
Vermont 2008-2012 21 1.4 0.8 41 2.6 1.5
Virginia 2008-2012 261 1.3 0.9 463 2.3 1.4
Virginia (Black) 2008-2012 56 1.4 1.2 72 1.7 1.2
Virginia (White) 2008-2012 198 1.4 0.9 386 2.6 1.5
Washington State 2008-2012 256 1.5 1 455 2.7 1.7
Washington, Seattle 2008-2012 183 1.6 1.1 310 2.7 1.6
West Virginia 2008-2012 63 1.4 0.8 143 3 1.7
Wisconsin 2008-2012 171 1.2 0.8 321 2.2 1.4
Wisconsin (Black) 2008-2012 11 1.1 1.1 12 1.2 1.2
Wisconsin (White) 2008-2012 158 1.3 0.8 293 2.3 1.4
Wyoming 2008-2012 10 0.7 0.4 24 1.7 1Viet Nam1
Ho Chi Minh City 2009-2012 33 0.2 0.3 38 0.2 0.2Zimbabwe1
Harare (African) 2010-2012 14 0.7 1.4 16 0.7 1.5Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.aAccumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry.bRates per 100,000 men per year.cRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:1Bray F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Zanetti R and Ferlay J, editors (2017). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XI (electronic version). Lyon: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr, accessed [05 October 2018].2Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X(electronic version) Lyon, IARC. http://ci5.iarc.fr3Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (2002). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC.4Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160,Lyon, IARC.
For time trends in anal cancer incidence, please refer to individual country data.
NOTE.
3.2.2 Vulvar cancer
Cancer of the vulva is rare among women worldwide, with an estimated 27,000 new cases in 2008, rep-resenting 4% of all gynaecologic cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Worldwide,about 60% of all vulvar cancer cases occur in more developed countries. Vulvar cancer has two distincthistological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basaloid/warty types (2) keratinizingtypes. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, are very often associated with HPVDNA detection (75-100%), and have a similar risk factor profile as cervical cancer. Keratinizing vulvarcarcinomas represent the majority of the vulvar lesions (>60%), they occur more often in older womenand are more rarely associated with HPV (IARC Monograph Vol 100B)
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Table 8: Incidence of vulvar cancer by cancer registryFemale
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
AfricaAlgeria1 Batna 2008-2012 14 0.5 0.6
Sétif 2008-2011 2 0.1 0.1Egypt2 Gharbiah 2003-2007 49 0.5 0.8Gambia3 National 1997-1998 1 0.1 0.2Kenya1 Nairobi 2008-2012 31 0.4 1.4Libya2 Benghazi 2003-2005 5 0.2 0.4Malawi2 Blantyre 2003-2007 16 0.7 1Mali3 Bamako 1994-1996 1 0.1 0.2Seychelles1 National 2009-2012 2 1.1 0.8South Africa1 Eastern Cape 2008-2012 22 0.8 0.9Tunisia2 North 2003-2005 41 0.6 0.6Uganda1 Kyadondo County 2008-2012 28 0.5 1.1Zimbabwe1 Harare (African) 2010-2012 43 1.9 3.3AmericasArgentina1 Chaco 2008-2012 32 1.2 1.1
Córdoba 2008-2012 43 1.2 0.8Entre Rios Province 2008-2011 35 1.6 1Mendoza 2008-2012 69 1.6 1.1Tierra del Fuego 2008-2012 0 0 0
Brazil1 Aracaju 2008-2012 12 0.8 0.7Curitiba 2008-2011 43 1.1 0.8Florianopolis 2008-2010 10 1.6 1.4Goiânia 2008-2012 29 0.9 0.8Jau 2008-2012 9 2.7 1.7Pocos de Caldas 2008-2011 7 2.2 1.8
Canada1 Alberta 2008-2012 223 2.4 1.5British Columbia 2008-2012 368 3.3 1.6Manitoba 2008-2012 127 4.1 2.4New Brunswick 2008-2012 71 3.7 1.7Newfoundland and Labrador 2008-2012 57 4.3 2.1Northwest Territories 2008-2012 1 0.9 0.7Nova Scotia 2008-2012 126 5.2 2.4Nunavut 2008-2012 2 2.5 3.6Ontario 2008-2012 1021 3.1 1.6Prince Edward Island 2008-2012 13 3.6 1.8Saskatchewan 2008-2012 90 3.4 1.8Yukon 2008-2012 0 0 0
Chile1 Bío Bío Province 2008-2012 9 0.9 0.6Concepcion 2008-2010 11 0.7 0.5Region of Antofagasta 2008-2010 6 0.7 0.6Valdivia 2008-2012 11 1.2 0.7
Colombia1 Bucaramanga 2008-2012 20 0.7 0.6Cali 2008-2012 60 1 0.8Manizales 2008-2012 10 1 0.7Pasto 2008-2012 6 0.6 0.5
Costa Rica1 National 2008-2011 70 0.8 0.7Cuba2 Villa Clara 2004-2007 29 1.8 1Ecuador1 Cuenca 2008-2012 8 0.6 0.4
Guayaquil 2008-2012 29 0.5 0.5Loja 2008-2010 3 0.9 0.9Manabi 2008-2012 15 0.4 0.5Quito 2008-2012 28 0.7 0.6
Jamaica1 Kingston and St Andrew 2008-2011 16 1.2 1.1Peru1 Lima 2010-2012 146 1 0.9
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Uruguay1 National 2008-2012 170 1.9 1USA1 Alabama 2008-2012 360 2.9 1.8
Alabama (White) 2008-2012 297 3.4 2Alabama (Black) 2008-2012 50 1.5 1.1Alaska 2008-2012 40 2.3 1.8Alaska (Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 7 2.3 2.1Arizona 2008-2012 304 1.9 1Arizona (White) 2008-2012 292 2.1 1.1Arizona (Black) 2008-2012 7 0.9 1Arizona (American Indian) 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.4Arkansas 2008-2012 226 3 1.7Arkansas (White) 2008-2012 206 3.4 1.8Arkansas (Black) 2008-2012 12 1 0.7California 2008-2012 1863 2 1.2California (White) 2008-2012 1603 2.3 1.3California (Black) 2008-2012 108 1.6 1.2California (American Indian) 2008-2012 9 0.5 0.4California, Los Angeles County 2008-2012 457 1.8 1.1California, Los Angeles County (White) 2008-2012 374 2.1 1.2California, Los Angeles County(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 261 3.7 1.5
California, Los Angeles County (HispanicWhite)
2008-2012 113 1 0.9
California, Los Angeles County (Black) 2008-2012 42 1.6 1.2California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) 2008-2012 8 0.7 0.3California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) 2008-2012 15 1.6 0.9California, Los Angeles County (Korean) 2008-2012 3 0.5 0.3California, San Francisco Bay Area(Hispanic White)
2008-2012 19 1 0.8
California, San Francisco Bay Area (Black) 2008-2012 18 1.7 1.1California, San Francisco Bay Area(Filipino)
2008-2012 5 0.7 0.3
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Chinese)
2008-2012 14 1.2 0.5
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Japanese)
2008-2012 3 2 0.2
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 157 3.3 1.3
California, San Francisco Bay Area 2008-2012 227 2.1 1California, San Francisco Bay Area (White) 2008-2012 176 2.6 1.2Colorado 2008-2012 293 2.3 1.4Colorado (White) 2008-2012 272 2.4 1.4Colorado (Black) 2008-2012 8 1.4 1.3Connecticut 2008-2012 313 3.4 1.7Connecticut (Black) 2008-2012 22 2 1.7Connecticut (White) 2008-2012 287 3.8 1.7Delaware 2008-2012 77 3.3 1.8Delaware (Black) 2008-2012 9 1.7 1.2Delaware (White) 2008-2012 67 4 2Florida (White) 2008-2012 1244 3.2 1.5Florida 2008-2012 1368 2.8 1.4Florida (Black) 2008-2012 108 1.3 1.1Georgia 2008-2012 661 2.7 1.8Georgia (White) 2008-2012 529 3.4 2Georgia (Black) 2008-2012 122 1.5 1.2Georgia, Atlanta (White) 2008-2012 120 2.7 1.7
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Georgia, Atlanta 2008-2012 183 2.1 1.6Georgia, Atlanta (Black) 2008-2012 59 1.6 1.4Hawaii 2008-2012 76 2.2 1.1Hawaii (Japanese) 2008-2012 15 2.5 0.6Hawaii (White) 2008-2012 37 4.8 2Hawaii (Chinese) 2008-2012 2 0.8 0.1Hawaii (Hawaiian) 2008-2012 5 0.7 0.6Hawaii (Filipino) 2008-2012 7 1.2 0.6Idaho 2008-2012 107 2.7 1.7Illinois (White) 2008-2012 808 3.2 1.7Illinois (Black) 2008-2012 99 1.9 1.4Illinois 2008-2012 933 2.9 1.6Indiana 2008-2012 516 3.1 1.8Indiana (White) 2008-2012 487 3.4 1.9Indiana (Black) 2008-2012 22 1.3 1.2Iowa 2008-2012 307 4 2.1Kentucky 2008-2012 422 3.8 2.3Louisiana 2008-2012 339 2.9 1.8Louisiana (White) 2008-2012 271 3.7 2.1Louisiana (Black) 2008-2012 65 1.7 1.3Louisiana, New Orleans 2008-2012 53 2.5 1.4Louisiana, New Orleans (White) 2008-2012 37 3.3 1.6Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) 2008-2012 14 1.6 1.1Maine 2008-2012 152 4.5 2.1Maryland 2008-2012 395 2.6 1.5Maryland (White) 2008-2012 305 3.3 1.7Maryland (Black) 2008-2012 77 1.6 1.2Massachusetts 2008-2012 571 3.4 1.7Massachusetts (White) 2008-2012 538 3.7 1.8Massachusetts (Black) 2008-2012 17 1.2 1Michigan (White) 2008-2012 785 3.8 2Michigan (Black) 2008-2012 61 1.6 1.2Michigan 2008-2012 863 3.4 1.9Michigan, Detroit (White) 2008-2012 249 3.6 1.8Michigan, Detroit (Black) 2008-2012 52 1.9 1.4Michigan, Detroit 2008-2012 306 3.1 1.7Minnesota 2008-2012 420 3.1 1.7Mississippi 2008-2012 229 3 1.9Missouri (White) 2008-2012 452 3.5 1.9Missouri (Black) 2008-2012 34 1.8 1.4Missouri 2008-2012 488 3.2 1.8Montana 2008-2012 69 2.8 1.5National (Black) 2008-2012 1777 1.6 1.2National (White) 2008-2012 19757 3.2 1.7National 2008-2012 22152 2.8 1.6Nebraska 2008-2012 150 3.3 1.8Nebraska (White) 2008-2012 142 3.4 1.8Nebraska (Black) 2008-2012 5 2.1 2Nevada (Black) 2008-2012 9 1.4 1.2Nevada (White) 2008-2012 146 2.8 1.6Nevada 2008-2012 162 2.4 1.5New Hampshire 2008-2012 108 3.2 1.6New Jersey (Black) 2008-2012 58 1.6 1.2New Jersey 2008-2012 675 3 1.5New Jersey (White) 2008-2012 598 3.5 1.6
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
New Mexico 2008-2012 102 2 1.1New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) 2008-2012 69 3.2 1.3New Mexico (White) 2008-2012 93 2.1 1.1New Mexico (Hispanic White) 2008-2012 24 1.1 0.8New York State (Black) 2008-2012 163 1.7 1.2New York State 2008-2012 1404 2.8 1.5New York State (White) 2008-2012 1206 3.4 1.6North Carolina (White) 2008-2012 643 3.6 2North Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 105 1.8 1.4North Carolina 2008-2012 760 3.1 1.9North Dakota 2008-2012 55 3.3 1.7NPCR 2008-2012 21019 2.8 1.6NPCR (White) 2008-2012 18718 3.2 1.7NPCR (Black) 2008-2012 1745 1.6 1.2NPCR (Asian and Pacific Islander) 2008-2012 261 0.6 0.5NPCR (American Indian/Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 70 0.7 0.6Ohio (Black) 2008-2012 73 1.8 1.4Ohio 2008-2012 977 3.3 1.8Ohio (White) 2008-2012 891 3.6 1.8Oklahoma 2008-2012 298 3.1 1.9Oklahoma (White) 2008-2012 273 3.6 2Oklahoma (Black) 2008-2012 9 1.1 1Oregon (White) 2008-2012 301 3.4 1.8Oregon 2008-2012 307 3.2 1.7Oregon (Black) 2008-2012 1 0.5 0.3Pacific Islands 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.5Pennsylvania 2008-2012 1336 4.1 2Pennsylvania (White) 2008-2012 1216 4.4 2Pennsylvania (Black) 2008-2012 87 2.2 1.7Puerto Rico 2008-2012 192 1.9 1Rhode Island 2008-2012 134 4.9 2.5Rhode Island (White) 2008-2012 129 5.4 2.5Rhode Island (Black) 2008-2012 4 1.9 2.1SEER (18 registries) (White) 2008-2012 4783 2.9 1.6SEER (18 registries) (Non-Hispanic White) 2008-2012 4346 3.6 1.7SEER (18 registries) (Hispanic White) 2008-2012 437 1 1SEER (18 registries) (Asian and PacificIslander)
2008-2012 183 0.8 0.5
SEER (18 registries) 2008-2012 5515 2.5 1.5SEER (18 registries) (Black) 2008-2012 458 1.6 1.3SEER (9 registries) 2008-2012 1956 2.7 1.5SEER (9 registries) (White) 2008-2012 1677 3.1 1.6SEER (9 registries) (Black) 2008-2012 162 1.7 1.3South Carolina 2008-2012 376 3.2 1.9South Carolina (White) 2008-2012 308 3.8 2.1South Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 64 1.8 1.3South Dakota 2008-2012 67 3.3 1.6Tennessee 2008-2012 547 3.4 2Tennessee (White) 2008-2012 480 3.7 2.1Tennessee (Black) 2008-2012 61 2.1 1.6Texas (Black) 2008-2012 109 1.3 1.1Texas (White) 2008-2012 1104 2.1 1.4Texas 2008-2012 1222 1.9 1.3Utah 2008-2012 109 1.6 1.1Vermont 2008-2012 57 3.6 1.7
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Virginia (White) 2008-2012 440 3 1.6Virginia (Black) 2008-2012 75 1.7 1.3Virginia 2008-2012 535 2.6 1.5Washington State 2008-2012 453 2.7 1.6Washington, Seattle 2008-2012 333 2.9 1.7West Virginia 2008-2012 183 3.9 2Wisconsin 2008-2012 445 3.1 1.5Wisconsin (White) 2008-2012 418 3.3 1.5Wisconsin (Black) 2008-2012 15 1.5 1.5Wyoming 2008-2012 40 2.9 1.8
AsiaBahrain1 National (Bahraini) 2008-2012 5 0.4 0.5Brunei1 National 2010-2012 4 0.9 1.1China1 Anshan City 2008-2012 18 0.5 0.3
Beijing 2008-2012 173 0.9 0.5Benxi 2008-2011 8 0.4 0.3Cixian County 2008-2012 6 0.4 0.4Guangzhou 2010-2012 73 0.6 0.4Guanyun 2008-2012 7 0.3 0.3Haimen County 2008-2012 15 0.6 0.3Hangzhou City 2008-2012 78 0.5 0.3Harbin City, Nangang District 2008-2012 11 0.4 0.2Hefei 2010-2012 10 0.3 0.3Hengdong 2009-2012 6 0.4 0.3Hong Kong 2008-2012 190 1 0.5Huaiyin District, Huai’an 2009-2012 3 0.2 0.1Jiangmen 2010-2012 6 0.6 0.5Jianhu County 2010-2012 3 0.3 0.2Jiashan County 2008-2012 7 0.7 0.3Jiaxing City 2008-2012 4 0.3 0.2Lianyungang 2008-2012 8 0.4 0.2Linzhou County 2008-2012 4 0.2 0.1Liuzhou 2009-2012 13 0.6 0.5Maanshan 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.2Qidong County 2008-2012 7 0.2 0.1Shanghai City 2008-2012 133 0.9 0.4Shenyang 2008-2012 55 0.6 0.3Shexian County 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.3Sheyang 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1Tongling City 2008-2012 2 0.2 0.1Wuhan City 2008-2012 51 0.4 0.3Wuxi 2010-2012 14 0.4 0.2Xianju 2010-2012 4 0.6 0.2Xiping 2010-2012 0 0 0Yanshi 2010-2012 2 0.2 0.1Yanting County 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.3Yueyanglou 2009-2012 1 0.1 0.1Zhongshan City 2010-2012 10 0.4 0.3Zhuhai 2010-2012 5 0.3 0.2
India1 Ahmedabad 2008-2011 10 0.3 0.4Bangalore 2008-2012 86 0.5 0.6Barshi, Paranda, and Bhum 2008-2012 2 0.2 0.2Bhopal 2008-2012 8 0.2 0.2Cachar 2008-2012 16 0.4 0.5
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Chennai 2008-2012 44 0.4 0.4Dindigul, Ambilikkai 2008-2012 22 0.4 0.4Kamrup Urban District 2009-2012 11 0.5 0.6Kollam 2008-2012 10 0.1 0.1Mizoram 2008-2012 8 0.3 0.4Mumbai 2008-2012 90 0.3 0.3Poona 2008-2011 19 0.2 0.2Sikkim State 2008-2012 5 0.4 0.4Tripura 2010-2012 8 0.1 0.2Trivandrum 2008-2012 6 0.2 0.2Wardha 2010-2012 1 0.1 0
Iran1 Golestan Province 2008-2011 2 0.1 0.1Israel1 National (Non-Jews, Arab) 2008-2012 23 0.6 0.9
National 2008-2012 331 1.7 1.1National (Non-Jews, Other) 2008-2012 17 2 1.3National (Jews) 2008-2012 291 2 1.1
Japan1 Aichi Prefecture 2008-2012 172 0.9 0.3Fukui Prefecture 2008-2012 34 1.6 0.3Hiroshima Prefecture 2008-2012 101 1.4 0.3Miyagi Prefecture 2008-2010 42 1.2 0.3Nagasaki Prefecture 2008-2012 65 1.7 0.4Niigata Prefecture 2008-2012 90 1.5 0.4Osaka Prefecture 2008-2012 256 1.1 0.4Tochigi Prefecture 2008-2012 51 1 0.3Yamagata Prefecture 2008-2012 47 1.5 0.4
Jordan1 National (Jordanians) 2008-2012 28 0.2 0.3Kuwait1 National (Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.2
National (Non-Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 1 0 0National 2008-2012 4 0.1 0.1
Malaysia1 Penang (Indian) 2008-2010 0 0 0Penang (Malay) 2008-2010 1 0.1 0.2Penang (Chinese) 2008-2010 6 0.6 0.4Penang 2008-2010 7 0.3 0.3
Oman4 Omani 1998-2001 3 0.1 0.2Pakistan4 South Karachi 1998-2002 3 0.1 0.1Philippines1 Manila 2008-2012 45 0.3 0.4
Rizal 2008-2012 34 0.2 0.3Qatar1 National (Qatari) 2008-2012 0 0 0Rep. Korea1 Busan 2008-2012 31 0.3 0.2
Daegu 2008-2012 23 0.4 0.2Daejeon 2008-2012 17 0.5 0.3Gwangju 2008-2012 10 0.3 0.2Incheon 2008-2012 35 0.5 0.4Jejudo 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.1National 2008-2012 564 0.5 0.3Seoul 2008-2012 125 0.5 0.3Ulsan 2008-2012 10 0.4 0.3
Saudi Arabia1 Riyadh (Saudi) 2008-2012 8 0.1 0.1Singapore2 National (Malay) 2003-2007 4 0.3 0.3
National (Indian) 2003-2007 2 0.3 0.3National 2003-2007 69 0.8 0.6National (Chinese) 2003-2007 62 0.9 0.6
Thailand1 Bangkok 2008-2010 24 0.2 0.2Chiang Mai 2008-2012 36 0.9 0.7
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Chonburi 2008-2011 14 0.5 0.5Khon Kaen 2008-2012 29 0.7 0.5Lampang 2008-2012 6 0.3 0.1Lopburi Province 2009-2012 9 0.6 0.4Songkhla 2008-2012 13 0.3 0.2
Turkey1 Antalya 2008-2012 27 0.6 0.5Bursa 2008-2012 37 0.6 0.5Edirne 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.2Erzurum 2010-2012 5 0.4 0.5Eskisehir 2008-2012 9 0.5 0.3Izmir 2008-2012 81 0.8 0.6Samsun 2008-2012 14 0.4 0.3Trabzon 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.2
Viet Nam1 Ho Chi Minh City 2009-2012 54 0.3 0.4EuropeAustria1 Carinthia 2008-2012 65 4.5 1.4
National 2008-2012 745 3.5 1.4Tyrol 2008-2012 80 4.4 2.1Vorarlberg 2008-2012 35 3.7 1.8
Belarus1 National 2008-2012 792 3.1 1.3Belgium1 National 2008-2012 1102 4 1.8Bulgaria1 National 2008-2012 576 3 1.2Croatia1 National 2008-2012 401 3.5 1.5Cyprus1 National 2008-2012 49 2.3 1.2Czech Rep.1 National 2008-2012 1069 4 1.8Denmark1 National 2008-2012 514 3.7 1.7Estonia1 National 2008-2012 123 3.5 1.2Finland2 National 2003-2007 376 2.8 1.2France1 Bas-Rhin 2008-2011 51 2.3 1
Calvados 2008-2012 46 2.6 0.9Doubs 2008-2012 32 2.4 1.1Gironde 2008-2012 86 2.3 0.9Haut-Rhin 2008-2012 66 3.4 1.6Hérault 2008-2012 54 2 0.8Isère 2008-2012 78 2.5 1Lille-Métropole 2008-2012 57 2.7 1.5Limousin 2009-2012 26 3.3 0.9Loire-Atlantique 2008-2012 24 0.7 0.3Manche 2008-2011 28 2.7 0.9Martinique 2008-2012 2 0.2 0Somme 2008-2012 38 2.6 1.1Tarn 2008-2012 35 3.6 1.1Territoire de Belfort 2008-2012 13 3.6 1.3Vendée 2008-2012 32 2 0.7
Germany1 Bavaria 2008-2012 1750 5.5 2.3Bremen 2008-2012 135 8 3.3Hamburg 2008-2012 422 9.3 4.3Lower Saxony 2008-2012 1460 7.2 3.1Munich 2008-2012 585 5 2North Rhine-Westphalia 2008-2012 4000 8.8 3.8Rhineland-Palatinate 2008-2012 722 7.1 2.9Saarland 2008-2012 320 12.2 5.7Schleswig-Holstein 2008-2012 766 10.6 4.7
Iceland1 National 2008-2012 19 2.4 1.5
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Ireland1 National 2008-2012 250 2.2 1.4Italy1 Aosta Valley 2008-2012 12 3.7 1.1
Barletta 2008-2011 27 3.4 1.5Bergamo 2008-2012 101 3.7 1.4Biella 2008-2012 29 6 1.6Caserta 2008-2010 41 2.9 1.2Catania, Messina and Enna 2008-2012 151 3 1.2Como 2008-2011 38 3.2 1.1Cremona 2008-2010 16 2.9 0.7Ferrara 2008-2011 37 4.9 1.3Florence and Prato 2008-2010 69 3.7 1.1Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2008-2010 81 4.2 1.3Latina 2008-2012 49 3.5 1.4Lecco 2008-2010 19 3.7 1.4Lombardy, South, Pavia 2008-2010 35 4.2 1.2Mantua 2008-2010 26 4.2 1.2Milan 2008-2012 231 3.2 1.1Modena 2008-2012 57 3.3 0.9Monza 2008-2012 79 3.7 1.4Naples 2008-2012 44 3 1.4Nuoro 2008-2012 11 2 1Palermo 2008-2012 107 3.3 1.3Parma 2008-2012 41 3.7 1Piacenza 2008-2011 27 4.6 1.3Ragusa and Caltanissetta 2008-2012 49 3.3 1.6Reggio Emilia 2008-2012 47 3.5 1.1Romagna 2008-2012 140 4.4 1.4Sassari 2008-2011 17 1.7 0.8Sondrio 2008-2012 22 4.7 1.5South Tyrol 2008-2010 8 1 0.3Syracuse 2008-2012 32 3.1 1.4Taranto 2008-2011 31 2.6 1.2Trento 2008-2010 31 3.9 1.8Turin 2008-2012 194 3.3 1Umbria 2008-2011 98 5.4 1.5Varese 2008-2012 79 3.6 1Veneto 2008-2010 176 4.4 1.6
Latvia1 National 2010-2012 114 3.4 1.2Lithuania1 National 2008-2012 296 3.6 1.4Malta1 National 2008-2012 47 4.5 2Netherlands1 National 2008-2012 1853 4.4 2.1Norway1 National 2008-2012 404 3.3 1.6Poland1 Kielce 2008-2012 80 2.4 1
Lower Silesia 2008-2012 212 2.8 1.2Lublin 2008-2012 139 2.5 1.2Podkarpackie 2008-2012 122 2.3 1.1Poznan 2008-2012 182 2.1 1
Portugal1 Azores 2008-2011 10 2 1.1Russia1 Arkhangelsk 2008-2012 84 2.5 1.2
Chelyabinsk 2008-2012 263 2.8 1.3Karelia 2008-2012 45 2.5 1.2Samara 2008-2012 224 2.6 1.2
Serbia2 Central 2003-2007 459 3.3 1.6Slovakia1 National 2008-2010 244 2.9 1.5
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Slovenia1 National 2008-2012 220 4.3 1.7Spain1 Albacete 2008-2010 23 3.9 1.1
Asturias 2008-2010 66 4 1.3Basque Country 2008-2012 211 3.8 1.4Canary Islands 2008-2011 82 2.3 1.2Castellón 2008-2012 46 3.1 1.3Ciudad Real 2008-2011 37 3.5 1.2Cuenca 2008-2011 17 4 1.3Girona 2008-2012 52 2.8 1.1Granada 2008-2012 68 2.9 1.2La Rioja 2008-2012 20 2.5 0.8Mallorca 2008-2011 53 3.1 1.5Murcia 2008-2010 41 1.9 0.9Navarra 2008-2010 34 3.6 1.4Tarragona 2008-2012 63 3.2 1.4
Sweden2 National 2003-2007 803 3.5 1.4Switzerland1 Fribourg 2008-2012 22 3.2 1.9
Geneva 2008-2012 31 2.6 1.1Graubünden and Glarus 2008-2012 24 4.1 1.5Neuchâtel 2008-2012 15 3.4 1.3St Gall-Appenzell 2008-2012 44 3.2 1.2Ticino 2008-2012 28 3.2 1.1Valais 2008-2012 23 2.9 1Vaud 2008-2012 54 3 1.2Zurich 2008-2012 119 3.5 1.5
UK1 England 2008-2012 5009 3.7 1.8England, East 2008-2012 548 3.7 1.6England, East Midlands 2008-2012 490 4.3 2England, London 2008-2012 451 2.2 1.3England, North East 2008-2012 278 4.2 1.9England, North West 2008-2012 757 4.2 2England, South East 2008-2012 786 3.6 1.6England, South West 2008-2012 590 4.4 1.8England, West Midlands 2008-2012 570 4 2England, Yorkshire and The Humber 2008-2012 539 4 2National 2008-2012 5999 3.8 1.8Northern Ireland 2008-2012 134 2.9 1.6Scotland 2008-2012 527 3.9 2Wales 2008-2012 329 4.2 1.9
Ukraine1 National 2008-2012 3503 2.8 1.2OceaniaAustralia1 Australian Capital Territory 2008-2012 14 1.5 1
National 2008-2012 1574 2.8 1.6New South Wales 2008-2012 540 3 1.6Northern Territory (Non-Indigenous) 2008-2012 15 4 2.8Northern Territory (Indigenous) 2008-2012 1 0.6 0.7Northern Territory 2008-2012 19 3.5 3Queensland 2008-2012 300 2.7 1.7South 2008-2012 135 3.3 1.8Tasmania 2008-2012 41 3.2 1.7Victoria 2008-2012 383 2.8 1.5Western 2008-2012 142 2.5 1.5
New Zealand1 National (Pacific Islander) 2008-2012 7 1 1.1National (Maori) 2008-2012 23 1.4 1.6
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( Table 8 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
National 2008-2012 266 2.4 1.4Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Please refer to original source (available at http://ci5.iarc.fr/CI5-XI/Default.aspx)aAccumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry.bRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:1Bray F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Zanetti R and Ferlay J, editors (2017). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XI (electronic version). Lyon: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr, accessed [05 October 2018].2Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X(electronic version) Lyon, IARC. http://ci5.iarc.fr3Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (2002). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC.4Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160,Lyon, IARC.
For time trends in vulvar cancer incidence, please refer to individual country data.
NOTE.
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3.2.3 Vaginal cancer
Cancer of the vagina is a rare cancer, with an estimated 13,000 new cases in 2008, representing 2% ofall gynaecologic cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Although unreported andsimilar to cervical cancer, the majority of vaginal cancer cases (68%) occur in less developed countries.Most vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (90%) generally attributable to HPV, followed byclear cell adenocarcinomas and melanoma. Metastatic cervical cancer can be misclassified as cancer ofthe vagina. Invasive vaginal cancer is diagnosed primarily in old women (>=65 years) and the diagnosisis rare in women under 45 years whereas the peak incidence of carcinoma in situ is observed betweenages 55 and 70 (Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10)
Table 9: Incidence of vaginal cancer by cancer registryFemale
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
AfricaAlgeria1 Batna 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.2
Sétif 2008-2011 2 0.1 0.1Egypt2 Gharbiah 2003-2007 15 0.2 0.2Gambia3 National 1997-1998 2 0.2 0.2Kenya1 Nairobi 2008-2012 17 0.2 0.7Libya2 Benghazi 2003-2005 3 0.1 0.2Malawi2 Blantyre 2003-2007 16 0.7 1.4Mali3 Bamako 1994-1996 1 0.1 0.1Seychelles1 National 2009-2012 6 3.4 3.1South Africa1 Eastern Cape 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.2Tunisia2 North 2003-2005 20 0.3 0.3Uganda1 Kyadondo County 2008-2012 11 0.2 0.5Zimbabwe1 Harare (African) 2010-2012 6 0.3 0.5AmericasArgentina1 Chaco 2008-2012 13 0.5 0.5
Córdoba 2008-2012 23 0.6 0.5Entre Rios Province 2008-2011 22 1 0.8Mendoza 2008-2012 31 0.7 0.5Tierra del Fuego 2008-2012 1 0.3 0.5
Brazil1 Aracaju 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.3Curitiba 2008-2011 8 0.2 0.2Florianopolis 2008-2010 6 0.9 0.7Goiânia 2008-2012 22 0.6 0.6Jau 2008-2012 2 0.6 0.5Pocos de Caldas 2008-2011 0 0 0
Canada1 Alberta 2008-2012 60 0.7 0.4British Columbia 2008-2012 93 0.8 0.4Manitoba 2008-2012 16 0.5 0.2New Brunswick 2008-2012 18 0.9 0.4Newfoundland and Labrador 2008-2012 10 0.8 0.4Northwest Territories 2008-2012 0 0 0Nova Scotia 2008-2012 18 0.7 0.3Nunavut 2008-2012 0 0 0Ontario 2008-2012 279 0.8 0.5Prince Edward Island 2008-2012 5 1.4 0.9Saskatchewan 2008-2012 30 1.1 0.4Yukon 2008-2012 3 3.5 2.7
Chile1 Bío Bío Province 2008-2012 9 0.9 0.7Concepcion 2008-2010 9 0.6 0.5Region of Antofagasta 2008-2010 6 0.7 0.7Valdivia 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.4
Colombia1 Bucaramanga 2008-2012 13 0.5 0.4Cali 2008-2012 43 0.7 0.6
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Manizales 2008-2012 6 0.6 0.4Pasto 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.3
Costa Rica1 National 2008-2011 59 0.7 0.6Cuba2 Villa Clara 2004-2007 4 0.2 0.1Ecuador1 Cuenca 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.2
Guayaquil 2008-2012 19 0.3 0.4Loja 2008-2010 0 0 0Manabi 2008-2012 16 0.5 0.6Quito 2008-2012 17 0.4 0.4
Jamaica1 Kingston and St Andrew 2008-2011 7 0.5 0.5Peru1 Lima 2010-2012 43 0.3 0.3Uruguay1 National 2008-2012 62 0.7 0.4USA1 Alabama 2008-2012 131 1.1 0.6
Alabama (White) 2008-2012 102 1.2 0.6Alabama (Black) 2008-2012 27 0.8 0.6Alaska 2008-2012 14 0.8 0.7Alaska (Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 4 1.3 1.2Arizona 2008-2012 90 0.6 0.3Arizona (White) 2008-2012 83 0.6 0.3Arizona (Black) 2008-2012 2 0.3 0.2Arizona (American Indian) 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.3Arkansas 2008-2012 67 0.9 0.5Arkansas (White) 2008-2012 61 1 0.5Arkansas (Black) 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.2California 2008-2012 696 0.7 0.5California (White) 2008-2012 564 0.8 0.5California (Black) 2008-2012 54 0.8 0.6California (American Indian) 2008-2012 4 0.2 0.2California, Los Angeles County 2008-2012 188 0.8 0.5California, Los Angeles County (White) 2008-2012 150 0.8 0.6California, Los Angeles County(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 90 1.3 0.6
California, Los Angeles County (HispanicWhite)
2008-2012 60 0.6 0.5
California, Los Angeles County (Black) 2008-2012 15 0.6 0.3California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.3California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.3California, Los Angeles County (Korean) 2008-2012 0 0 0California, San Francisco Bay Area(Hispanic White)
2008-2012 11 0.6 0.5
California, San Francisco Bay Area (Black) 2008-2012 8 0.7 0.6California, San Francisco Bay Area(Filipino)
2008-2012 7 1 0.5
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Chinese)
2008-2012 3 0.2 0.1
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Japanese)
2008-2012 2 1.3 0.5
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 44 0.9 0.4
California, San Francisco Bay Area 2008-2012 83 0.8 0.4California, San Francisco Bay Area (White) 2008-2012 55 0.8 0.4Colorado 2008-2012 77 0.6 0.4Colorado (White) 2008-2012 68 0.6 0.3Colorado (Black) 2008-2012 6 1 1Connecticut 2008-2012 87 0.9 0.5Connecticut (Black) 2008-2012 7 0.6 0.5
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Connecticut (White) 2008-2012 78 1 0.5Delaware 2008-2012 26 1.1 0.7Delaware (Black) 2008-2012 8 1.5 1.1Delaware (White) 2008-2012 18 1.1 0.6Florida (White) 2008-2012 326 0.9 0.4Florida 2008-2012 392 0.8 0.4Florida (Black) 2008-2012 58 0.7 0.6Georgia 2008-2012 223 0.9 0.6Georgia (White) 2008-2012 146 0.9 0.5Georgia (Black) 2008-2012 77 0.9 0.8Georgia, Atlanta (White) 2008-2012 41 0.9 0.6Georgia, Atlanta 2008-2012 64 0.7 0.5Georgia, Atlanta (Black) 2008-2012 23 0.6 0.6Hawaii 2008-2012 26 0.8 0.4Hawaii (Japanese) 2008-2012 4 0.7 0.4Hawaii (White) 2008-2012 6 0.8 0.4Hawaii (Chinese) 2008-2012 1 0.4 0.3Hawaii (Hawaiian) 2008-2012 4 0.6 0.5Hawaii (Filipino) 2008-2012 5 0.8 0.5Idaho 2008-2012 27 0.7 0.4Illinois (White) 2008-2012 194 0.8 0.4Illinois (Black) 2008-2012 55 1.1 0.8Illinois 2008-2012 256 0.8 0.4Indiana 2008-2012 140 0.8 0.5Indiana (White) 2008-2012 125 0.9 0.5Indiana (Black) 2008-2012 13 0.8 0.5Iowa 2008-2012 67 0.9 0.5Kentucky 2008-2012 117 1.1 0.7Louisiana 2008-2012 114 1 0.6Louisiana (White) 2008-2012 72 1 0.5Louisiana (Black) 2008-2012 42 1.1 0.8Louisiana, New Orleans 2008-2012 18 0.9 0.5Louisiana, New Orleans (White) 2008-2012 9 0.8 0.4Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) 2008-2012 9 1 0.7Maine 2008-2012 26 0.8 0.4Maryland 2008-2012 149 1 0.6Maryland (White) 2008-2012 108 1.2 0.6Maryland (Black) 2008-2012 33 0.7 0.5Massachusetts 2008-2012 123 0.7 0.4Massachusetts (White) 2008-2012 114 0.8 0.4Massachusetts (Black) 2008-2012 8 0.6 0.5Michigan (White) 2008-2012 192 0.9 0.5Michigan (Black) 2008-2012 43 1.1 0.8Michigan 2008-2012 239 0.9 0.5Michigan, Detroit (White) 2008-2012 73 1.1 0.6Michigan, Detroit (Black) 2008-2012 28 1 0.7Michigan, Detroit 2008-2012 103 1 0.6Minnesota 2008-2012 93 0.7 0.4Mississippi 2008-2012 77 1 0.6Missouri (White) 2008-2012 108 0.8 0.5Missouri (Black) 2008-2012 15 0.8 0.5Missouri 2008-2012 123 0.8 0.5Montana 2008-2012 13 0.5 0.2National (Black) 2008-2012 917 0.8 0.6
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
National (White) 2008-2012 5132 0.8 0.4National 2008-2012 6299 0.8 0.5Nebraska 2008-2012 30 0.7 0.4Nebraska (White) 2008-2012 27 0.6 0.4Nebraska (Black) 2008-2012 1 0.4 0.4Nevada (Black) 2008-2012 4 0.6 0.6Nevada (White) 2008-2012 36 0.7 0.4Nevada 2008-2012 42 0.6 0.4New Hampshire 2008-2012 23 0.7 0.3New Jersey (Black) 2008-2012 35 1 0.8New Jersey 2008-2012 191 0.8 0.5New Jersey (White) 2008-2012 143 0.8 0.4New Mexico 2008-2012 51 1 0.5New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) 2008-2012 28 1.3 0.5New Mexico (White) 2008-2012 49 1.1 0.6New Mexico (Hispanic White) 2008-2012 21 0.9 0.7New York State (Black) 2008-2012 87 0.9 0.6New York State 2008-2012 379 0.8 0.4New York State (White) 2008-2012 277 0.8 0.4North Carolina (White) 2008-2012 157 0.9 0.5North Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 67 1.2 0.8North Carolina 2008-2012 229 0.9 0.5North Dakota 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.1NPCR 2008-2012 5978 0.8 0.5NPCR (White) 2008-2012 4850 0.8 0.4NPCR (Black) 2008-2012 904 0.8 0.6NPCR (Asian and Pacific Islander) 2008-2012 141 0.3 0.3NPCR (American Indian/Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 30 0.3 0.3Ohio (Black) 2008-2012 39 1 0.7Ohio 2008-2012 244 0.8 0.4Ohio (White) 2008-2012 201 0.8 0.4Oklahoma 2008-2012 74 0.8 0.4Oklahoma (White) 2008-2012 60 0.8 0.4Oklahoma (Black) 2008-2012 4 0.5 0.4Oregon (White) 2008-2012 64 0.7 0.4Oregon 2008-2012 67 0.7 0.4Oregon (Black) 2008-2012 2 0.9 1.1Pacific Islands 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1Pennsylvania 2008-2012 304 0.9 0.4Pennsylvania (White) 2008-2012 264 1 0.4Pennsylvania (Black) 2008-2012 33 0.8 0.5Puerto Rico 2008-2012 122 1.2 0.7Rhode Island 2008-2012 22 0.8 0.5Rhode Island (White) 2008-2012 22 0.9 0.5Rhode Island (Black) 2008-2012 0 0 0SEER (18 registries) (White) 2008-2012 1411 0.9 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Non-Hispanic White) 2008-2012 1200 1 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Hispanic White) 2008-2012 211 0.5 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Asian and PacificIslander)
2008-2012 102 0.4 0.3
SEER (18 registries) 2008-2012 1790 0.8 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Black) 2008-2012 252 0.9 0.7SEER (9 registries) 2008-2012 594 0.8 0.5SEER (9 registries) (White) 2008-2012 472 0.9 0.5SEER (9 registries) (Black) 2008-2012 69 0.7 0.6
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
South Carolina 2008-2012 99 0.8 0.5South Carolina (White) 2008-2012 66 0.8 0.5South Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 31 0.9 0.6South Dakota 2008-2012 13 0.6 0.3Tennessee 2008-2012 162 1 0.6Tennessee (White) 2008-2012 145 1.1 0.6Tennessee (Black) 2008-2012 15 0.5 0.4Texas (Black) 2008-2012 54 0.7 0.5Texas (White) 2008-2012 383 0.7 0.5Texas 2008-2012 446 0.7 0.5Utah 2008-2012 33 0.5 0.4Vermont 2008-2012 9 0.6 0.3Virginia (White) 2008-2012 114 0.8 0.4Virginia (Black) 2008-2012 39 0.9 0.6Virginia 2008-2012 158 0.8 0.4Washington State 2008-2012 114 0.7 0.4Washington, Seattle 2008-2012 80 0.7 0.4West Virginia 2008-2012 47 1 0.5Wisconsin 2008-2012 85 0.6 0.3Wisconsin (White) 2008-2012 78 0.6 0.3Wisconsin (Black) 2008-2012 6 0.6 0.6Wyoming 2008-2012 7 0.5 0.4
AsiaBahrain1 National (Bahraini) 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.3Brunei1 National 2010-2012 1 0.2 0.2China1 Anshan City 2008-2012 9 0.2 0.1
Beijing 2008-2012 38 0.2 0.1Benxi 2008-2011 3 0.2 0.1Cixian County 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.3Guangzhou 2010-2012 30 0.3 0.2Guanyun 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.1Haimen County 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.1Hangzhou City 2008-2012 42 0.2 0.2Harbin City, Nangang District 2008-2012 9 0.4 0.2Hefei 2010-2012 3 0.1 0.1Hengdong 2009-2012 5 0.4 0.3Hong Kong 2008-2012 93 0.5 0.3Huaiyin District, Huai’an 2009-2012 0 0 0Jiangmen 2010-2012 3 0.3 0.5Jianhu County 2010-2012 3 0.3 0.2Jiashan County 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1Jiaxing City 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.2Lianyungang 2008-2012 9 0.4 0.3Linzhou County 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.1Liuzhou 2009-2012 4 0.2 0.2Maanshan 2008-2012 6 0.4 0.3Qidong County 2008-2012 3 0.1 0.1Shanghai City 2008-2012 41 0.3 0.1Shenyang 2008-2012 30 0.3 0.2Shexian County 2008-2012 2 0.2 0.2Sheyang 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.1Tongling City 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1Wuhan City 2008-2012 38 0.3 0.2Wuxi 2010-2012 15 0.4 0.2Xianju 2010-2012 1 0.1 0.1
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Xiping 2010-2012 1 0.1 0.1Yanshi 2010-2012 1 0.1 0Yanting County 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.3Yueyanglou 2009-2012 2 0.2 0.1Zhongshan City 2010-2012 2 0.1 0.1Zhuhai 2010-2012 3 0.2 0.1
India1 Ahmedabad 2008-2011 23 0.8 0.9Bangalore 2008-2012 106 0.6 0.7Barshi, Paranda, and Bhum 2008-2012 12 1 0.9Bhopal 2008-2012 18 0.4 0.5Cachar 2008-2012 10 0.2 0.3Chennai 2008-2012 81 0.7 0.7Dindigul, Ambilikkai 2008-2012 32 0.6 0.6Kamrup Urban District 2009-2012 8 0.4 0.4Kollam 2008-2012 26 0.4 0.3Mizoram 2008-2012 1 0 0Mumbai 2008-2012 152 0.5 0.6Poona 2008-2011 32 0.3 0.4Sikkim State 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.3Tripura 2010-2012 9 0.2 0.2Trivandrum 2008-2012 13 0.4 0.3Wardha 2010-2012 3 0.2 0.1
Iran1 Golestan Province 2008-2011 3 0.1 0.1Israel1 National (Non-Jews, Arab) 2008-2012 7 0.2 0.3
National 2008-2012 105 0.5 0.4National (Non-Jews, Other) 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.2National (Jews) 2008-2012 95 0.7 0.4
Japan1 Aichi Prefecture 2008-2012 65 0.4 0.2Fukui Prefecture 2008-2012 4 0.2 0.1Hiroshima Prefecture 2008-2012 26 0.4 0.1Miyagi Prefecture 2008-2010 19 0.5 0.2Nagasaki Prefecture 2008-2012 17 0.4 0.2Niigata Prefecture 2008-2012 38 0.6 0.2Osaka Prefecture 2008-2012 109 0.5 0.2Tochigi Prefecture 2008-2012 16 0.3 0.1Yamagata Prefecture 2008-2012 26 0.9 0.4
Jordan1 National (Jordanians) 2008-2012 18 0.1 0.2Kuwait1 National (Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 1 0 0.1
National (Non-Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 2 0 0National 2008-2012 3 0 0.1
Malaysia1 Penang (Indian) 2008-2010 0 0 0Penang (Malay) 2008-2010 0 0 0Penang (Chinese) 2008-2010 5 0.5 0.5Penang 2008-2010 5 0.2 0.2
Oman4 Omani 1998-2001 6 0.2 0.3Pakistan4 South Karachi 1998-2002 6 0.2 0.3Philippines1 Manila 2008-2012 30 0.2 0.2
Rizal 2008-2012 26 0.1 0.2Qatar1 National (Qatari) 2008-2012 1 0.2 0.2Rep. Korea1 Busan 2008-2012 24 0.3 0.2
Daegu 2008-2012 16 0.3 0.2Daejeon 2008-2012 9 0.2 0.2Gwangju 2008-2012 8 0.2 0.2Incheon 2008-2012 18 0.3 0.2
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Jejudo 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.2National 2008-2012 359 0.3 0.2Seoul 2008-2012 75 0.3 0.2Ulsan 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.2
Saudi Arabia1 Riyadh (Saudi) 2008-2012 4 0 0.1Singapore2 National (Malay) 2003-2007 4 0.3 0.3
National (Indian) 2003-2007 2 0.3 0.3National 2003-2007 38 0.4 0.3National (Chinese) 2003-2007 31 0.5 0.4
Thailand1 Bangkok 2008-2010 36 0.3 0.3Chiang Mai 2008-2012 12 0.3 0.2Chonburi 2008-2011 8 0.3 0.3Khon Kaen 2008-2012 17 0.4 0.3Lampang 2008-2012 3 0.2 0.1Lopburi Province 2009-2012 11 0.7 0.6Songkhla 2008-2012 10 0.3 0.2
Turkey1 Antalya 2008-2012 13 0.3 0.3Bursa 2008-2012 14 0.2 0.2Edirne 2008-2012 2 0.2 0.1Erzurum 2010-2012 1 0.1 0.1Eskisehir 2008-2012 9 0.5 0.3Izmir 2008-2012 21 0.2 0.2Samsun 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.1Trabzon 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.2
Viet Nam1 Ho Chi Minh City 2009-2012 11 0.1 0.1EuropeAustria1 Carinthia 2008-2012 13 0.9 0.4
National 2008-2012 191 0.9 0.4Tyrol 2008-2012 8 0.4 0.2Vorarlberg 2008-2012 7 0.7 0.3
Belarus1 National 2008-2012 184 0.7 0.4Belgium1 National 2008-2012 208 0.8 0.3Bulgaria1 National 2008-2012 152 0.8 0.4Croatia1 National 2008-2012 84 0.7 0.3Cyprus1 National 2008-2012 9 0.4 0.3Czech Rep.1 National 2008-2012 243 0.9 0.4Denmark1 National 2008-2012 93 0.7 0.3Estonia1 National 2008-2012 35 1 0.5Finland2 National 2003-2007 97 0.7 0.3France1 Bas-Rhin 2008-2011 14 0.6 0.3
Calvados 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.1Doubs 2008-2012 7 0.5 0.2Gironde 2008-2012 16 0.4 0.2Haut-Rhin 2008-2012 16 0.8 0.3Hérault 2008-2012 15 0.5 0.2Isère 2008-2012 15 0.5 0.3Lille-Métropole 2008-2012 11 0.5 0.3Limousin 2009-2012 2 0.3 0.1Loire-Atlantique 2008-2012 12 0.4 0.2Manche 2008-2011 3 0.3 0.1Martinique 2008-2012 1 0.1 0Somme 2008-2012 16 1.1 0.5Tarn 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.2Territoire de Belfort 2008-2012 2 0.6 0.1
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Vendée 2008-2012 10 0.6 0.3Germany1 Bavaria 2008-2012 279 0.9 0.4
Bremen 2008-2012 18 1.1 0.4Hamburg 2008-2012 85 1.9 0.8Lower Saxony 2008-2012 237 1.2 0.5Munich 2008-2012 104 0.9 0.4North Rhine-Westphalia 2008-2012 486 1.1 0.4Rhineland-Palatinate 2008-2012 107 1 0.4Saarland 2008-2012 35 1.3 0.5Schleswig-Holstein 2008-2012 72 1 0.4
Iceland1 National 2008-2012 10 1.3 0.6Ireland1 National 2008-2012 49 0.4 0.3Italy1 Aosta Valley 2008-2012 2 0.6 0.2
Barletta 2008-2011 4 0.5 0.3Bergamo 2008-2012 23 0.8 0.4Biella 2008-2012 8 1.7 0.4Caserta 2008-2010 2 0.1 0.1Catania, Messina and Enna 2008-2012 23 0.5 0.2Como 2008-2011 9 0.8 0.3Cremona 2008-2010 8 1.4 0.4Ferrara 2008-2011 4 0.5 0.1Florence and Prato 2008-2010 13 0.7 0.5Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2008-2010 19 1 0.4Latina 2008-2012 11 0.8 0.4Lecco 2008-2010 2 0.4 0.2Lombardy, South, Pavia 2008-2010 11 1.3 0.5Mantua 2008-2010 2 0.3 0.1Milan 2008-2012 71 1 0.4Modena 2008-2012 16 0.9 0.3Monza 2008-2012 18 0.8 0.4Naples 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.2Nuoro 2008-2012 1 0.2 0Palermo 2008-2012 13 0.4 0.2Parma 2008-2012 6 0.5 0.2Piacenza 2008-2011 5 0.9 0.4Ragusa and Caltanissetta 2008-2012 7 0.5 0.2Reggio Emilia 2008-2012 6 0.4 0.2Romagna 2008-2012 31 1 0.4Sassari 2008-2011 3 0.3 0.2Sondrio 2008-2012 6 1.3 0.6South Tyrol 2008-2010 7 0.9 0.3Syracuse 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.2Taranto 2008-2011 6 0.5 0.3Trento 2008-2010 7 0.9 0.6Turin 2008-2012 78 1.3 0.5Umbria 2008-2011 9 0.5 0.1Varese 2008-2012 9 0.4 0.2Veneto 2008-2010 32 0.8 0.4
Latvia1 National 2010-2012 27 0.8 0.4Lithuania1 National 2008-2012 54 0.6 0.3Malta1 National 2008-2012 9 0.9 0.6Netherlands1 National 2008-2012 275 0.7 0.3Norway1 National 2008-2012 76 0.6 0.3Poland1 Kielce 2008-2012 5 0.2 0.1
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Lower Silesia 2008-2012 40 0.5 0.2Lublin 2008-2012 26 0.5 0.2Podkarpackie 2008-2012 29 0.5 0.3Poznan 2008-2012 32 0.4 0.2
Portugal1 Azores 2008-2011 3 0.6 0.4Russia1 Arkhangelsk 2008-2012 12 0.4 0.2
Chelyabinsk 2008-2012 44 0.5 0.3Karelia 2008-2012 8 0.4 0.2Samara 2008-2012 53 0.6 0.3
Serbia2 Central 2003-2007 112 0.8 0.4Slovakia1 National 2008-2010 66 0.8 0.5Slovenia1 National 2008-2012 44 0.9 0.4Spain1 Albacete 2008-2010 1 0.2 0
Asturias 2008-2010 18 1.1 0.4Basque Country 2008-2012 34 0.6 0.3Canary Islands 2008-2011 13 0.4 0.2Castellón 2008-2012 10 0.7 0.4Ciudad Real 2008-2011 7 0.7 0.2Cuenca 2008-2011 2 0.5 0Girona 2008-2012 5 0.3 0.1Granada 2008-2012 9 0.4 0.2La Rioja 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.2Mallorca 2008-2011 12 0.7 0.4Murcia 2008-2010 7 0.3 0.2Navarra 2008-2010 5 0.5 0.3Tarragona 2008-2012 10 0.5 0.2
Sweden2 National 2003-2007 205 0.9 0.3Switzerland1 Fribourg 2008-2012 4 0.6 0.3
Geneva 2008-2012 8 0.7 0.2Graubünden and Glarus 2008-2012 7 1.2 0.4Neuchâtel 2008-2012 4 0.9 0.3St Gall-Appenzell 2008-2012 12 0.9 0.4Ticino 2008-2012 7 0.8 0.2Valais 2008-2012 1 0.1 0Vaud 2008-2012 22 1.2 0.5Zurich 2008-2012 27 0.8 0.4
UK1 England 2008-2012 1081 0.8 0.4England, East 2008-2012 94 0.6 0.3England, East Midlands 2008-2012 109 1 0.5England, London 2008-2012 155 0.8 0.5England, North East 2008-2012 36 0.5 0.3England, North West 2008-2012 141 0.8 0.4England, South East 2008-2012 170 0.8 0.4England, South West 2008-2012 122 0.9 0.4England, West Midlands 2008-2012 103 0.7 0.4England, Yorkshire and The Humber 2008-2012 151 1.1 0.6National 2008-2012 1323 0.8 0.4Northern Ireland 2008-2012 41 0.9 0.5Scotland 2008-2012 130 1 0.5Wales 2008-2012 71 0.9 0.5
Ukraine1 National 2008-2012 740 0.6 0.3OceaniaAustralia1 Australian Capital Territory 2008-2012 7 0.8 0.5
National 2008-2012 360 0.7 0.4
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( Table 9 – continued from previous page)Female
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
New South Wales 2008-2012 120 0.7 0.4Northern Territory (Non-Indigenous) 2008-2012 1 0.3 0.2Northern Territory (Indigenous) 2008-2012 0 0 0Northern Territory 2008-2012 1 0.2 0.1Queensland 2008-2012 81 0.7 0.5South 2008-2012 26 0.6 0.3Tasmania 2008-2012 13 1 0.6Victoria 2008-2012 67 0.5 0.3Western 2008-2012 45 0.8 0.5
New Zealand1 National (Pacific Islander) 2008-2012 7 1 1.2National (Maori) 2008-2012 12 0.7 0.9National 2008-2012 78 0.7 0.4
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Please refer to original source (available at http://ci5.iarc.fr/CI5-XI/Default.aspx)aAccumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry.bRates per 100,000 women per year.Data sources:1Bray F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Zanetti R and Ferlay J, editors (2017). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XI (electronic version). Lyon: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr, accessed [05 October 2018].2Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X(electronic version) Lyon, IARC. http://ci5.iarc.fr3Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (2002). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC.4Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160,Lyon, IARC.
For time trends in vaginal cancer incidence, please refer to individual country data.
NOTE.
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3.2.4 Penile cancer
The annual burden of penile cancer has been estimated to be 22,000 cases worldwide with incidencerates strongly correlating with those of cervical cancer (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Penile cancer is rare and most commonly affects men aged 50-70 years. Incidence rates are higherin less developed countries than in more developed countries, accounting for up to 10% of male cancersin some parts of Africa, South America and Asia. Precursor cancerous penile lesions (PeIN) are rare.Cancers of the penis are primarily of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (95%) and the most commonpenile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising (49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%)warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is most commonly detected in basaloid and warty tumours but isless common in keratinising and verrucous tumours. Approximately 60-100% of PeIN lesions are HPVDNA positive.
Table 10: Incidence of penile cancer by cancer registryMale
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
AfricaAlgeria1 Batna 2008-2012 0 0 0
Sétif 2008-2011 0 0 0Egypt2 Gharbiah 2003-2007 3 0 0.1Gambia3 National 1997-1998 5 0.5 0.9Kenya1 Nairobi 2008-2012 10 0.1 0.3Libya2 Benghazi 2003-2005 0 0 0Malawi2 Blantyre 2003-2007 33 1.4 2.6Mali3 Bamako 1994-1996 0 0 0Mozambique4 Lourenco Marques 1956-1960 5 1.9 2.7Nigeria5 Ibadan 1960-1969 2 0.1 0.2Senegal6 Dakar 1969-1974 5 0.2 0.4Seychelles1 National 2009-2012 2 1.1 1.3South Africa1 Eastern Cape 2008-2012 14 0.6 0.9Tunisia2 North 2003-2005 8 0.1 0.1Uganda1 Kyadondo County 2008-2012 40 0.8 2.2Zimbabwe1 Harare (African) 2010-2012 24 1.1 1.8AmericasArgentina1 Chaco 2008-2012 57 2.1 2.5
Córdoba 2008-2012 30 0.9 0.9Entre Rios Province 2008-2011 34 1.6 1.5Mendoza 2008-2012 75 1.8 1.5Tierra del Fuego 2008-2012 1 0.3 0.2
Brazil1 Aracaju 2008-2012 19 1.4 1.8Curitiba 2008-2011 26 0.8 0.8Florianopolis 2008-2010 11 1.8 1.9Goiânia 2008-2012 61 2 2.1Jau 2008-2012 5 1.5 1.3Pocos de Caldas 2008-2011 1 0.3 0.3
Canada1 Alberta 2008-2012 78 0.8 0.6British Columbia 2008-2012 102 0.9 0.5Manitoba 2008-2012 31 1 0.6New Brunswick 2008-2012 26 1.4 0.8Newfoundland and Labrador 2008-2012 29 2.3 1.2Northwest Territories 2008-2012 0 0 0Nova Scotia 2008-2012 37 1.6 0.9Nunavut 2008-2012 1 1.2 3.4Ontario 2008-2012 275 0.9 0.5Prince Edward Island 2008-2012 5 1.4 0.7Saskatchewan 2008-2012 37 1.4 0.8Yukon 2008-2012 1 1.1 0.7
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Chile1 Bío Bío Province 2008-2012 7 0.7 0.5Concepcion 2008-2010 6 0.4 0.4Region of Antofagasta 2008-2010 11 1.2 1.4Valdivia 2008-2012 9 1 0.8
Colombia1 Bucaramanga 2008-2012 24 0.9 0.9Cali 2008-2012 74 1.4 1.3Manizales 2008-2012 9 1 0.8Pasto 2008-2012 18 1.8 1.9
Costa Rica1 National 2008-2011 111 1.2 1.3Cuba2 Villa Clara 2004-2007 41 2.5 1.6Ecuador1 Cuenca 2008-2012 6 0.5 0.6
Guayaquil 2008-2012 47 0.8 0.9Loja 2008-2010 4 1.3 1.4Manabi 2008-2012 36 1 1.1Quito 2008-2012 34 0.9 1
Jamaica1 Kingston and St Andrew 2008-2011 13 1 1.1Paraguay7 Asuncion Region 1988-1989 46 2.6 4.2Peru1 Lima 2010-2012 147 1.1 1.1Uruguay1 National 2008-2012 141 1.7 1.2USA1 Alabama 2008-2012 106 0.9 0.6
Alabama (White) 2008-2012 86 1 0.6Alabama (Black) 2008-2012 18 0.6 0.5Alaska 2008-2012 12 0.6 0.6Alaska (Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 3 1 1Arizona (Black) 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.2Arizona (American Indian) 2008-2012 0 0 0Arizona 2008-2012 98 0.6 0.4Arizona (White) 2008-2012 94 0.7 0.4Arkansas (Black) 2008-2012 4 0.4 0.4Arkansas 2008-2012 66 0.9 0.6Arkansas (White) 2008-2012 62 1.1 0.6California 2008-2012 678 0.7 0.5California (White) 2008-2012 557 0.8 0.5California (Black) 2008-2012 36 0.5 0.5California (American Indian) 2008-2012 4 0.2 0.3California, Los Angeles County (Black) 2008-2012 23 1 0.7California, Los Angeles County (Chinese) 2008-2012 9 0.9 0.6California, Los Angeles County 2008-2012 196 0.8 0.6California, Los Angeles County (White) 2008-2012 147 0.8 0.6California, Los Angeles County (Filipino) 2008-2012 3 0.4 0.3California, Los Angeles County (HispanicWhite)
2008-2012 77 0.7 0.8
California, Los Angeles County (Korean) 2008-2012 1 0.2 0.1California, Los Angeles County(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 70 1 0.5
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Hispanic White)
2008-2012 19 0.9 1
California, San Francisco Bay Area (Black) 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.4California, San Francisco Bay Area(Chinese)
2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Filipino)
2008-2012 2 0.3 0.3
California, San Francisco Bay Area 2008-2012 80 0.7 0.5California, San Francisco Bay Area(Non-Hispanic White)
2008-2012 45 0.9 0.5
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
California, San Francisco Bay Area(Japanese)
2008-2012 0 0 0
California, San Francisco Bay Area (White) 2008-2012 64 0.9 0.6Colorado 2008-2012 71 0.6 0.4Colorado (White) 2008-2012 64 0.6 0.4Colorado (Black) 2008-2012 2 0.3 0.4Connecticut 2008-2012 84 1 0.6Connecticut (White) 2008-2012 79 1.1 0.6Connecticut (Black) 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.5Delaware 2008-2012 16 0.7 0.4Delaware (White) 2008-2012 14 0.9 0.5Delaware (Black) 2008-2012 2 0.4 0.4Florida (White) 2008-2012 353 1 0.5Florida 2008-2012 431 0.9 0.5Florida (Black) 2008-2012 69 0.9 0.8Georgia 2008-2012 186 0.8 0.6Georgia (White) 2008-2012 137 0.9 0.6Georgia (Black) 2008-2012 47 0.7 0.7Georgia, Atlanta 2008-2012 39 0.5 0.4Georgia, Atlanta (Black) 2008-2012 14 0.4 0.5Georgia, Atlanta (White) 2008-2012 24 0.5 0.4Hawaii (Japanese) 2008-2012 4 0.8 0.2Hawaii (Hawaiian) 2008-2012 2 0.3 0.3Hawaii (White) 2008-2012 12 1.3 0.8Hawaii (Chinese) 2008-2012 0 0 0Hawaii (Filipino) 2008-2012 1 0.2 0.1Hawaii 2008-2012 20 0.6 0.4Idaho 2008-2012 20 0.5 0.3Illinois 2008-2012 240 0.8 0.5Illinois (White) 2008-2012 208 0.8 0.5Illinois (Black) 2008-2012 28 0.6 0.5Indiana (Black) 2008-2012 11 0.7 0.7Indiana 2008-2012 126 0.8 0.5Indiana (White) 2008-2012 112 0.8 0.5Iowa 2008-2012 79 1 0.6Kentucky 2008-2012 126 1.2 0.7Louisiana 2008-2012 97 0.9 0.6Louisiana (White) 2008-2012 69 1 0.6Louisiana (Black) 2008-2012 26 0.7 0.6Louisiana, New Orleans 2008-2012 15 0.8 0.5Louisiana, New Orleans (White) 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.3Louisiana, New Orleans (Black) 2008-2012 8 1 0.8Maine 2008-2012 44 1.4 0.7Maryland (White) 2008-2012 53 0.6 0.4Maryland (Black) 2008-2012 24 0.6 0.5Maryland 2008-2012 81 0.6 0.4Massachusetts (White) 2008-2012 128 0.9 0.5Massachusetts (Black) 2008-2012 13 1 0.9Massachusetts 2008-2012 146 0.9 0.6Michigan 2008-2012 215 0.9 0.5Michigan (Black) 2008-2012 28 0.8 0.6Michigan (White) 2008-2012 183 0.9 0.5Michigan, Detroit 2008-2012 78 0.8 0.5Michigan, Detroit (Black) 2008-2012 23 1 0.7Michigan, Detroit (White) 2008-2012 55 0.8 0.5
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Minnesota 2008-2012 128 1 0.6Mississippi 2008-2012 85 1.2 0.8Missouri 2008-2012 94 0.6 0.4Missouri (Black) 2008-2012 7 0.4 0.4Missouri (White) 2008-2012 85 0.7 0.4Montana 2008-2012 29 1.2 0.6National (White) 2008-2012 5263 0.9 0.5National (Black) 2008-2012 676 0.7 0.6National 2008-2012 6193 0.8 0.5Nebraska 2008-2012 36 0.8 0.5Nebraska (White) 2008-2012 35 0.8 0.5Nebraska (Black) 2008-2012 1 0.4 0.4Nevada (White) 2008-2012 27 0.5 0.3Nevada 2008-2012 31 0.5 0.3Nevada (Black) 2008-2012 2 0.3 0.3New Hampshire 2008-2012 27 0.8 0.5New Jersey 2008-2012 163 0.8 0.5New Jersey (White) 2008-2012 130 0.8 0.4New Jersey (Black) 2008-2012 19 0.6 0.5New Mexico (Non-Hispanic White) 2008-2012 19 0.9 0.4New Mexico 2008-2012 56 1.1 0.7New Mexico (White) 2008-2012 47 1.1 0.6New Mexico (Hispanic White) 2008-2012 28 1.3 1.1New York State 2008-2012 436 0.9 0.6New York State (White) 2008-2012 341 1 0.5New York State (Black) 2008-2012 76 0.9 0.8North Carolina 2008-2012 193 0.8 0.6North Carolina (White) 2008-2012 144 0.8 0.5North Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 48 0.9 0.8North Dakota 2008-2012 14 0.8 0.4NPCR 2008-2012 5864 0.8 0.5NPCR (White) 2008-2012 4963 0.9 0.5NPCR (Asian and Pacific Islander) 2008-2012 134 0.4 0.3NPCR (American Indian/Alaska Natives) 2008-2012 26 0.3 0.3NPCR (Black) 2008-2012 668 0.7 0.6Ohio (Black) 2008-2012 14 0.4 0.3Ohio (White) 2008-2012 234 1 0.5Ohio 2008-2012 251 0.9 0.5Oklahoma (White) 2008-2012 59 0.8 0.5Oklahoma 2008-2012 71 0.8 0.5Oklahoma (Black) 2008-2012 5 0.6 0.8Oregon (White) 2008-2012 58 0.7 0.4Oregon (Black) 2008-2012 0 0 0Oregon 2008-2012 63 0.7 0.4Pacific Islands 2008-2012 2 0.3 0.3Pennsylvania 2008-2012 229 0.7 0.4Pennsylvania (Black) 2008-2012 16 0.4 0.4Pennsylvania (White) 2008-2012 203 0.8 0.4Puerto Rico 2008-2012 221 2.4 1.5Rhode Island (White) 2008-2012 18 0.8 0.4Rhode Island (Black) 2008-2012 2 1 1Rhode Island 2008-2012 21 0.8 0.4SEER (18 registries) 2008-2012 1682 0.8 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Hispanic White) 2008-2012 308 0.7 0.8
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
SEER (18 registries) (Asian and PacificIslander)
2008-2012 80 0.4 0.3
SEER (18 registries) (White) 2008-2012 1379 0.9 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Non-Hispanic White) 2008-2012 1071 0.9 0.5SEER (18 registries) (Black) 2008-2012 169 0.6 0.6SEER (9 registries) 2008-2012 548 0.8 0.5SEER (9 registries) (White) 2008-2012 454 0.9 0.5SEER (9 registries) (Black) 2008-2012 54 0.6 0.6South Carolina 2008-2012 87 0.8 0.5South Carolina (White) 2008-2012 58 0.7 0.4South Carolina (Black) 2008-2012 25 0.8 0.7South Dakota 2008-2012 12 0.6 0.3Tennessee 2008-2012 134 0.9 0.6Tennessee (White) 2008-2012 117 0.9 0.6Tennessee (Black) 2008-2012 17 0.7 0.6Texas 2008-2012 555 0.9 0.7Texas (White) 2008-2012 486 0.9 0.7Texas (Black) 2008-2012 57 0.7 0.7Utah 2008-2012 34 0.5 0.4Vermont 2008-2012 21 1.4 0.7Virginia (White) 2008-2012 112 0.8 0.5Virginia (Black) 2008-2012 22 0.6 0.5Virginia 2008-2012 134 0.7 0.4Washington State 2008-2012 105 0.6 0.4Washington, Seattle 2008-2012 78 0.7 0.4West Virginia 2008-2012 60 1.3 0.7Wisconsin 2008-2012 109 0.8 0.5Wisconsin (White) 2008-2012 103 0.8 0.5Wisconsin (Black) 2008-2012 5 0.5 0.6Wyoming 2008-2012 9 0.6 0.4
AsiaBahrain1 National (Bahraini) 2008-2012 0 0 0Brunei1 National 2010-2012 1 0.2 0.2China1 Anshan City 2008-2012 30 0.8 0.5
Beijing 2008-2012 141 0.7 0.4Benxi 2008-2011 13 0.7 0.6Cixian County 2008-2012 9 0.6 0.7Guangzhou 2010-2012 75 0.6 0.4Guanyun 2008-2012 15 0.6 0.5Haimen County 2008-2012 27 1.1 0.5Hangzhou City 2008-2012 165 1 0.6Harbin City, Nangang District 2008-2012 4 0.2 0.1Hefei 2010-2012 16 0.5 0.4Hengdong 2009-2012 9 0.6 0.5Hong Kong 2008-2012 115 0.7 0.4Huaiyin District, Huai’an 2009-2012 6 0.3 0.2Jiangmen 2010-2012 5 0.5 0.4Jianhu County 2010-2012 4 0.3 0.2Jiashan County 2008-2012 13 1.4 0.8Jiaxing City 2008-2012 8 0.6 0.3Lianyungang 2008-2012 11 0.5 0.3Linzhou County 2008-2012 13 0.5 0.5Liuzhou 2009-2012 10 0.5 0.4Maanshan 2008-2012 12 0.7 0.6Qidong County 2008-2012 13 0.5 0.3
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Shanghai City 2008-2012 125 0.8 0.4Shenyang 2008-2012 63 0.7 0.4Shexian County 2008-2012 3 0.3 0.3Sheyang 2008-2012 17 0.7 0.4Tongling City 2008-2012 6 0.5 0.5Wuhan City 2008-2012 60 0.5 0.3Wuxi 2010-2012 22 0.6 0.3Xianju 2010-2012 8 1 0.7Xiping 2010-2012 5 0.4 0.3Yanshi 2010-2012 4 0.4 0.4Yanting County 2008-2012 8 0.5 0.6Yueyanglou 2009-2012 5 0.5 0.5Zhongshan City 2010-2012 17 0.8 0.6Zhuhai 2010-2012 4 0.3 0.3
India1 Ahmedabad 2008-2011 18 0.6 0.7Bangalore 2008-2012 148 0.7 0.9Barshi, Paranda, and Bhum 2008-2012 29 2.3 2.1Bhopal 2008-2012 19 0.4 0.5Cachar 2008-2012 40 0.9 1.1Chennai 2008-2012 157 1.3 1.4Dindigul, Ambilikkai 2008-2012 71 1.3 1.3Kamrup Urban District 2009-2012 30 1.2 1.3Kollam 2008-2012 52 0.8 0.7Mizoram 2008-2012 17 0.6 0.8Mumbai 2008-2012 219 0.6 0.8Poona 2008-2011 57 0.5 0.7Sikkim State 2008-2012 15 0.9 1.2Tripura 2010-2012 43 0.8 0.8Trivandrum 2008-2012 22 0.8 0.7Wardha 2010-2012 22 1.1 1
Iran1 Golestan Province 2008-2011 2 0.1 0.1Israel1 National (Non-Jews, Arab) 2008-2012 1 0 0.1
National (Non-Jews, Other) 2008-2012 6 0.8 0.7National 2008-2012 37 0.2 0.2National (Jews) 2008-2012 30 0.2 0.2
Japan1 Aichi Prefecture 2008-2012 100 0.5 0.2Fukui Prefecture 2008-2012 13 0.7 0.2Hiroshima Prefecture 2008-2012 46 0.7 0.2Miyagi Prefecture 2008-2010 21 0.6 0.2Nagasaki Prefecture 2008-2012 26 0.8 0.2Niigata Prefecture 2008-2012 43 0.7 0.3Osaka Prefecture 2008-2012 127 0.6 0.2Tochigi Prefecture 2008-2012 27 0.5 0.2Yamagata Prefecture 2008-2012 24 0.9 0.3
Jordan1 National (Jordanians) 2008-2012 6 0 0.1Kuwait1 National 2008-2012 5 0 0.1
National (Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 0 0 0National (Non-Kuwaitis) 2008-2012 5 0.1 0.1
Kyrgyzstan7 National 1986-1987 7 0.2 0.3Malaysia1 Penang (Malay) 2008-2010 1 0.1 0.1
Penang 2008-2010 6 0.3 0.3Penang (Chinese) 2008-2010 4 0.4 0.4Penang (Indian) 2008-2010 1 0.4 0.5
Oman8 Omani 1998-2001 0 0 0
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Pakistan8 South Karachi 1998-2002 1 0 0Philippines1 Manila 2008-2012 38 0.2 0.3
Rizal 2008-2012 32 0.2 0.3Qatar1 National (Qatari) 2008-2012 0 0 0Rep. Korea1 Busan 2008-2012 26 0.3 0.2
Daegu 2008-2012 19 0.3 0.2Daejeon 2008-2012 8 0.2 0.2Gwangju 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1Incheon 2008-2012 18 0.3 0.2Jejudo 2008-2012 7 0.5 0.4National 2008-2012 317 0.3 0.2Seoul 2008-2012 54 0.2 0.2Ulsan 2008-2012 1 0 0
Saudi Arabia1 Riyadh (Saudi) 2008-2012 1 0 0Singapore2 National (Malay) 2003-2007 2 0.2 0.2
National (Chinese) 2003-2007 43 0.7 0.5National 2003-2007 52 0.6 0.5National (Indian) 2003-2007 3 0.4 0.3
Thailand1 Bangkok 2008-2010 59 0.5 0.5Chiang Mai 2008-2012 66 1.8 1.4Chonburi 2008-2011 46 1.8 1.8Khon Kaen 2008-2012 71 1.7 1.3Lampang 2008-2012 35 1.9 1.2Lopburi Province 2009-2012 24 1.6 1.4Songkhla 2008-2012 55 1.6 1.4
Turkey1 Antalya 2008-2012 2 0 0Bursa 2008-2012 3 0 0Edirne 2008-2012 0 0 0Erzurum 2010-2012 0 0 0Eskisehir 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1Izmir 2008-2012 4 0 0Samsun 2008-2012 2 0.1 0.1Trabzon 2008-2012 0 0 0
Viet Nam1 Ho Chi Minh City 2009-2012 83 0.6 0.7EuropeAustria1 Carinthia 2008-2012 25 1.8 0.9
National 2008-2012 295 1.4 0.8Tyrol 2008-2012 31 1.8 1Vorarlberg 2008-2012 6 0.7 0.4
Belarus1 National 2008-2012 255 1.2 0.8Belgium1 National 2008-2012 413 1.6 0.8Bulgaria1 National 2008-2012 262 1.4 0.8Croatia1 National 2008-2012 153 1.5 0.8Cyprus1 National 2008-2012 39 1.9 1.2Czech Rep.1 National 2008-2012 432 1.7 1Denmark1 National 2008-2012 293 2.1 1.1Estonia1 National 2008-2012 52 1.7 1.1Finland2 National 2003-2007 119 0.9 0.6France1 Bas-Rhin 2008-2011 21 1 0.6
Calvados 2008-2012 16 1 0.5Doubs 2008-2012 12 0.9 0.5Gironde 2008-2012 33 0.9 0.5Haut-Rhin 2008-2012 25 1.4 0.7Hérault 2008-2012 33 1.3 0.5
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Isère 2008-2012 30 1 0.6Lille-Métropole 2008-2012 21 1.1 0.7Limousin 2009-2012 9 1.2 0.5Loire-Atlantique 2008-2012 20 0.6 0.4Manche 2008-2011 18 1.8 0.8Martinique 2008-2012 16 1.8 0.9Somme 2008-2012 17 1.2 0.6Tarn 2008-2012 18 2 0.8Territoire de Belfort 2008-2012 6 1.7 0.7Vendée 2008-2012 19 1.2 0.6
Germany1 Bavaria 2008-2012 446 1.5 0.7Bremen 2008-2012 45 2.8 1.4Hamburg 2008-2012 77 1.8 1Lower Saxony 2008-2012 412 2.1 1Munich 2008-2012 157 1.4 0.7North Rhine-Westphalia 2008-2012 806 1.9 0.9Rhineland-Palatinate 2008-2012 184 1.9 0.9Saarland 2008-2012 45 1.8 0.9Schleswig-Holstein 2008-2012 142 2.1 1
Hungary7 County Szabolcs-Szatmar 1983-1987 12 0.8 0.7County Vas 1983-1987 4 0.6 0.4
Iceland1 National 2008-2012 15 1.9 1.3Ireland1 National 2008-2012 147 1.3 0.9Italy1 Aosta Valley 2008-2012 5 1.6 0.8
Barletta 2008-2011 13 1.7 1.1Bergamo 2008-2012 34 1.3 0.7Biella 2008-2012 7 1.6 0.6Caserta 2008-2010 14 1.1 0.6Catania, Messina and Enna 2008-2012 95 2.1 1Como 2008-2011 5 0.4 0.2Cremona 2008-2010 5 0.9 0.4Ferrara 2008-2011 10 1.5 0.6Florence and Prato 2008-2010 26 1.5 0.6Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2008-2010 33 1.8 0.8Latina 2008-2012 24 1.8 1Lecco 2008-2010 9 1.8 1Lombardy, South, Pavia 2008-2010 9 1.1 0.6Mantua 2008-2010 8 1.4 0.5Milan 2008-2012 108 1.6 0.8Modena 2008-2012 21 1.3 0.5Monza 2008-2012 24 1.2 0.6Naples 2008-2012 20 1.4 1Nuoro 2008-2012 3 0.6 0.2Palermo 2008-2012 58 1.9 1.1Parma 2008-2012 13 1.3 0.6Piacenza 2008-2011 8 1.4 0.8Ragusa and Caltanissetta 2008-2012 27 1.9 1Reggio Emilia 2008-2012 17 1.3 0.7Romagna 2008-2012 56 1.9 0.8Sassari 2008-2011 16 1.7 0.9Sondrio 2008-2012 5 1.1 0.5South Tyrol 2008-2010 12 1.6 0.9Syracuse 2008-2012 18 1.8 0.9Taranto 2008-2011 21 1.9 0.9
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
Trento 2008-2010 13 1.7 0.8Turin 2008-2012 71 1.3 0.5Umbria 2008-2011 31 1.8 0.7Varese 2008-2012 15 0.7 0.3Veneto 2008-2010 43 1.2 0.6
Latvia1 National 2010-2012 46 1.6 1Lithuania1 National 2008-2012 123 1.7 1Malta1 National 2008-2012 13 1.3 0.7Netherlands1 National 2008-2012 706 1.7 0.9Norway1 National 2008-2012 203 1.7 1Poland1 Kielce 2008-2012 29 0.9 0.6
Lower Silesia 2008-2012 89 1.3 0.8Lublin 2008-2012 58 1.1 0.8Podkarpackie 2008-2012 55 1.1 0.8Poznan 2008-2012 106 1.3 0.9
Portugal1 Azores 2008-2011 7 1.4 1.2Romania7 County Cluj 1983-1987 17 0.9 0.8Russia1 Arkhangelsk 2008-2012 29 1 0.9
Chelyabinsk 2008-2012 68 0.9 0.6Karelia 2008-2012 12 0.8 0.7Samara 2008-2012 59 0.8 0.6
Serbia2 Central 2003-2007 175 1.3 0.8Slovakia1 National 2008-2010 120 1.5 1.1Slovenia1 National 2008-2012 61 1.2 0.7Spain1 Albacete 2008-2010 11 1.8 1.1
Asturias 2008-2010 35 2.3 1Basque Country 2008-2012 97 1.8 0.8Canary Islands 2008-2011 53 1.5 1Castellón 2008-2012 49 3.2 1.6Ciudad Real 2008-2011 16 1.5 0.5Cuenca 2008-2011 4 0.9 0.3Girona 2008-2012 37 2 1.1Granada 2008-2012 48 2.1 1.2La Rioja 2008-2012 10 1.2 0.5Mallorca 2008-2011 29 1.7 1Murcia 2008-2010 31 1.4 0.9Navarra 2008-2010 17 1.8 1Tarragona 2008-2012 37 1.8 1
Sweden2 National 2003-2007 412 1.8 1Switzerland1 Fribourg 2008-2012 17 2.5 1.5
Geneva 2008-2012 17 1.6 0.9Graubünden and Glarus 2008-2012 8 1.4 0.8Neuchâtel 2008-2012 5 1.2 0.6St Gall-Appenzell 2008-2012 23 1.7 0.8Ticino 2008-2012 15 1.8 0.7Valais 2008-2012 16 2.1 1Vaud 2008-2012 22 1.3 0.7Zurich 2008-2012 44 1.3 0.7
UK1 England 2008-2012 2202 1.7 1England, East 2008-2012 224 1.6 0.8England, East Midlands 2008-2012 210 1.9 1England, London 2008-2012 199 1 0.8England, North East 2008-2012 111 1.8 1England, North West 2008-2012 398 2.3 1.3
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( Table 10 – continued from previous page)Male
Country name Cancer registry Period N casesa Crude rateb ASRb
England, South East 2008-2012 329 1.6 0.9England, South West 2008-2012 255 2 1England, West Midlands 2008-2012 231 1.7 1England, Yorkshire and The Humber 2008-2012 245 1.9 1.1National 2008-2012 2758 1.8 1Northern Ireland 2008-2012 91 2.1 1.3Scotland 2008-2012 302 2.4 1.4Wales 2008-2012 163 2.2 1.2
Ukraine1 National 2008-2012 1076 1 0.7OceaniaAustralia1 Australian Capital Territory 2008-2012 8 0.9 0.6
National 2008-2012 441 0.8 0.5New South Wales 2008-2012 139 0.8 0.5Northern Territory (Indigenous) 2008-2012 0 0 0Northern Territory 2008-2012 2 0.3 0.3Northern Territory (Non-Indigenous) 2008-2012 2 0.5 0.3Queensland 2008-2012 102 0.9 0.6South 2008-2012 34 0.8 0.5Tasmania 2008-2012 15 1.2 0.8Victoria 2008-2012 98 0.7 0.4Western 2008-2012 43 0.7 0.5
New Zealand1 National (Pacific Islander) 2008-2012 1 0.1 0.1National (Maori) 2008-2012 4 0.2 0.3National 2008-2012 64 0.6 0.4
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.Please refer to original source (available at http://ci5.iarc.fr/CI5-XI/Default.aspx)aAccumulated number of cases during the period in the population covered by the corresponding registry.bRates per 100,000 men per year.Data sources:1Bray F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Zanetti R and Ferlay J, editors (2017). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XI (electronic version). Lyon: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr, accessed [05 October 2018].2Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH, Gombe Mbalawa C, Kohler B, Piñeros M, Steliarova-Foucher E, Swaminathan R and Ferlay J eds (2013). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X(electronic version) Lyon, IARC. http://ci5.iarc.fr3Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J., Teppo, L., and Thomas, D.B., eds (2002). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155, Lyon, IARC.4Doll, R.,Payne, P.,Waterhouse, J.A.H., eds (1966). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. I. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer, Geneva.5Waterhouse, J.,Muir, C.S.,Correa, P.,Powell, J., eds (1976). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. III. IARC Scientific Publications No. 15, Lyon, IARC.6Waterhouse, J.,Muir, C.S.,Shanmugaratnam, K.,Powell, J., eds (1982). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IV. IARC Scientific Publications No. 42, Lyon, IARC.7Parkin, D.M.,Muir, C.S.,Whelan, S.L.,Gao, Y.-T.,Ferlay, J.,Powell, J., eds (1992). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VI. IARC Scientific Publications No. 120, Lyon, IARC.8Curado. M. P., Edwards, B., Shin. H.R., Storm. H., Ferlay. J., Heanue. M. and Boyle. P., eds (2007). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160,Lyon, IARC.
For time trends in penile cancer incidence, please refer to individual country data.
NOTE.
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3.3 Head and neck cancers
The majority of head and neck cancers are associated with high tobacco and alcohol consumption. How-ever, increasing trends in the incidence at specific sites suggest that other etiological factors are in-volved, and infection by certain high-risk types of HPV (i.e. HPV16) have been reported to be associatedwith head and neck cancers, in particular with oropharyngeal cancer. Current evidence suggests thatHPV16 is associated with tonsil cancer (including Waldeyer ring cancer), base of tongue cancer andother oropharyngeal cancer sites. Associations with other head and neck cancer sites such as oral can-cer are neither strong nor consistent when compared to molecular-epidemiological data on HPV andoropharyngeal cancer. Association with laryngeal cancer is still unclear (IARC Monograph Vol 100B).
Figure 23: Age-standardised incidence rates of head and neck cancer in the World (estimates for 2012)
Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Afghanistan, Angola, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burundi, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Barbados, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Comoros, Cape Verde, Djibouti, DominicanRepublic, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Georgia, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Greece, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyr-gyzstan, Cambodia, Laos, Liberia, Lesotho, Republic of Moldova, Madagascar, Maldives, Macedonia, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mauritania, Nicaragua, Nepal, Panama, Papua New Guinea,DPR Korea, Paraguay, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, South Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Chad, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Uzbekistan, Venezuela:No data.- For United Arab Emirates, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bhutan, Botswana, Fiji, Gambia, Guam, Jordan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Mauritius, Namibia, New Caledonia,French Polynesia, Reunion, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Trinidad & Tobago, Vanuatu, Samoa, South Africa: National data (rates).- For Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Philippines, Serbia, Thailand: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).- For Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bahrain, Belarus, Canada, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, United Kingdom, Croatia, Ireland, Iceland, Israel,Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Martinique, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Oman, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, Uruguay,USA: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Brunei, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Iraq, Palestine, Rwanda, Sudan, Togo: Frequency data.- For Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Algeria, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, Jamaica, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Zimbabwe: High quality regional(coverage lower than 10%).- For Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Morocco, Mexico, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Tanzania, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia: Regional data (rates).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Benin, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Comoros, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Cambodia,Laos, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Maldives, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mauritania, Nepal, DPR Korea, Rwanda, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria,Chad, Timor-Leste: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Albania, Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Serbia: Estimated from national mortality estimates by modelling using incidencemortality ratios derived from recorded data in local cancer registries in neighbouring countries- For United Arab Emirates, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bhutan, Botswana, Cyprus, Gambia, Guam, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Mauritius, Namibia, New Caledonia, Oman,Qatar, Swaziland, Ukraine, Uruguay, Samoa: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Argentina, Brazil, Switzerland, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Poland: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortalityratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries- For Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belize, Barbados, Brunei, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Georgia, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, El Salvador, Suriname, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Trinidad & Tobago, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Vanuatu: Estimatedfrom national mortality estimates using modelled survival- For Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Bahrain, Belarus, Canada, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, United Kingdom, Croatia, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Jordan,Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Martinique, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, French Polynesia, Reunion, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, USA, South Africa: Rates projected to 2012- For Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Iraq, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Palestine, Sudan, Togo: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitionedusing data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Libya, Mali, Malawi, Niger, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile- For Algeria, Egypt, Indonesia, India, Iran, Kenya, Morocco, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Tanzania, Zimbabwe: Estimated as the weighted averageof the local rates
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
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Figure 24: Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Africa (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5
Côte d'Ivoire**Congo**
Cape Verde**Ethiopia**Gambia**
Guinea−Bissau**Liberia**
Mauritania**Malawi**Nigeria**
S.Tome & Prin.**Seychelles**
AngolaBurundi
BeninBurkina Faso
CARDR Congo
ComorosDjiboutiAlgeria
EgyptEritrea
Western SaharaGhanaGuinea
LibyaLesothoMorocco
MaliMozambique
NigerSudan
SenegalSierra Leone
SomaliaSouth Sudan
SwazilandChadTogo
TunisiaUgandaZambia
ZimbabweBotswanaCameroon
GabonEq. Guinea
KenyaMadagascar
MauritiusNamibiaRwanda
TanzaniaSouth Africa
0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.2
0.3
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
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( Figure 28 – continued from previous page)Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Sudan, Togo, Gabon, Rwanda: Frequency data.- For Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Guinea, Morocco, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Zambia, Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania: Regional data (rates).- For Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Lesotho, Senegal, Sierra Leone,Somalia, South Sudan, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar: No data.- For Gambia, Swaziland, Botswana, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa: National data (rates).- For Malawi, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mozambique, Sudan, Togo, Gabon: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (byage and sex)- For Congo, Ethiopia, Malawi, Guinea, Libya, Mali, Niger, Uganda, Zambia, Cameroon: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile- For Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Angola, Burundi, Benin, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Lesotho, Senegal, SierraLeone, Somalia, South Sudan, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Rwanda: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Gambia, Swaziland, Botswana, Mauritius, Namibia: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates- For South Africa: Rates projected to 2012
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
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Figure 25: Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in the Americas (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Antigua & Bar.**
Dominica**
Grenada**
St Kitts & Nev.**
St Lucia**
St Vincent**
Argentina
Belize
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Honduras
Haiti
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Peru
El Salvador
Suriname
Bahamas
Guatemala
Guyana
Panama
Paraguay
Trinidad & Tob.
Venezuela
Brazil
Cuba
Uruguay
Barbados
Dominican Rep.
Canada
USA
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
1.3
1.7
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
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( Figure 28 – continued from previous page)Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Argentina, Brazil: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).- For Belize, Bolivia, Honduras, Haiti, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Suriname, Bahamas, Guatemala, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela, Barbados, Dominican Republic: No data.- For Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Cuba: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).- For Costa Rica, Uruguay, Canada, USA: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Mexico, Peru: Regional data (rates).- For Trinidad & Tobago: National data (rates).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Cuba: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specificcancer registries- For Belize, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, El Salvador, Suriname, Bahamas, Guatemala, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Barbados,Dominican Republic: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival- For Bolivia: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Costa Rica, Canada, USA: Rates projected to 2012- For Uruguay: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
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Figure 26: Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Asia (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1
Kuwait**Taiwan**
UAEAzerbaijan
BahrainBrunei
BhutanChina
IndonesiaIranIraq
IsraelJordan
KyrgyzstanLaos
LebanonOman
DPR KoreaPalestine
QatarSaudi Arabia
SingaporeSyria
TajikistanTurkey
UzbekistanYemen
AfghanistanArmeniaGeorgia
KazakhstanMongoliaMalaysia
NepalPakistan
PhilippinesThailand
TurkmenistanViet NamCambodiaSri LankaMaldives
BangladeshTimor−Leste
JapanMyanmar
IndiaRep. Korea
0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.2
0.30.30.3
0.40.4
0.50.5
0.60.6
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
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( Figure 28 – continued from previous page)Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Kuwait, Bahrain, Israel, Oman, Qatar, Singapore, Republic of Korea: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Sri Lanka: National data (rates).- For Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, DPR Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Turkmenistan, Cambodia, Maldives, Timor-Leste,Myanmar: No data.- For Brunei, Indonesia, Iraq, Palestine, Bangladesh: Frequency data.- For China, Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, India: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).- For Yemen, Pakistan, Viet Nam: Regional data (rates).- For Philippines, Thailand, Japan: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Kuwait, Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Republic of Korea: Rates projected to 2012- For United Arab Emirates, Bhutan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Mongolia, Sri Lanka: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Azerbaijan, Brunei, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Viet Nam: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelledsurvival- For China, Japan: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancer registries- For Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, India: Estimated as the weighted average of the local rates- For Iraq, Palestine, Bangladesh: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)- For Laos, DPR Korea, Syria, Afghanistan, Nepal, Cambodia, Maldives, Timor-Leste, Myanmar: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For Yemen: One cancer registry covering part of a country is used as representative of the country profile
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
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Figure 27: Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Europe (estimates for 2012)
0 2.5 5
Andorra**Liechtenstein**
Monaco**San Marino**
CyprusGreece
AlbaniaMacedonia
Bosnia & H.Iceland
ItalyMaltaSpain
FinlandMontenegro
SwedenCroatiaNorway
SerbiaSloveniaEstoniaIrelandLatvia
NetherlandsBulgaria
UKPortugal
RussiaLithuania
UkraineAustria
SwitzerlandLuxembourg
PolandBelarus
Czech Rep.DenmarkMoldovaBelgium
GermanyFrance
RomaniaSlovakiaHungary
0.20.3
0.40.4
0.50.50.50.5
0.60.6
0.70.7
0.80.80.80.8
0.90.90.90.9
1.01.01.01.0
1.21.2
1.31.31.31.3
1.41.4
1.51.5
1.71.8
1.92.0
2.13.0
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 85 -
( Figure 28 – continued from previous page)Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Cyprus, Iceland, Malta, Finland, Sweden, Croatia, Norway, Slovenia, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Lithuania, Ukraine, Austria, Belarus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Belgium, Slovakia: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).- For Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Republic of Moldova, Hungary: No data.- For Bosnia & Herzegovina, Russian Federation, Luxembourg: National data (rates).- For Italy, Spain, Serbia, Switzerland, Germany, France: High quality regional (coverage between 10% and 50%).- For Portugal, Poland: High quality regional (coverage lower than 10%).- For Romania: Regional data (rates).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Cyprus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Ukraine, Belgium: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Portugal, Luxembourg, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Hungary: Estimated from national mortality estimates by modelling using incidencemortality ratios derived from recorded data in local cancer registries in neighbouring countries- For Iceland, Malta, Finland, Sweden, Croatia, Norway, Slovenia, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Russian Federation, Lithuania, Austria, Belarus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Germany, Slovakia: Rates projected to 2012- For Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, France: Estimated from national mortality by modelling using incidence mortality ratios derived from recorded data in country-specific cancerregistries- For Montenegro: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 86 -
Figure 28: Age-standardised incidence rate of head and neck cancer cases attributable to HPV bycountry in Oceania (estimates for 2012)
0 0.5 1
FS Micronesia**
Kiribati**
Marshall Is.**
Nauru**
Palau**
Tonga**
Tuvalu**
Samoa**
Fiji
Solomon Is.
Vanuatu
New Zealand
Papua N. Guinea
Australia
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.9
Age−standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard
** No rates are available.Data accessed on 08 May 2017.ASR: Age-standardized rate, rates per 100,000 per year.Please refer to original source for methods.
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
3 BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS - 87 -
( Figure 28 – continued from previous page)Head and neck cancer cases (oropharynx, oral cavity and larynx).
GLOBOCAN quality index for availability of incidence data:- For Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu: National data (rates).- For Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea: No data.- For New Zealand, Australia: High quality national data or high quality regional (coverage greater than 50%).
GLOBOCAN quality index of methods for calculating incidence: Methods to estimate the sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cancer for a specific country:- For Samoa: Most recent rates applied to 2012 population- For Fiji, Vanuatu: Estimated from national mortality estimates using modelled survival- For Solomon Islands: The rates are those of neighbouring countries or registries in the same area- For New Zealand, Australia: Rates projected to 2012- For Papua New Guinea: Age/sex specific rates for "all cancers" were partitioned using data on relative frequency of different cancers (by age and sex)
Data sources: de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017
3.3.1 Oropharyngeal cancer
Table 11: Cancer incidence of the oropharynx by sex, in the World and its regions. Includes ICD-10codes: C09-10 (estimates for 2018).
MALE FEMALEArea N cases Crudea ASRa Cum riskb N cases Crudea ASRa Cum riskb
rate (%) ages rate (%) ages0-74 0-74
World 74472 1.9 1.8 0.2 18415 0.5 0.4 0.0Less developed regions - − − − - − − −More developed regions - − − − - − − −Africa 1688 0.3 0.5 0.0 826 0.1 0.2 0.0
Eastern Africa 435 0.2 0.4 0.0 340 0.2 0.3 0.0Middle Africa 282 0.3 0.7 0.1 71 0.1 0.2 0.0Northern Africa 266 0.2 0.3 0.0 133 0.1 0.1 0.0Southern Africa 334 1.0 1.4 0.2 100 0.3 0.3 0.0Western Africa 371 0.2 0.3 0.0 182 0.1 0.2 0.0
Americas 18288 3.6 3.0 0.4 4212 0.8 0.6 0.1Caribbean 1140 5.2 4.3 0.5 271 1.2 0.8 0.1Central America 476 0.5 0.6 0.1 164 0.2 0.2 0.0Northern America 10923 6.1 3.9 0.5 2397 1.3 0.8 0.1South America 5749 2.7 2.5 0.3 1380 0.6 0.5 0.0
Asia 32110 1.4 1.2 0.2 6626 0.3 0.2 0.0Central Asia 255 0.7 0.9 0.1 135 0.4 0.4 0.0Eastern Asia 8281 1.0 0.6 0.1 1914 0.2 0.1 0.0Southern Asia 20104 2.1 2.4 0.3 3504 0.4 0.4 0.0South-Eastern Asia 3130 1.0 1.0 0.1 932 0.3 0.3 0.0Western Asia 340 0.2 0.3 0.0 141 0.1 0.1 0.0
Europe 21414 6.0 3.6 0.4 6560 1.7 0.9 0.1Eastern Europe 8477 6.2 4.1 0.5 1965 1.3 0.7 0.1Northern Europe 3103 6.0 3.9 0.5 998 1.9 1.1 0.1Southern Europe 2943 3.9 2.2 0.3 668 0.9 0.4 0.0Western Europe 6891 7.2 4.0 0.5 2929 3.0 1.6 0.2
Oceania 972 4.7 3.7 0.4 191 0.9 0.7 0.1Australia & New Zealand 856 5.8 4.0 0.5 181 1.2 0.8 0.1Melanesia 107 2.0 3.5 0.6 10 0.2 0.2 0.0Micronesia - − − − - − − −Polynesia 6 1.7 1.8 0.3 - − − −
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.aMale: Rates per 100,000 men per year. Female: Rates per 100,000 women per year.bCumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would beexpected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
Table 12: Cancer mortality of the oropharynx by sex, in the World and its regions. Includes ICD-10codes: C09-10 (estimates for 2018).
MALE FEMALEArea N cases Crudea ASRa Cum riskb N cases Crudea ASRa Cum riskb
rate (%) ages rate (%) ages0-74 0-74
World 42116 1.1 1.0 0.1 8889 0.2 0.2 0.0
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( Table 12 – continued from previous page)MALE FEMALE
Area N cases Crudea ASRa Cum riskb N cases Crudea ASRa Cum riskb
rate (%) ages rate (%) ages0-74 0-74
Less developed regions - − − − - − − −More developed regions - − − − - − − −Africa 1223 0.2 0.3 0.0 557 0.1 0.1 0.0
Eastern Africa 355 0.2 0.3 0.0 260 0.1 0.2 0.0Middle Africa 243 0.3 0.6 0.1 53 0.1 0.1 0.0Northern Africa 103 0.1 0.1 0.0 42 0.0 0.0 0.0Southern Africa 220 0.7 1.0 0.1 62 0.2 0.2 0.0Western Africa 302 0.2 0.3 0.0 140 0.1 0.1 0.0
Americas 6879 1.4 1.1 0.1 1670 0.3 0.2 0.0Caribbean 502 2.3 1.8 0.2 101 0.5 0.3 0.0Central America 300 0.3 0.4 0.0 82 0.1 0.1 0.0Northern America 2963 1.6 0.9 0.1 883 0.5 0.2 0.0South America 3114 1.5 1.4 0.2 604 0.3 0.2 0.0
Asia 22969 1.0 0.9 0.1 4319 0.2 0.2 0.0Central Asia 228 0.6 0.8 0.1 114 0.3 0.3 0.0Eastern Asia 3896 0.5 0.3 0.0 763 0.1 0.1 0.0Southern Asia 16954 1.7 2.0 0.2 2933 0.3 0.3 0.0South-Eastern Asia 1686 0.5 0.5 0.1 406 0.1 0.1 0.0Western Asia 205 0.1 0.2 0.0 103 0.1 0.1 0.0
Europe 10708 3.0 1.7 0.2 2283 0.6 0.3 0.0Eastern Europe 4970 3.6 2.4 0.3 738 0.5 0.2 0.0Northern Europe 1008 2.0 1.0 0.1 309 0.6 0.3 0.0Southern Europe 1557 2.1 1.1 0.1 317 0.4 0.2 0.0Western Europe 3173 3.3 1.7 0.2 919 0.9 0.4 0.1
Oceania 337 1.6 1.1 0.2 60 0.3 0.2 0.0Australia & New Zealand 271 1.8 1.1 0.1 58 0.4 0.2 0.0Melanesia 66 1.2 2.2 0.3 2 0.0 0.1 0.0Micronesia - − − − - − − −Polynesia - − − − - − − −
Data accessed on 05 Oct 2018.aMale: Rates per 100,000 men per year. Female: Rates per 100,000 women per year.bCumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would beexpected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.Data sources:Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [05 October 2018].
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 89 -
4 HPV related statistics
HPV infection is commonly found in the anogenital tract of men and women with and without clinicallesions. The aetiological role of HPV infection among women with cervical cancer is well-established,and there is growing evidence of its central role in other anogenital sites. HPV is also responsible forother diseases such as recurrent juvenile respiratory papillomatosis and genital warts, both mainlycaused by HPV types 6 and 11(Lacey CJ, Vaccine 2006; 24(S3):35). For this section, the methodologiesused to compile the information on HPV burden are derived from systematic reviews and meta-analysesof the literature. Due to the limitations of HPV DNA detection methods and study designs used, thesedata should be interpreted with caution and used only as a guide to assess the burden of HPV infectionin the population. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol.30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol. 90).
4.1 HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerouslesions or invasive cervical cancer
The statistics shown in this section focus on HPV infection in the cervix uteri. HPV cervical infection re-sults in cervical morphological lesions ranging from normalcy (cytologically normal women) to differentstages of precancerous lesions (CIN-1, CIN-2, CIN-3/CIS) and invasive cervical cancer. HPV infectionis measured by means of HPV DNA detection in cervical cells (fresh tissue, paraffin embedded or exfo-liated cells).
The prevalence of HPV increases with severity of the lesion. HPV causes virtually 100% of cases ofcervical cancer, and an underestimation of HPV prevalence in cervical cancer is most likely due to thelimitations of study methodologies. Worldwide, HPV-16 and 18, the two vaccine-preventable types. con-tribute to over 70% of all cervical cancer cases, between 41%-67% of high-grade cervical lesions and16-32% of low-grade cervical lesions. After HPV-16/18, the six most common HPV types are the samein all world regions, namely 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58; these account for an additional 20% of cervicalcancers worldwide (Clifford G et al. Vaccine 2006;24(S3):26-34).
Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma,low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal cytology: systematic re-view and meta-analysisA systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding the worldwide HPV-prevalence and typedistribution for cervical carcinoma, low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normalcytology from 1990 to ’data as of ’ indicated in each section. The search terms for the review were ’HPV’AND cerv* using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in selectedarticles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR or HC2,a minimum of 20 cases for cervical carcinoma, 20 cases for low-grade cervical lesions, 20 cases for high-grade cervical lesions and 100 cases for normal cytology and a detailed description of HPV DNA detec-tion and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and HPV positive extracted for eachstudy were pooled to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution globally andby geographical region. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each HPV prevalence.For more details refer to the methods document.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 90 -
4.1.1 HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology
Figure 29: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the World
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells).Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 91 -
Figure 30: Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normalcervical cytology in the World and its regions
0
10
20
30
40
50
<25 25−34 35−44 45−54 55−64 65+
Europe
HP
V p
reva
lenc
e (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
<25 25−34 35−44 45−54 55−64 65+
Africa
HP
V p
reva
lenc
e (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
<25 25−34 35−44 45−54 55−64 65+
Americas
HP
V p
reva
lenc
e (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
<25 25−34 35−44 45−54 55−64 65+
Oceania
0
10
20
30
40
50
<25 25−34 35−44 45−54 55−64 65+
Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
<25 25−34 35−44 45−54 55−64 65+
World
Age group (years)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 92 -
Figure 31: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country andstudy
Country
Algeria
Benin
Cameroon
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Guinea
Kenya
Mali
Morocco
Mozambique
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Study
Hammouda 2011a
Hammouda 2005 (Algiers)
Piras 2011b
Untiet 2014 (Yaoundé)c
Sangwa−Lugoma 2011d
Hovland 2010 (Bukavu)
La Ruche 1998 (Abidjan)
La Ruche 1998 (Abidjan)
Adjorlolo−Johnson 2010 (Abidjan)
Abdel Aziz 2006 (Cairo)
Leyh−Bannurah 2014 (Gurage)c
Ruland 2006 (Gurage)c
Si−Mohamed 2005 (Libreville)c
Wall 2005 (Farafenni)
Keita 2009 (Conakry)
Temmerman 1999 (Nairobi)c
De Vuyst 2010 (Mombasa)
De Vuyst 2003 (Nairobi)
Yamada 2008 (Nairobi)c
Maranga 2013 (Nairobi)
Schluterman 2013 (Naréna)c
Tracy 2011 (Bamako)c
Alhamany 2010 (Rabat)
Bennani 2012 (Fez)
Amrani 2003 (Rabat)
Chaouki 1998 (Rabat)
Naucler 2011 (Maputo)c
Castellsagué 2001 (Manhiça)
Gage 2012 (Irun)
Thomas 2004 (Idikan (Ibadan))
Pimentel 2013e
Akarolo−Anthony 2013 (Abuja)c
Singh 2009c
Veldhuijzen 2012 (Kigali)c
Hawes 2003 (Dakar)c
Hanisch 2013 (Dakar)c
Xi 2003 (Dakar)
Mbaye 2014 (Dakar)
Mbaye 2014 (Thiès)
Astori 1999 (Dakar)
Age
15−65
31−80
15−70
20−89
>=30
−
20−50
20−50
23−69
20−60
15−64
18−65
18−44
15−54
15−64
19−54
>=15
25−55
16−61
21−50
15−65
15−65
17−80
17−81
25−54
18−70
>=25
14−61
>=15
15−98
19−85
−
>=25
−
>=15
15−84
35−80
18−80
18−80
20−75
N
732
133
258
694
1,138
287
194
120
110
156
537
189
195
576
752
513
454
369
333
101
212
202
785
751
306
172
203
196
1,075
844
374
108
188
144
3,633
2,139
1,639
498
185
158
% (95% CI)
5.3 (3.9−7.2)
10.5 (6.4−16.9)
26.7 (21.7−32.5)
16.7 (14.1−19.7)
8.7 (7.2−10.5)
13.9 (10.4−18.4)
16.5 (11.9−22.4)
27.5 (20.3−36.1)
29.1 (21.4−38.2)
10.3 (6.4−16.0)
17.5 (14.5−20.9)
15.9 (11.4−21.8)
41.5 (34.9−48.6)
11.5 (9.1−14.3)
47.9 (44.3−51.4)
17.0 (14.0−20.4)
40.3 (35.9−44.9)
38.8 (33.9−43.8)
16.8 (13.2−21.2)
41.6 (32.5−51.3)
23.1 (17.9−29.2)
11.9 (8.1−17.1)
15.8 (13.4−18.5)
42.5 (39.0−46.0)
4.2 (2.5−7.1)
21.5 (16.0−28.2)
41.4 (34.8−48.3)
32.1 (26.0−39.0)
10.5 (8.8−12.5)
24.8 (22.0−27.8)
12.3 (9.3−16.0)
10.2 (5.8−17.3)
14.4 (10.1−20.1)
16.7 (11.5−23.6)
25.3 (23.9−26.7)
27.1 (25.2−29.0)
12.5 (11.0−14.2)
20.9 (17.5−24.7)
30.3 (24.1−37.2)
13.9 (9.4−20.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aZeralda (Algiers)
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 93 -
( Figure 31 – continued from previous page)bAbomey, Atakora, Cotonou, Djougou, Lagune, Lokossa, Parakou, Porto-Novo and TanguetàcWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiesdMbuku, KinshasaeOkene, Abuja and KatariData sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 94 -
Figure 32: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country andstudy (continued)
Country
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Study
Mbaye 2014 (Saint−Louis)a
Mbaye 2014 (Louga)
McDonald 2012 (Khayelitsha)
Denny 2005 (Khayelitsha)a
Richter 2013a,b
Wright 2000 (Cape Town)
Allan 2008 (Cape Town)
Jones 2007 (Cape Town)
Mbulawa 2010c
Dartell 2014d
Vidal 2011 (Kilimanjaro)
Watson−Jones 2013 (Mwanza)
Hassen 2003 (Sousse)
Jeronimo 2014 (Kampala)
Banura 2008 (Kampala)a
Safaeian 2007 (Rakai)a
Asiimwe 2008 (Bushenyi District)a
Odida 2011 (Kampala)
Taube 2010 (Kampala)
Fukuchi 2009a,e
Nowak 2011a,f
Womack 2000f
Baay 2004 (Mupfure)a
Age
18−80
18−80
17−65
35−65
16−83
35−65
21−59
>=18
−
15−82
>=18
10−25
20−45
25−60
12−24
15−49
25−37
18−74
18−30
18−49
18−35
25−55
15−49
N
145
108
7,569
6,555
1,445
1,269
848
368
155
2,737
148
117
96
2,676
868
505
305
251
157
1,987
478
186
174
% (95% CI)
20.0 (14.3−27.2)
23.1 (16.2−31.9)
16.9 (16.1−17.8)
21.4 (20.4−22.4)
74.6 (72.3−76.8)
15.5 (13.6−17.6)
20.4 (17.8−23.2)
41.0 (36.1−46.1)
45.8 (38.2−53.7)
12.8 (11.6−14.1)
13.5 (8.9−20.0)
73.5 (64.9−80.7)
14.6 (8.9−23.0)
15.2 (13.9−16.7)
73.2 (70.1−76.0)
15.6 (12.7−19.1)
15.7 (12.1−20.2)
26.3 (21.2−32.1)
56.7 (48.9−64.2)
24.5 (22.6−26.4)
47.5 (43.1−52.0)
24.7 (19.1−31.4)
27.0 (21.0−34.1)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiesbTshwane District, Gauteng provincecGugulethu (Cape Town)dDar es Salaam, Pwani, MwanzaeChitungwiza, Epworth (Harare)f Chitungwiza and HarareData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 95 -
Figure 33: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by countryand study
Country
Argentina
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Study
Matos 2003 (Entre Ríos)
Chouhy 2013a
Chouhy 2013 (Buenos Aires)
Abba 2003 (La Plata)
Badano 2011 (Posadas City)
Cathro 2009 (Belize City)
Cervantes 2003b,c
Trottier 2006 (Sao Paulo)
Lorenzi 2013d
Girianelli 2010e
Roteli−Martins 2011c
Carestiato 2006 (Rio de Janeiro)
Oliveira 2007 (Pacoti, Ceara)c
Franco 1995 (Paraiba)c
Noronha 2005 (Para)
Figueiredo Alves 2013 (Goiana)c
da Silva 2012f
Miranda 2012g
de Abreu 2012h
Augusto 2014 (Niterói City)
Coser 2013 (Cruz Alta)
Rocha 2013i
Pinto 2011 (Pará)
Oliveira 2010j
Lorenzato 2000 (Recife)
Pinto 2011 (Tucuruí)c
Lippman 2010 (Sao Pulo)
Muñoz 1996 (Sao Paulo)
de Oliveira 2013 (Rio Grande)c
Cassel 2014 (Porto Alegre)
Entiauspe 2014 (Pelotas)
Silva 2009 (Maricá)
Silva 2009 (Itaboraí)
Tamegão−Lopes 2014k
Fernandes 2009 (Natal)
Louvanto 2014 (Montreal)c
Jiang 2013l
Mayrand 2006m
Ogilvie 2013 (British Columbia)c
Moore 2009 (British Columbia)
Age
13−78
14−77
15−69
15−70
18−62
−
16−71
18−59
18−76
25−59
15−25
11−70
13−49
15−65
30−45
15−19
15−83
18−65
15−83
14−79
−
18−78
>=13
14−24
13−84
>=13
18−40
26−77
>=14
−
18−45
14−79
14−79
−
15−65
30−65
14−69
30−69
−
>=15
N
843
403
371
152
139
426
135
1,988
1,921
1,800
1,509
672
579
525
433
432
418
399
370
338
327
314
233
225
215
211
209
194
162
158
136
130
128
120
110
23,739
13,379
9,245
4,330
4,003
% (95% CI)
15.4 (13.1−18.0)
37.5 (32.9−42.3)
49.9 (44.8−54.9)
46.1 (38.3−54.0)
33.1 (25.8−41.3)
10.1 (7.6−13.3)
5.9 (3.0−11.3)
15.1 (13.6−16.7)
10.5 (9.2−11.9)
12.3 (10.9−13.9)
29.7 (27.4−32.0)
12.6 (10.3−15.4)
11.7 (9.4−14.6)
18.3 (15.2−21.8)
6.9 (4.9−9.7)
28.0 (24.0−32.4)
6.7 (4.7−9.5)
11.0 (8.3−14.5)
7.6 (5.3−10.7)
8.0 (5.5−11.4)
32.7 (27.9−38.0)
29.9 (25.1−35.2)
15.0 (11.0−20.2)
28.0 (22.5−34.2)
19.5 (14.8−25.3)
14.2 (10.1−19.6)
34.9 (28.8−41.6)
17.0 (12.4−22.9)
13.6 (9.1−19.7)
12.7 (8.3−18.7)
27.9 (21.1−36.0)
2.3 (0.8−6.6)
21.9 (15.6−29.8)
35.0 (27.1−43.9)
24.5 (17.5−33.4)
6.9 (6.6−7.3)
21.6 (20.9−22.3)
5.2 (4.7−5.6)
12.2 (11.3−13.3)
12.3 (11.3−13.3)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aGranadero Baigorria City (Santa Fe Province)
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 96 -
( Figure 33 – continued from previous page)bAmazonian lowlandcWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiesdBarretos (Sao Paulo)eDuque de Caxias and Nova Iguaçu (State of Rio de Janeiro)f Paiçandú (Paraná)gOuro Preto city (Minas Gerais)hMaringá, Paiçandú and Uniao da Vitoria (Paraná State)iCoari (Amazonas State)jNiterói City (Rio de Janeiro)kJuruti (Pará)l Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Labrador, Yukon.mMontreal and NewfoundlandData sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 97 -
Figure 34: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by countryand study (continued)
Country
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Study
Young 1997 (Winnipeg)
Sellors 2000 (Ontario)
Richardson 2003 (Montreal)
Demers 2012 (Manitoba)
Kapala 2007 (Ontario)
Roteli−Martins 2011
Ferreccio 2013 (Santiago)
Ferreccio 2008a
Ferreccio 2004 (Santiago)
Montalvo 2011 (Arica)
Molano 2002 (Bogota)
Soto−De Leon 2011b
Leon 2009 (Girardot)
Muñoz 1996 (Cali)
Herrero 2005 (Guanacaste)
Safaeian 2007 (Guanacaste)
Soto 2014 (La Havana)
Brown 2009 (Guayas)
Vallès 2009 (Escuintla)
Kightlinger 2010
Tábora 2009 (Tegucigalpa)
Ferrera 1999 (Tegucigalpa)
Tábora 2005 (Tegucigalpa)
Lewis−Bell 2013
Watt 2009 (Western Jamaica)a
Lazcano−Ponce 2010c
Salmerón 2003 (Morelos)
Illades−Aguiar 2010d
Lazcano−Ponce 2001 (Morelos)
Hernández−Girón 2005a,e
Giuliano 2001 (Sonora)
López Rivera 2012 (Mexico City)
Carrillo−García 2014
Sánchez−Anguiano 2006f
Monroy 2010 (Mexico City)
Giuliano 2005 (Sonora)
Illades−Aguiar 2009 (Acapulco)
Hernández−Avila 1997a,g
Rojo Contreras 2008h
Piña−Sánchez 2006 (Mexico City)
Age
−
15−49
17−42
>=18
−
15−25
16−78
16−97
15−86
18−25
13−85
14−77
14−80
19−74
18−94
18−25
30−69
18−78
18−49
13−80
18−65
15−65
18−35
16−49
−
20−70
15−85
15−97
18−82
17−39
15−79
18−76
−
20−69
17−51
40−82
−
25−75
18−55
19−64
N
1,132
878
568
517
222
185
8,127
1,100
913
195
1,831
1,564
744
307
7,459
4,857
111
285
274
1,168
562
438
100
765
99
49,053
7,545
3,117
1,340
1,060
995
916
518
487
272
258
256
204
189
159
% (95% CI)
30.6 (28.0−33.3)
10.3 (8.4−12.4)
27.1 (23.6−30.9)
17.2 (14.2−20.7)
15.8 (11.6−21.1)
23.2 (17.7−29.8)
9.8 (9.1−10.4)
28.0 (25.4−30.7)
11.2 (9.3−13.4)
2.6 (1.1−5.9)
14.6 (13.1−16.3)
49.7 (47.2−52.2)
19.9 (17.2−22.9)
13.4 (10.0−17.6)
22.4 (21.4−23.3)
42.2 (40.9−43.6)
41.4 (32.7−50.7)
20.7 (16.4−25.8)
33.2 (27.9−39.0)
11.5 (9.8−13.4)
51.4 (47.3−55.5)
38.8 (34.4−43.5)
28.0 (20.1−37.5)
50.8 (47.3−54.4)
83.8 (75.3−89.8)
8.0 (7.8−8.3)
7.8 (7.2−8.4)
40.9 (39.2−42.6)
12.5 (10.9−14.4)
14.2 (12.3−16.5)
8.8 (7.2−10.8)
7.9 (6.3−9.8)
37.8 (33.8−42.1)
4.1 (2.7−6.3)
12.9 (9.4−17.4)
7.0 (4.5−10.8)
35.5 (29.9−41.6)
13.2 (9.3−18.6)
33.9 (27.5−40.9)
11.9 (7.8−17.9)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 98 -
( Figure 34 – continued from previous page)bBogotá, Leticia, Chaparral, Giradot and TumacocNorthern and Southern Mexico City, State of Mexico,Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos, Jalisco, Nuevo León,Oaxaca, Querétaro, Veracruz and YucatándAcapulco, Chilpancingo and Iguala (State of Guerrero)eCuernavacaf Durango CitygMexico CityhGuadalajaraData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 99 -
Figure 35: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by countryand study (continued)
Country
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad & Tob.
USA
Uruguay
Study
Velázquez−Márquez 2010a,b
Jeronimo 2014 (Masaya Province)
Mendoza 2011 (Asunción)
Torres 2009 (Asunción)
Rolón 2000 (Asunción)
Almonte 2007 (San Martin)
García 2004
Silva−Caso 2014 (Cajamarca)
Martorell 2012c
Santos 2001 (Lima)
Ragin 2007 (Tobago)
Castle 2009d
Castle 2011 (23 US States)
Wheeler 2013 (New Mexico)
Sherman 2003 (Portland)
Castle 2012 (Portland)e
Schiffman 2011 (Portland)
Dunne 2013f
Zhao 2007 (Pittsburgh)
Datta 2008g
Goodman 2008 (Hawaii)
Dunne 2007e
Insinga 2007
Cibas 2007 (Boston)
Giuliano 1999 (Tucson)
Giuliano 2001 (Arizona)
Winer 2003 (Seattle)e
Moscicki 2001 (San Francisco)
Khanna 2007 (Baltimore)
Kahn 2008 (Cincinnati)e
Kotloff 1998 (Maryland)
Evans 2006 (Vermont)
Swan 1999 (Texas)
Smith 2003 (Iowa)
Tarkowski 2004 (Atlanta)
Hernandez 2004 (Hawaii)
Chaturvedi 2005 (New Orleans)
Smith 2004 (Iowa)
Berois 2014 (Montevideo)
Ramas 2013
Age
18−74
30−49
16−77
17−65
25−73
25−49
18−65
18−65
−
21−82
18−65
30−90
25−42
−
16−94
16−94
16−94
11−29
11−90
18−65
18−85
14−59
16−23
30−45
18−47
15−79
18−20
13−24
18−69
13−26
17−44
16−69
18−45
42−85
12−20
>=18
18−70
45−64
<=69
18−62
N
100
4,340
207
159
91
4,218
501
241
203
175
212
580,289
38,403
33,614
20,156
19,512
18,450
9,231
8,070
8,055
2,356
1,921
1,203
1,000
911
881
553
547
418
409
390
300
270
223
189
183
173
105
883
236
% (95% CI)
22.0 (15.0−31.1)
9.8 (8.9−10.7)
20.8 (15.8−26.8)
25.2 (19.1−32.4)
19.8 (12.9−29.1)
7.5 (6.8−8.4)
3.8 (2.4−5.8)
17.8 (13.5−23.2)
36.0 (29.7−42.8)
17.7 (12.8−24.0)
35.4 (29.3−42.0)
4.0 (3.9−4.0)
15.1 (14.8−15.5)
24.3 (23.8−24.8)
12.7 (12.3−13.2)
14.2 (13.7−14.7)
9.1 (8.7−9.6)
30.2 (29.3−31.2)
2.9 (2.5−3.2)
16.6 (15.8−17.4)
25.6 (23.9−27.4)
26.8 (24.8−28.8)
12.1 (10.4−14.1)
3.9 (2.9−5.3)
10.1 (8.3−12.2)
12.8 (10.8−15.2)
19.7 (16.6−23.2)
80.8 (77.3−83.9)
10.8 (8.1−14.1)
68.2 (63.6−72.5)
29.2 (24.9−33.9)
27.3 (22.6−32.6)
20.0 (15.7−25.2)
11.7 (8.1−16.5)
52.4 (45.3−59.4)
9.8 (6.3−15.0)
19.1 (13.9−25.6)
17.1 (11.1−25.5)
20.0 (17.5−22.8)
19.1 (14.6−24.6)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aTlaxcala
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 100 -
( Figure 35 – continued from previous page)bFew HPV types tested: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 onlycIquitos and LoretosdNorthern CaliforniaeWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiesf San Francisco Bay, Sacramento, Central Valley, Northwest Oregon and Southwest Washington AreasgBoston, Baltimore, New Orleans, Denver, Seattle, Los AngelesData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 101 -
Figure 36: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by countryand study (continued)
Country
Venezuela
Study
Michelli 2011 (Mérida State)
Age
15−69
N
90
% (95% CI)
8.9 (4.6−16.6)
0% 10% 20%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 102 -
Figure 37: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study
Country
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
China
Study
Hajjaj 2006
Nahar 2014 (Dhaka and Mirzapur)a
Tshomo 2014 (Thimphu)
Wei 2014a,b
Wei 2014b
Chen 2012 (Chaozhou)a
Wang 2012a,b
Mai 2014c
DU 2012 (Shenzhen)a
Zhang 2013 (Shangai)a
Belinson 2011d
Moy 2010e
Zhao 2013f
Belinson 2003g
Zhang 2008 (Shangai)a
Sun 2012a,h
Li 2010 (Beijing)
Zhao 2014 (Jiangsi Province)
Ye 2010 (Zhejiang Province)
Wang 2013 (Shenzhen)a
Wu 2013i
Li 2013 (Hunan Province)
Yuan 2011 (Shandong Province)
Jin 2010j
Chan 2009 (Hong Kong)a
Chen 2013 (Urumqi)a
Wu 2010a,k
Chan 2002 (Hong Kong)
Belinson 2001i
Lin 2008 (Guandong)a
Yip 2010 (Macao)a
Yeoh 2006 (Hong Kong)
Zhang 2012a,l
Wu 2007 (Shenzhen)
Sui 2013a,m
Ye 2010a,n
Li 2006 (Shenyang)
Dai 2006 (Shanxi)
He 2008 (Hangzhou)
Chui 2012 (Macau)a
Age
20−60
13−64
18−69
18−81
18−81
35−60
18−60
>=18
20−59
17−89
25−59
30−54
25−65
27−56
18−78
18−65
25−54
18−25
20−79
>=15
17−54
17−74
20−61
19−65
19−83
18−69
25−59
19−83
35−45
20−68
20−60
−
20−64
15−59
16−59
25−65
17−59
19−59
−
20−66
N
91
1,902
2,272
118,096
67,172
48,559
24,041
22,114
10,017
10,000
7,525
7,367
7,089
6,643
6,405
5,936
5,530
5,416
4,987
4,413
3,737
3,115
3,112
2,847
2,604
2,269
2,000
1,962
1,784
1,705
1,600
1,090
1,032
942
883
734
663
601
480
402
% (95% CI)
12.1 (6.9−20.4)
7.6 (6.5−8.9)
23.0 (21.3−24.7)
18.3 (18.1−18.5)
1.7 (1.6−1.8)
7.9 (7.7−8.1)
45.6 (45.0−46.2)
19.0 (18.5−19.5)
16.3 (15.6−17.0)
12.6 (11.9−13.2)
7.9 (7.3−8.5)
9.5 (8.9−10.2)
10.9 (10.2−11.7)
14.4 (13.6−15.3)
29.1 (28.0−30.2)
8.3 (7.6−9.1)
6.6 (6.0−7.3)
13.3 (12.5−14.3)
13.3 (12.4−14.3)
13.8 (12.8−14.8)
8.9 (8.0−9.9)
14.5 (13.3−15.8)
9.6 (8.6−10.7)
7.4 (6.5−8.4)
6.7 (5.8−7.7)
20.3 (18.7−22.0)
16.5 (14.9−18.2)
5.6 (4.6−6.7)
14.2 (12.6−15.9)
9.0 (7.8−10.5)
8.8 (7.5−10.2)
25.7 (23.2−28.4)
11.1 (9.4−13.2)
11.9 (10.0−14.1)
8.8 (7.1−10.9)
20.2 (17.4−23.2)
13.7 (11.3−16.6)
10.6 (8.4−13.4)
15.2 (12.3−18.7)
29.9 (25.6−34.5)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiesbShenyang (Liaoning Province)cShantou City (Guandong Province)
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 103 -
( Figure 37 – continued from previous page)dGuangdong ProvinceeShanxi, Jiangxi and Gansu Provincesf Yangcheng, Xinmi and TonggugYangcheng and Xiangyuan (Shanxi)hQujing (Yunnan Province)iBeijing, Shanghai, Shanxi, Henan, XinjiangjTibetan Autonomous RegionkShenzhen (Guangdong Province)l Wufeng County (Hubei Province)mUyghur (Yutian County, Xingjian Province)nLishui County (Zhejiang Province)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 104 -
Figure 38: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)
Country
China
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Study
Bian 2013 (Beijing)
Yu 2013a,b
Wu 2010 (Fujian Province)
Wang 2013 (Huzhou)
Hu 2011 (Jaingsu Province)
Ding 2014 (Beijing)
Sun 2010 (Liaoning Province)
Alibegashvili 2011 (Tbilisi)
Basu 2013 (West Bengal)b
Sankaranarayanan 2005b,c
Mittal 2014 (Kolkata)b
Sankaranarayanan 2004d
Jeronimo 2014e
Jeronimo 2014 (Hyderabad)
Sankaranarayanan 2004f
Sankaranarayanan 2004g
Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Mumbai)
Srivastava 2012 (Varanasi)b
Gravitt 2010b,h
Dutta 2012 (Eastern India)
Franceschi 2005 (Tamil Nadu)
Datta 2010b,i
Sarkar 2011 (West Bengal)j
Laikangbam 2007 (West Bengal)
Pandey 2012 (Lucknow)b
Gupta 2009 (New Delhi)
Laikangbam 2007 (Manipur)
Aggarwal 2006 (Chandigarh)
Kerkar 2011 (Mumbai)
Bhatla 2008 (New Delhi)
Laikangbam 2007 (Sikkim)
Vinodhini 2012 (Tamil Nadu)
Kashyap 2013k
Arora 2005 (New Delhi)
Singh 2009 (North India)
Vet 2008 (Tasikmalaya)b
Vet 2008 (Bali)
Vet 2008 (Jakarta)
de Boer 2006 (Jakarta)
Rachmadi 2012l
Age
20−55
20−60
20−70
20−35
18−25
18−68
−
15−59
30−65
30−59
30−60
25−65
30−59
30−49
25−65
25−65
25−65
17−80
>=25
25−65
17−59
16−24
>=15
14−80
20−70
18−45
20−80
19−75
−
30−65
19−75
−
46−58
20−60
−
12−70
12−70
12−70
21−75
18−60
N
379
373
314
292
257
165
165
1,247
28,039
27,301
9,630
6,278
4,547
4,385
4,332
3,390
3,365
2,480
2,331
2,313
1,799
1,300
1,106
1,007
890
769
672
472
470
458
359
257
207
160
109
919
887
880
200
101
% (95% CI)
20.8 (17.1−25.2)
12.6 (9.6−16.4)
19.4 (15.4−24.2)
19.2 (15.1−24.1)
10.5 (7.3−14.9)
9.7 (6.1−15.2)
21.8 (16.2−28.7)
11.5 (9.8−13.4)
5.8 (5.5−6.1)
10.3 (9.9−10.7)
4.6 (4.2−5.0)
5.2 (4.6−5.7)
2.3 (1.9−2.8)
4.4 (3.9−5.1)
4.8 (4.2−5.5)
7.8 (6.9−8.7)
6.3 (5.5−7.1)
9.7 (8.6−10.9)
10.3 (9.1−11.6)
9.2 (8.1−10.4)
14.0 (12.5−15.7)
11.2 (9.6−13.0)
9.1 (7.6−11.0)
11.6 (9.8−13.7)
11.7 (9.7−14.0)
16.6 (14.2−19.4)
6.7 (5.0−8.8)
36.9 (32.6−41.3)
8.1 (5.9−10.9)
7.6 (5.5−10.4)
11.1 (8.3−14.8)
30.4 (25.1−36.2)
5.8 (3.3−9.9)
10.0 (6.2−15.6)
10.1 (5.7−17.2)
8.8 (7.1−10.8)
11.5 (9.6−13.8)
13.9 (11.7−16.3)
31.0 (25.0−37.7)
16.8 (10.8−25.3)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aShiquan County (Shaanxi Province)
(Continued on next page)
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( Figure 38 – continued from previous page)bWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiescOsnamabaddKolkata (2)eRural Uttar Pradeshf TrivandrumgKolkata (1)hMedchal Mandal (Andhra Pradesh)iGovindpuri (New Delhi)jFew HPV types tested: 16, 18 onlykFew HPV types tested: 16 onlyl Jakarta, Tasikmalaya and BaliData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 106 -
Figure 39: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)
Country
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea, Rep.
Study
Eghbali 2012 (Bushehr Port)a
Khodakarami 2012 (Tehran)
Zavarei 2008 (Tehran)
Safaei 2010 (Shiraz)
Shahramian 2011 (Zabol)a
Moradi 2011 (Gorgan)
Zandi 2010 (Bushehr)a
Inoue 2006 (Ishikawa)
Maehama 2005 (Okinawa)
Asato 2004 (Okinawa)
Takehara 2011b
Sasagawa 2001c
Onuki 2009 (Ibaraki)
Chen 2013 (Nagasaki)a
Konno 2011d
Saito 1995 (Osaka)
Sasagawa 1997e
Sasagawa 2005 (Hokuriku)
Ishi 2004 (Chiba)
Masumoto 2004 (Tokyo)
Nishiwaki 2008
Yoshikawa 1999
Satoh 2013 (Tsukuba, Tokyo)
Buleshov 2011 (South)a
Lee 2012
Lee 2012 (Suwon)a
Kim 2012 (Seoul)
Kim 2013 (Seoul)
Kim 2014 (Cheonan)
Oh 2009 (Busan and Suwon)
Bae 2009 (Gyeonggi, Seoul)
Kim 2013 (Seoul)
Park 2014a
Bae 2009a
Hwang 2004
Kim 2012f
Oh 2001 (Seoul)
An 2003 (Kyonggi−do)
Lee 2014 (Seoul, Busan, Cheonan)a
Kim 2010a
Age
17−50
18−59
15−55
20−72
−
15−75
−
14−94
20−89
18−85
15−98
16−72
15−78
−
20−25
18−72
16−82
15−59
17−73
20−89
19−70
<=55
19−88
35−60
18−79
−
−
−
19−78
20−69
30−84
21−76
43−57
15−75
18−62
−
23−72
−
25−79
20−59
N
799
791
600
400
265
226
200
7,564
4,078
3,249
2,068
1,562
1,517
1,111
908
800
778
637
420
414
292
130
109
17,000
60,775
26,980
11,800
6,681
5,494
4,467
4,111
2,146
1,938
1,750
1,609
1,214
1,144
1,143
912
902
% (95% CI)
0.6 (0.3−1.5)
6.6 (5.0−8.5)
5.7 (4.1−7.8)
5.5 (3.7−8.2)
32.5 (27.1−38.3)
18.1 (13.7−23.7)
5.5 (3.1−9.6)
6.6 (6.0−7.2)
10.6 (9.7−11.6)
10.2 (9.3−11.3)
9.4 (8.2−10.7)
9.7 (8.3−11.2)
22.5 (20.5−24.7)
18.2 (16.0−20.6)
26.1 (23.3−29.1)
6.6 (5.1−8.6)
4.5 (3.3−6.2)
16.8 (14.1−19.9)
12.1 (9.4−15.6)
16.9 (13.6−20.8)
14.7 (11.1−19.2)
14.6 (9.6−21.7)
23.9 (16.8−32.7)
11.0 (10.5−11.5)
34.2 (33.8−34.6)
20.3 (19.9−20.8)
6.2 (5.8−6.6)
17.3 (16.4−18.2)
14.4 (13.5−15.3)
7.0 (6.3−7.8)
6.5 (5.8−7.3)
18.1 (16.6−19.8)
14.1 (12.7−15.8)
27.0 (25.0−29.2)
37.4 (35.0−39.7)
14.6 (12.7−16.7)
0.7 (0.4−1.4)
35.1 (32.4−37.9)
7.9 (6.3−9.8)
12.6 (10.6−15.0)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 107 -
( Figure 39 – continued from previous page)bFew HPV types tested: 16, 18, 52, 58 onlycHokuriku(Fukui, Ishikawa and Toyama)dAomori, Tokyo, Fukui, Osaka, Hiroshima, Miyazaki and KagoshimaeIshikawa and Toyamaf Few HPV types tested: 6, 11, 42, 43, 44 onlyData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 108 -
Figure 40: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)
Country
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mongolia
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Thailand
Study
Kim 2012
Shin 2003 (Busan)
Kim 2014 (Gangnam (Seoul))a
Lee 2003 (Seoul)
Shin 2004 (Busan)a
Cho 2011a
Bae 2014 (Seoul)
Cho 2003 (Kyonggi−do)
Kim 2014 (Busan)
Shim 2010 (Seoul)
Kim 2013 (Gwangju)
Hwang 2012a
Um 2011
Lee 2011
Al−Awadhi 2011
Mroueh 2002
Karam 2005
Tay 2009 (Johor and Singapore)
Othman 2014b
Chong 2010 (Southern Selangor)a
Dondog 2008 (Ulaanbaatar)
Chimeddorj 2008c
Sherpa 2010d
Johnson 2014e
Raza 2010 (Karachi)
Ngelangel 1998 (Manila)
Al−Ahdal 2014 (Riyadh)
Lai 2012 (Taoyuan)
Wang 2010a,f
Chen 2011g
Lin 2006 (South Taiwan)a
Huang 2008
Jeng 2005 (Taipei)
Liaw 1995
Tsai 2005 (Kaohsiung County)
Lin 2005 (Kaohsiung)
Swangvaree 2010 (Bangkok)
Laowahutanont 2014 (Bangkok)
Siriaunkgul 2014 (Chiang Mai)
Paengchit 2014h
Age
20−59
20−74
25−81
−
16−29
−
18−85
22−70
22−83
21−48
−
21−77
−
−
18−81
18−70
20−67
18−77
−
19−69
15−59
−
15−59
16−60
15−59
21−72
20−74
30−94
14−87
30−65
16−78
23−80
21−65
30−64
>=20
−
20−77
>=20
30−60
30−70
N
902
821
799
746
672
624
471
414
315
235
206
177
122
101
3,011
1,026
246
745
588
180
842
100
898
211
877
377
455
14,724
10,543
10,190
4,383
1,310
1,279
260
175
127
14,205
2,735
2,633
1,961
% (95% CI)
4.9 (3.7−6.5)
8.5 (6.8−10.6)
12.1 (10.1−14.6)
7.2 (5.6−9.3)
15.2 (12.7−18.1)
47.3 (43.4−51.2)
21.0 (17.6−24.9)
31.9 (27.6−36.5)
70.2 (64.9−74.9)
22.6 (17.7−28.3)
8.3 (5.2−12.8)
54.8 (47.4−62.0)
23.0 (16.4−31.2)
20.8 (14.0−29.7)
2.4 (1.9−3.0)
4.9 (3.7−6.4)
10.2 (7.0−14.6)
22.0 (19.2−25.1)
3.1 (1.9−4.8)
46.7 (39.5−53.9)
30.5 (27.5−33.7)
1.0 (0.2−5.4)
8.1 (6.5−10.1)
2.8 (1.3−6.1)
2.2 (1.4−3.4)
9.3 (6.8−12.6)
28.6 (24.6−32.9)
11.0 (10.6−11.6)
15.0 (14.3−15.7)
13.8 (13.2−14.5)
19.4 (18.2−20.6)
8.2 (6.9−9.9)
17.9 (15.9−20.1)
9.2 (6.3−13.4)
16.6 (11.8−22.8)
15.0 (9.8−22.2)
6.2 (5.8−6.6)
6.7 (5.8−7.7)
4.3 (3.5−5.1)
4.0 (3.2−5.0)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 109 -
( Figure 40 – continued from previous page)bNorth-Eastern region os West MalaysiacFew HPV types tested: 16 onlydBharatpur (Chitawan Province)eSanphebagar Village (Achham District)f Taipei, Taoyuan, Chungli, Hsinchu, Keelung)gSanchi, Chutung, Potzu,Kaoshu, Makung, Paihsa and HuhsihLampang ProvinceData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 110 -
Figure 41: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)
Country
Thailand
Turkey
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam
Study
Chansaenroj 2010 (Bangkok)
Marks 2011a,b
Sukvirach 2003 (Lampang)
Sukvirach 2003 (Songkla)
Wongworapat 2008 (Chiang−Mai)b
Chandeying 2006b,c
Thomas 2001 (Bangkok)b
Chichareon 1998 (Songkla)
Suwannarurk 2009 (Pathumthani)d
Natphopsuk 2013 (Khon Kaen)
Chopjitt 2009 (Khon Kaen)
Ekalaksananan 2010 (Khon Kaen)
Chaiwongkot 2007 (Khon Kaen)
Sriamporn 2006 (Khon Kaen)
Siritantikorn 1997 (Bangkok)
Settheetham−Ishida 2005e
Inal 2007 (Izmir)
Yuce 2012 (Ankara)
Ozalp 2012 (Eskisehir region)
Kasap 2011 (Izmir)
Demir 2012f
Bayram 2011 (Gaziantep)
Özcan 2011
Eren 2010 (Istanbul)
Altun 2011 (Adana)
Akcali 2013 (Manisa)b
Tezcan 2014 (Mersin Province)
Sahiner 2014 (Ankara)b
Dursun 2009
Oztürk 2004
Inamova 2009 (Tashkent)
Vu 2012 (Hue)
Vu 2012 (Can Tho)
Vu 2012 (Thai Nguyen)b
Pham 2003 (Hanoi)
Pham 2003 (Ho Chi Minh City)
Vu 2011 (Ho Chi Minh)b
Vu 2011 (Hanoi)
Age
−
20−37
15−76
15−85
20−65
15−47
24−60
19−78
−
26−81
−
18−54
−
>=35
16−77
25−70
15−45
30−70
−
15−65
15−68
18−56
16−64
19−85
20−68
−
18−76
17−74
20−67
18−62
18−40
18−69
18−65
18−69
15−69
15−69
18−69
18−69
N
1,622
1,070
972
687
531
430
291
261
225
198
160
155
140
113
102
100
1,344
640
564
546
530
502
480
469
460
410
380
315
310
206
2,295
1,000
1,000
1,000
983
914
750
750
% (95% CI)
7.8 (6.6−9.2)
19.8 (17.5−22.3)
5.9 (4.6−7.5)
3.3 (2.2−5.0)
11.5 (9.0−14.5)
4.7 (3.0−7.1)
6.9 (4.5−10.4)
15.7 (11.8−20.6)
28.9 (23.4−35.1)
14.1 (10.0−19.7)
33.8 (26.9−41.4)
40.6 (33.2−48.5)
38.6 (30.9−46.8)
10.6 (6.2−17.6)
4.9 (2.1−11.0)
13.0 (7.8−21.0)
1.5 (1.0−2.3)
21.4 (18.4−24.7)
3.4 (2.2−5.2)
32.1 (28.3−36.1)
17.9 (14.9−21.4)
15.1 (12.3−18.5)
3.5 (2.2−5.6)
13.6 (10.8−17.0)
5.2 (3.5−7.6)
8.5 (6.2−11.6)
18.9 (15.3−23.2)
19.7 (15.7−24.4)
19.7 (15.6−24.5)
4.9 (2.7−8.7)
37.9 (35.9−39.9)
8.6 (7.0−10.5)
10.2 (8.5−12.2)
9.2 (7.6−11.2)
1.5 (0.9−2.5)
9.6 (7.9−11.7)
8.3 (6.5−10.5)
6.1 (4.6−8.1)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aChiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Bangkok, Songkla and Hat YaibWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiescHat Yai (South Thailand)dFew HPV types tested: 16, 18, 31, 33 onlyeKhon Kaen
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 111 -
( Figure 41 – continued from previous page)f Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Nigde and ElazigData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 112 -
Figure 42: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy
Country
Belarus
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Estonia
Europe
Finland
France
Germany
Study
Rogovskaya 2013 (Minsk)
Depuydt 2010 (Flanders)a
Arbyn 2009 (Antwerp)
Merckx 2014a,b
Baay 2005 (Antwerp)
Depuydt 2012
Schmitt 2013 (Flanders)
Weyn 2013 (Brussels)
Depuydt 2003 (Flanders)
Baay 2001 (Antwerp)
Kaliterna 2007a,c
Grahovac 2007 (Zagreb,Rijeka)
Tachezy 2013
Kjær 2014 (Copenhagen)d
Nielsen 2012 (Copenhagen)e
Nielsen 2008 (Copenhagen)
Bonde 2014f
Nielsen 2008 (Copenhagen)
Svare 1998
Uusküla 2010 (Tartu)a
Paavonen 2008g
Leinonen 2008 (Uusimaa)
Auvinen 2005 (Helsinki)a
Clavel 2001 (Reims)
Monsonego 2011 (Paris)
Boulanger 2004 (Amiens)
Heard 2013h
Vaucel 2011 (Nantes)
Baudu 2014 (Franche−Comté)
Dalstein 2003 (Besançon)
Beby−Defaux 2004 (Poitiers)
Riethmuller 1999i
Casalegno 2011 (Lyon)
Pannier−Stockman 2008 (Amiens)
Monsonego 2005 (Paris)
Luyten 2009 (Wolfsburg)
Petry 2003j
Schneider 2000 (East Thuringia)
Iftner 2010
de Jonge 2013k
Age
15−63
14−97
15−85
4−18
20−50
30−65
15−86
>=20
17−85
17−78
18−62
−
14−79
14−95
14−95
20−29
16−89
40−50
20−39
18−35
16−24
25−65
19−47
15−76
20−65
20−62
−
17−86
15−23
16−76
17−77
16−76
15−88
18−78
19−79
>=30
30−85
18−70
10−30
>=20
N
322
57,876
8,729
4,180
2,293
1,139
913
906
287
286
570
205
1,302
37,958
37,958
10,220
4,671
1,443
119
326
9,162
16,895
1,469
7,339
4,004
3,617
3,023
980
948
652
613
426
302
289
221
16,386
7,832
4,604
1,692
1,463
% (95% CI)
23.6 (19.3−28.5)
14.8 (14.5−15.1)
11.9 (11.3−12.6)
15.7 (14.6−16.8)
6.9 (5.9−8.0)
8.2 (6.7−9.9)
33.3 (30.3−36.4)
10.8 (9.0−13.0)
24.0 (19.5−29.3)
10.8 (7.7−15.0)
35.1 (31.3−39.1)
35.6 (29.4−42.4)
25.6 (23.3−28.0)
17.0 (16.6−17.4)
6.3 (6.1−6.5)
15.9 (15.2−16.6)
33.4 (32.1−34.8)
4.4 (3.4−5.5)
21.8 (15.4−30.1)
36.8 (31.8−42.2)
15.9 (15.2−16.7)
7.5 (7.2−7.9)
33.0 (30.7−35.5)
10.5 (9.9−11.3)
12.6 (11.6−13.7)
12.6 (11.6−13.7)
13.7 (12.5−15.0)
13.1 (11.1−15.3)
24.1 (21.4−26.9)
27.0 (23.7−30.5)
5.2 (3.7−7.3)
25.1 (21.2−29.4)
48.3 (42.8−54.0)
28.7 (23.8−34.2)
28.5 (23.0−34.8)
4.8 (4.5−5.1)
5.9 (5.4−6.4)
7.1 (6.4−7.9)
22.3 (20.4−24.3)
29.8 (27.5−32.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 113 -
( Figure 42 – continued from previous page)bFlanders and BrusselscSplit and Dalmatian CountydHPV prevalence for high-risk HPV typeseFew HPV types tested: 6, 11, 42, 43, 44 onlyf Copenhagen and FrederiksberggCzech Republic, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and SwedenhAlsace, Auvergne, Centre - Pays de Loire, Ile-de-France and VaucluseiBesançon, BelfortjHannover and TuebingenkNordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and HamburgData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 114 -
Figure 43: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Study
Agorastos 2009a
Argyri 2013 (Athens)
Tsiodras 2011
Agorastos 2004b
Tsiodras 2010 (Athens)
Paraskevaidis 2001 (Ioannina)
Panotopoulou 2007 (Athens)
Nyári 2006
Anderson 2013 (Northern Ireland)
Keegan 2007 (Dublin)
Ronco 2006c
Agarossi 2009
Ronco 2006c
Giorgi Rossi 2011d
Tenti 1997 (Pavia)
Ronco 2005 (Turin)
Giambi 2013e
Ammatuna 2008 (Sicily)
Del Prete 2008 (Apulia)a
Verteramo 2009 (Rome)
Panatto 2013f
Centurioni 2005 (Genova)
Sammarco 2013 (Molise)
Carozzi 2000 (Florence)
Masia 2009 (Sardinia)
Piana 2011 (North Sardinia)
Zappacosta 2009 (Molise)
Astori 1997 (Udine)
Tornesello 2006 (Milan, Naples)
Tornesello 2008 (Naples)
Silins 2004a
Kliucinskas 2006a
Gudleviciene 2005 (Vilnius)
Simanaviciene 2014 (Vilnius)
Rijkaart 2012 (Utrecht)
Bulkmans 2004 (Amsterdam)
Rijkaart 2012
Jacobs 2000 (Amsterdam)
Rozendaal 2000 (Amsterdam)
Lenselink 2008a,g
Age
−
14−70
−
17−69
21−45
17−79
18−48
20−60
20−64
16−72
35−60
15−73
25−34
25−64
16−47
25−70
18−26
18−24
>=20
17−57
16−26
20−81
18−63
25−64
18−46
15−54
21−64
18−67
18−63
−
18−89
18−50
16−64
18−81
29−61
30−60
30−56
16−68
34−54
18−29
N
4,139
2,218
1,348
1,272
1,029
738
639
491
5,068
886
15,361
9,148
5,334
3,151
1,064
997
907
894
871
737
566
500
398
332
309
242
220
197
183
107
237
1,001
332
277
25,196
21,245
19,373
3,299
2,250
2,065
% (95% CI)
5.9 (5.2−6.7)
15.7 (14.2−17.3)
39.5 (36.9−42.1)
2.0 (1.4−3.0)
10.2 (8.5−12.2)
6.4 (4.8−8.4)
26.4 (23.2−30.0)
5.5 (3.8−7.9)
13.2 (12.3−14.2)
11.4 (9.5−13.7)
5.5 (5.2−5.9)
11.3 (10.7−12.0)
9.6 (8.8−10.4)
9.7 (8.8−10.8)
12.3 (10.5−14.4)
7.8 (6.3−9.7)
13.6 (11.5−15.9)
22.4 (19.8−25.2)
23.2 (20.5−26.1)
21.7 (18.9−24.8)
18.2 (15.2−21.6)
15.4 (12.5−18.8)
32.4 (28.0−37.2)
5.1 (3.2−8.0)
17.8 (13.9−22.5)
32.2 (26.7−38.4)
6.4 (3.8−10.4)
20.3 (15.3−26.5)
19.7 (14.6−26.0)
11.2 (6.5−18.6)
8.0 (5.2−12.2)
25.1 (22.5−27.9)
24.1 (19.8−29.0)
24.2 (19.5−29.6)
4.1 (3.8−4.3)
3.6 (3.3−3.9)
4.0 (3.7−4.2)
4.4 (3.8−5.2)
5.4 (4.5−6.4)
19.0 (17.4−20.8)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalities
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 115 -
( Figure 43 – continued from previous page)bThessaloniki, Thermi, Mihaniona, Corfu, Veria and SerrescTurin, Trento, Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Florence and LaziodAbruzzo, Campania, Lazio, Sardinia and SicilyeAbruzzo, Campania, Lazio, Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna and Piedmontf Turin, Milan and GenoagArnhem, Nijmegen, and Den BoschData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 116 -
Figure 44: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
Study
Boers 2014
Hesselink 2013 (Utrecht region)
Zielinski 2001 (Zeeland)
Molden 2005 (Oslo)
Skjeldestad 2008a,b
Molden 2006 (Oslo)
Gjøoen 1996 (Oslo)
Bardin 2008 (Warsaw)
Pista 2011
Vieira 2013
Pista 2011c
Dutra 2008 (Açores)b
Moga 2014 (Brasov County)
Ursu 2011 (Northeast)
Bdaizieva 2010 (Moscow)b
Kubanov 2005 (Moscow)
Goncharevskaya 2011 (Moscow)
Rogovskaya 2013d
Shipitsyna 2011 (St Petersburg)
Komarova 2010 (Moscow)
Alexandrova 1999e
Shargorodskaya 2011 (Moscow)
Shipulina 2011 (Moscow)
Ucakar 2012
Ucakar 2014
Castellsagué 2012
Martorell 2010 (Valencia)b
Bernal 2008 (Zaragoza)
Dillner 2008 (Maresme)
de Sanjose 2003 (Barcelona)
Ortiz 2006 (Madrid and Alicante)b
González 2006 (Alicante)
Muñoz 1996f
Naucler 2007g
Elfström 2014b,g
Ylitalo 2000 (Uppsala)
Kjellberg 1998h
Stenvall 2007 (Uppsala)b
Bigras 2005i
Kitchener 2006 (Manchester)
Age
30−60
31−60
34−54
30−69
16−24
<=30
20−44
18−59
18−64
18−76
18−67
16−81
17−57
−
15−69
−
15−77
16−76
30−65
16−76
15−45
18−30
13−19
20−64
20−64
18−65
18−64
−
14−82
14−75
14−67
−
18−75
29−46
32−38
15−49
20−63
35−50
17−93
20−64
N
900
858
114
3,970
896
275
222
799
2,172
464
425
286
801
164
33,112
8,533
5,182
833
741
352
309
266
177
4,199
944
3,059
1,956
1,200
939
847
818
703
329
5,877
5,772
617
295
117
13,349
21,380
% (95% CI)
3.8 (2.7−5.2)
8.2 (6.5−10.2)
6.1 (3.0−12.1)
9.3 (8.4−10.2)
25.9 (23.1−28.9)
30.9 (25.7−36.6)
15.3 (11.2−20.6)
14.4 (12.1−17.0)
16.5 (15.0−18.1)
17.0 (13.9−20.7)
25.4 (21.5−29.8)
10.5 (7.4−14.6)
34.3 (31.1−37.7)
25.6 (19.5−32.8)
25.7 (25.2−26.1)
15.0 (14.3−15.8)
13.4 (12.5−14.4)
25.9 (23.1−29.0)
9.9 (7.9−12.2)
48.3 (43.1−53.5)
29.1 (24.3−34.4)
28.2 (23.1−33.9)
40.1 (33.2−47.5)
10.7 (9.8−11.7)
8.8 (7.1−10.8)
13.0 (11.9−14.2)
13.0 (11.6−14.5)
17.5 (15.5−19.8)
7.3 (5.8−9.2)
1.3 (0.7−2.3)
10.8 (8.8−13.1)
7.8 (6.1−10.0)
5.2 (3.3−8.1)
5.5 (4.9−6.1)
9.7 (9.0−10.5)
5.8 (4.2−8.0)
4.1 (2.3−7.0)
25.6 (18.6−34.2)
6.3 (5.9−6.7)
10.4 (10.0−10.8)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aOslo, Trondheim, and Levanger
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 117 -
( Figure 44 – continued from previous page)bWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitiescLisbon area and southern regiondMoscow and NovgorodeSt. Petersburgf Alava, Girona, Guipuzcoa, Murcia, Navarra, Salamanca, Sevilla, Vizcaya, ZaragozagGothenburg, Malmö, Uppsala, Umeå, and StockholmhVästerbotten CountyiGeneve, Vaud, Neuchatel, Fribourg, Valais and TessinData sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 118 -
Figure 45: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country
UK
Study
Hibbitts 2014 (Wales)
Cuzick 2003a
Hibbitts 2008 (South Wales)
Peto 2004 (Manchester)
Cuschieri 2004 (Edinburgh)
Cuzick 1999 (London)
Howell−Jones 2010b
Cuzick 1995 (London)
Herbert 2007 (London)
Grainge 2005 (Nottingham)
Age
20−22
30−60
20−65
15−64
16−78
34−70
25−64
17−59
20−49
21−51
N
10,890
9,709
8,434
6,128
3,089
2,855
2,404
1,818
813
656
% (95% CI)
20.6 (19.9−21.4)
5.5 (5.1−6.0)
7.0 (6.5−7.6)
7.2 (6.6−7.9)
12.7 (11.6−13.9)
3.3 (2.7−4.0)
10.2 (9.0−11.5)
3.5 (2.8−4.5)
12.9 (10.8−15.4)
13.6 (11.2−16.4)
0% 10% 20% 30%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aBirmingham, Edinburg, London, Manchester and MansfieldbGateshead, Birmingham, London, Gloucestershire and NorfolkData sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 119 -
Figure 46: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country andstudy
Country
Australia
Fiji
Vanuatu
Study
Tabrizi 2014
Tabrizi 2012a,b
Bowden 2005c,d
Foliaki 2014 (Suva)d
Aruhuri 2012e
McAdam 2010f
Age
15−66
18−24
16−19
16−63
18−64
30−50
N
2,271
338
161
1,244
726
379
% (95% CI)
33.0 (31.1−34.9)
46.4 (41.2−51.8)
11.2 (7.2−17.0)
24.0 (21.7−26.4)
22.7 (19.8−25.9)
5.3 (3.4−8.0)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aSydney, Melbourne and PerthbHPV prevalence in HPV vaccinated womencAustralian Capital TerritorydWomen from the general population, including some with cytological cervical abnormalitieseSanto Urban (Espiritu Santo Island) and Porto Vila (Efate Island)f Port Vila (Efate Island)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 120 -
4.1.2 HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cer-vical lesions and cervical cancer
Table 13: Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical le-sions and invasive cervical cancer by World region and sub-regions
Normal cytology Low-grade lesions High-grade lesions Cervical cancerCountry /Region No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev
tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI) tested (95% CI)World 453,184 3.9 (3.8-4.0) 38,191 25.8 (25.4-26.2) 50,202 51.9 (51.5-52.3) 58,796 69.4 (69.0-69.8)Less developed regions 168,376 3.8 (3.7-3.9) 9,696 25.1 (24.2-26.0) 13,447 46.7 (45.9-47.5) 25,123 69.5 (68.9-70.1)More developed regions 282,155 3.8 (3.7-3.9) 28,495 25.9 (25.4-26.4) 33,652 54.1 (53.6-54.6) 25,105 71.8 (71.2-72.4)Africa 19,726 3.8 (3.5-4.1) 465 24.9 (21.2-29.1) 399 38.6 (34.0-43.5) 3,814 67.2 (65.7-68.7)
Eastern Africa 4,115 4.7 (4.1-5.4) 150 30.0 (23.2-37.8) 138 45.7 (37.6-54.0) 1,329 67.9 (65.3-70.3)Middle Africa - - - 24 12.5 (4.3-31.0) - - - - - -Northern Africa 2,224 3.0 (2.4-3.8) 24 20.8 (9.2-40.5) - - - 653 78.9 (75.6-81.8)Southern Africa 8,661 3.2 (2.8-3.6) 57 21.1 (12.5-33.3) 98 33.7 (25.1-43.5) 791 62.5 (59.0-65.8)Western Africa 4,726 4.3 (3.8-4.9) 210 24.3 (19.0-30.5) 163 35.6 (28.6-43.2) 926 55.6 (52.4-58.8)
Americas 105,042 4.5 (4.4-4.6) 9,893 26.7 (25.8-27.6) 13,590 56.9 (56.1-57.7) 10,022 68.2 (67.3-69.1)Caribbean 323 15.8 (12.2-20.2) 263 7.6 (5.0-11.5) 285 32.6 (27.5-38.3) 133 60.2 (51.7-68.1)Central America 16,786 4.1 (3.8-4.4) 1,424 15.0 (13.3-17.0) 559 40.8 (36.8-44.9) 2,897 63.1 (61.3-64.8)Northern America 77,952 4.4 (4.3-4.5) 6,015 27.1 (26.0-28.2) 10,230 58.6 (57.6-59.6) 3,707 71.4 (69.9-72.8)South America 10,180 5.8 (5.4-6.3) 2,191 35.6 (33.6-37.6) 2,516 56.3 (54.4-58.2) 6,239 62.6 (61.4-63.8)
Asia 142,676 3.4 (3.3-3.5) 7,959 21.2 (20.3-22.1) 13,444 42.1 (41.3-42.9) 20,766 68.9 (68.3-69.5)Central Asia - - - - - - - - - - - -Eastern Asia 111,548 3.4 (3.3-3.5) 6,981 20.3 (19.4-21.3) 10,551 41.0 (40.1-41.9) 15,236 65.0 (64.2-65.8)South-Eastern Asia 8,755 3.0 (2.7-3.4) 474 27.4 (23.6-31.6) 1,044 33.4 (30.6-36.3) 3,350 70.4 (68.8-71.9)Southern Asia 14,520 4.4 (4.1-4.7) 225 30.2 (24.6-36.5) 287 63.4 (57.7-68.8) 2,757 80.3 (78.8-81.7)Western Asia 7,853 2.5 (2.2-2.9) 279 24.0 (19.4-29.4) 1,562 52.3 (49.8-54.8) 929 72.4 (69.5-75.2)
Europe 180,090 3.8 (3.7-3.9) 19,401 27.1 (26.5-27.7) 21,140 54.5 (53.8-55.2) 18,406 74.0 (73.4-74.6)Eastern Europe 7,818 9.7 (9.1-10.4) 1,058 31.8 (29.0-34.6) 661 60.5 (56.7-64.2) 1,677 84.7 (82.9-86.3)Northern Europe 86,821 4.2 (4.1-4.3) 4,949 30.6 (29.3-31.9) 8,448 54.9 (53.8-56.0) 5,921 77.0 (75.9-78.1)Southern Europe 31,831 3.8 (3.6-4.0) 10,519 25.4 (24.6-26.2) 5,866 53.2 (51.9-54.5) 4,037 68.0 (66.5-69.4)Western Europe 56,074 2.6 (2.5-2.7) 2,875 25.2 (23.7-26.8) 3,062 59.4 (57.7-61.1) 3,028 78.7 (77.2-80.1)
Oceania 2,997 8.3 (7.4-9.4) 473 27.1 (23.3-31.2) 1,629 59.1 (56.7-61.5) 855 76.6 (73.7-79.3)Australia & New Zealand 2,271 8.5 (7.4-9.7) 473 27.1 (23.3-31.2) 1,517 58.4 (55.9-60.9) 785 76.1 (72.9-78.9)Melanesia 726 7.7 (6.0-9.9) - - - 112 68.8 (59.7-76.6) 70 82.9 (72.4-89.9)Micronesia - - - - - - - - - - - -Polynesia - - - - - - - - - - - -
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015 / 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1;Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 121 -
Figure 47: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country andstudy
CountryAlgeria
Benin
Guinea
Kenya
Morocco
Mozambique
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
StudyHammouda 2011
Hammouda 2005
Piras 2011
Keita 2009
De Vuyst 2010
De Vuyst 2003
Alhamany 2010
Amrani 2003
Chaouki 1998
Castellsagué 2001
Gage 2012
Thomas 2004
Xi 2003
Astori 1999
McDonald 2012
Allan 2008
Jones 2007
Dartell 2014
Watson−Jones 2013
Hassen 2003
Odida 2011
N 732
133
258
752
454
369
785
306
172
187
1,075
844
1,639
158
7,445
848
368
2,737
117
96
251
% (95% CI)0.5 (0.2−1.4)
6.8 (3.6−12.4)
4.3 (2.4−7.5)
6.6 (5.1−8.7)
7.5 (5.4−10.3)
3.5 (2.1−5.9)
2.2 (1.4−3.4)
1.3 (0.5−3.3)
4.1 (2.0−8.2)
4.8 (2.6−8.9)
1.5 (0.9−2.4)
3.0 (2.0−4.3)
1.0 (0.6−1.7)
5.7 (3.0−10.5)
2.0 (1.7−2.3)
2.0 (1.3−3.2)
1.6 (0.7−3.5)
1.8 (1.3−2.3)
12.8 (7.9−20.1)
5.2 (2.2−11.6)
2.8 (1.4−5.6)
0% 10% 20% 30%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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Figure 48: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas bycountry and study
CountryArgentina
Belize
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Greenland
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad & Tob.
USA
StudyMatos 2003
Chouhy 2013
Abba 2003
Badano 2011
Cathro 2009
Noronha 2005
da Silva 2012
Miranda 2012
de Abreu 2012
Rocha 2013
Lorenzato 2000
Muñoz 1996
Cassel 2014
Tamegão−Lopes 2014
Fernandes 2013
Jiang 2013
Moore 2009
Demers 2012
Ferreccio 2004
Molano 2002
Muñoz 1996
Herrero 2005
Soto 2014
Svare 1998
Vallès 2009
Ferrera 1999
Tábora 2005
Illades−Aguiar 2010
Lazcano−Ponce 2001
Giuliano 2001
López Rivera 2012
Sánchez−Anguiano 2006
Monroy 2010
Giuliano 2005
Illades−Aguiar 2009
Rojo Contreras 2008
Piña−Sánchez 2006
Velázquez−Márquez 2010
Mendoza 2011
Rolón 2000
García 2004
Martorell 2012
Santos 2001
Ragin 2007
Wheeler 2013
Schiffman 2011
Goodman 2008
Insinga 2007
Cibas 2007
Wideroff 1998
N 843
774
152
139
426
433
418
399
370
314
215
194
158
120
110
13,379
4,003
517
913
1,831
307
7,459
111
118
274
438
100
3,117
1,340
995
916
487
272
258
256
189
159
100
202
91
501
203
175
212
33,614
18,450
2,356
1,203
1,000
958
% (95% CI)3.2 (2.2−4.6)
8.3 (6.5−10.4)
15.1 (10.3−21.7)
6.5 (3.4−11.8)
1.2 (0.5−2.7)
0.5 (0.1−1.7)
1.2 (0.5−2.8)
5.0 (3.3−7.6)
1.4 (0.6−3.1)
9.6 (6.8−13.3)
7.0 (4.3−11.2)
5.2 (2.8−9.2)
8.9 (5.4−14.3)
9.2 (5.2−15.7)
14.5 (9.2−22.3)
3.6 (3.3−4.0)
8.7 (7.9−9.6)
1.9 (1.1−3.5)
2.1 (1.3−3.2)
3.3 (2.6−4.3)
5.5 (3.5−8.7)
2.2 (1.9−2.6)
35.1 (26.9−44.4)
21.2 (14.8−29.4)
3.3 (1.7−6.1)
11.0 (8.4−14.2)
6.0 (2.8−12.5)
2.3 (1.9−2.9)
1.7 (1.1−2.6)
1.2 (0.7−2.1)
1.0 (0.5−1.9)
2.9 (1.7−4.8)
1.1 (0.4−3.2)
0.8 (0.2−2.8)
11.3 (8.0−15.8)
9.0 (5.7−13.9)
3.8 (1.7−8.0)
9.0 (4.8−16.2)
4.5 (2.4−8.2)
5.5 (2.4−12.2)
2.4 (1.4−4.1)
12.3 (8.5−17.5)
4.0 (2.0−8.0)
2.4 (1.0−5.4)
2.6 (2.4−2.8)
2.2 (2.0−2.4)
4.7 (3.9−5.6)
6.8 (5.5−8.4)
0.5 (0.2−1.2)
2.7 (1.9−3.9)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 123 -
Figure 49: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)
CountryUSA
Uruguay
StudyGiuliano 2001
Moscicki 2001
Evans 2006
Swan 1999
Hernandez 2004
Chaturvedi 2005
Berois 2014
Ramas 2013
N881
547
300
270
183
173
883
236
% (95% CI)2.6 (1.7−3.9)
26.7 (23.2−30.6)
9.7 (6.8−13.5)
3.0 (1.5−5.7)
1.6 (0.6−4.7)
1.2 (0.3−4.1)
3.4 (2.4−4.8)
2.1 (0.9−4.9)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 124 -
Figure 50: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country andstudy
CountryBahrain
Bhutan
China
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Lebanon
StudyHajjaj 2006
Tshomo 2014
Mai 2014
Zhao 2014
Zhao 2009
Wu 2013
Li 2013
Yuan 2011
Jin 2010
Wu 2007
Li 2006
Dai 2006
Bian 2013
Wu 2010
Sun 2010
Alibegashvili 2011
Dutta 2012
Laikangbam 2007
Franceschi 2005
Gupta 2009
Aggarwal 2006
Kerkar 2011
Bhatla 2008
Vinodhini 2012
Arora 2005
Singh 2009
de Boer 2006
Khodakarami 2012
Safaei 2010
Moradi 2011
Inoue 2006
Maehama 2005
Asato 2004
Takehara 2011
Sasagawa 2001
Onuki 2009
Konno 2011
Sasagawa 1997
Nishiwaki 2008
Yoshikawa 1999
Kim 2013
Hwang 2004
Kim 2012
Oh 2001
An 2003
Shin 2003
Lee 2003
Cho 2003
Al−Awadhi 2011
Mroueh 2002
N 91
2,272
22,114
5,416
5,284
3,737
3,115
3,112
2,847
942
663
601
379
314
165
1,247
2,313
2,038
1,799
769
472
470
458
257
160
109
200
791
400
226
7,260
4,078
3,249
2,068
1,562
1,517
908
778
292
130
6,681
1,609
1,214
1,144
1,143
821
746
414
3,011
1,026
% (95% CI)1.1 (0.2−6.0)
3.4 (2.8−4.3)
3.6 (3.4−3.9)
2.1 (1.7−2.5)
1.7 (1.4−2.0)
1.0 (0.7−1.4)
2.9 (2.3−3.5)
2.3 (1.8−2.9)
1.0 (0.7−1.4)
1.9 (1.2−3.0)
2.1 (1.3−3.5)
3.5 (2.3−5.3)
4.7 (3.0−7.4)
3.5 (2.0−6.2)
10.9 (7.0−16.6)
0.5 (0.2−1.0)
0.5 (0.3−0.9)
4.7 (3.9−5.7)
2.8 (2.2−3.7)
10.1 (8.2−12.5)
3.6 (2.3−5.7)
1.5 (0.7−3.0)
2.2 (1.2−4.0)
8.9 (6.0−13.1)
9.4 (5.8−14.9)
8.3 (4.4−15.0)
2.0 (0.8−5.0)
1.8 (1.1−2.9)
2.0 (1.0−3.9)
4.0 (2.1−7.4)
1.2 (1.0−1.5)
0.3 (0.2−0.5)
0.5 (0.3−0.8)
1.5 (1.0−2.1)
1.3 (0.8−2.0)
2.6 (1.9−3.6)
4.1 (3.0−5.6)
1.0 (0.5−2.0)
4.5 (2.6−7.5)
0.8 (0.1−4.2)
1.6 (1.3−1.9)
6.3 (5.2−7.6)
9.9 (8.3−11.7)
0.6 (0.3−1.3)
22.4 (20.1−24.9)
0.7 (0.3−1.6)
4.3 (3.1−6.0)
22.9 (19.2−27.2)
0.2 (0.1−0.5)
3.0 (2.1−4.3)
0% 10% 20% 30%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 125 -
Figure 51: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country andstudy (continued)
CountryMalaysia
Mongolia
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Viet Nam
StudyOthman 2014
Dondog 2008
Sherpa 2010
Johnson 2014
Raza 2010
Ngelangel 1998
Lai 2012
Chen 2011
Huang 2008
Tsai 2005
Lin 2005
Laowahutanont 2014
Sukvirach 2003
Chichareon 1998
Suwannarurk 2009
Natphopsuk 2013
Chopjitt 2009
Chaiwongkot 2007
Sriamporn 2006
Siritantikorn 1997
Settheetham−Ishida 2005
Ozalp 2012
Demir 2012
Altun 2011
Tezcan 2014
Dursun 2009
Bayram 2011
Pham 2003
N 588
842
898
211
877
377
14,724
10,067
1,310
175
127
2,735
1,659
261
225
198
160
140
113
102
100
564
530
460
380
310
234
1,897
% (95% CI)0.9 (0.4−2.0)
4.8 (3.5−6.4)
1.4 (0.8−2.5)
0.9 (0.3−3.4)
0.5 (0.2−1.2)
1.3 (0.6−3.1)
0.2 (0.2−0.3)
1.4 (1.2−1.6)
1.1 (0.6−1.8)
2.9 (1.2−6.5)
3.1 (1.2−7.8)
1.2 (0.9−1.7)
0.7 (0.4−1.3)
4.6 (2.6−7.9)
4.0 (2.1−7.4)
5.6 (3.1−9.7)
5.6 (3.0−10.3)
12.9 (8.3−19.4)
7.1 (3.6−13.4)
1.0 (0.2−5.3)
8.0 (4.1−15.0)
1.4 (0.7−2.8)
3.6 (2.3−5.5)
1.7 (0.9−3.4)
4.2 (2.6−6.7)
7.1 (4.7−10.5)
2.6 (1.2−5.5)
1.5 (1.0−2.1)
0% 10% 20%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 126 -
Figure 52: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy
CountryBelarus
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
StudyRogovskaya 2013
Arbyn 2009
Baay 2005
Schmitt 2013
Weyn 2013
Depuydt 2003
Baay 2001
Grahovac 2007
Tachezy 2013
Nielsen 2008
Kjaer 2008
Bonde 2014
Svare 1998
Heard 2013
Vaucel 2011
Casalegno 2011
Pannier−Stockman 2008
Beby−Defaux 2004
Klug 2007
Iftner 2010
de Jonge 2013
Argyri 2013
Tsiodras 2011
Agorastos 2004
Tsiodras 2010
Panotopoulou 2007
Anderson 2013
Keegan 2007
Agarossi 2009
Giorgi Rossi 2011
Ronco 2005
Panatto 2013
Centurioni 2005
Sammarco 2013
Astori 1997
Tornesello 2006
Tornesello 2008
Gudleviciene 2005
Simanaviciene 2014
Bulkmans 2007
Jacobs 2000
Rozendaal 2000
Zielinski 2001
Molden 2005
Gjøoen 1996
Bardin 2008
Pista 2011
Moga 2014
Rogovskaya 2013
Shipitsyna 2011
N 322
8,729
2,293
913
906
287
286
205
1,302
11,663
10,918
4,435
119
3,023
980
302
289
170
7,833
1,692
1,463
2,218
1,348
1,272
1,029
639
5,068
579
9,148
3,151
997
566
500
244
197
183
107
332
277
21,245
3,299
2,250
114
3,970
222
799
425
801
833
741
% (95% CI)7.1 (4.8−10.5)
2.3 (2.1−2.7)
2.1 (1.6−2.8)
5.6 (4.3−7.3)
2.1 (1.3−3.3)
4.2 (2.4−7.2)
2.8 (1.4−5.4)
15.6 (11.3−21.2)
4.8 (3.8−6.1)
4.0 (3.6−4.3)
4.8 (4.4−5.2)
5.3 (4.7−6.0)
8.4 (4.6−14.8)
3.0 (2.5−3.7)
3.6 (2.6−4.9)
10.6 (7.6−14.6)
9.3 (6.5−13.3)
1.8 (0.6−5.1)
1.1 (0.9−1.4)
6.6 (5.5−7.8)
4.9 (3.9−6.2)
2.6 (2.0−3.4)
4.0 (3.1−5.2)
0.4 (0.2−0.9)
0.0 (0.0−0.4)
0.5 (0.2−1.4)
3.2 (2.7−3.7)
1.7 (0.9−3.1)
3.0 (2.7−3.4)
2.1 (1.7−2.7)
2.7 (1.9−3.9)
2.8 (1.7−4.5)
8.8 (6.6−11.6)
6.6 (4.1−10.4)
5.1 (2.8−9.1)
8.7 (5.5−13.7)
2.8 (1.0−7.9)
6.9 (4.7−10.2)
4.3 (2.5−7.4)
1.0 (0.9−1.1)
0.9 (0.7−1.3)
2.7 (2.1−3.4)
1.8 (0.5−6.2)
1.3 (1.0−1.7)
6.3 (3.8−10.3)
2.8 (1.8−4.1)
5.2 (3.4−7.7)
7.5 (5.9−9.5)
7.1 (5.5−9.0)
2.7 (1.8−4.1)
0% 10% 20% 30%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 127 -
Figure 53: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
CountryRussia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
UK
StudyAlexandrova 1999
Komarova 2010
Ucakar 2012
Castellsagué 2012
de Sanjose 2003
Dillner 2008
González 2006
Muñoz 1996
Naucler 2007
Ylitalo 2000
Kjellberg 1998
Sargent 2008
Hibbitts 2014
Cuschieri 2004
Cuzick 1999
Cuzick 1995
Hibbitts 2006
Grainge 2005
N 309
257
4,199
3,059
847
721
447
329
5,877
617
295
21,364
10,890
3,089
2,855
1,818
1,777
656
% (95% CI)7.4 (5.0−10.9)
24.1 (19.3−29.7)
3.7 (3.2−4.3)
2.5 (2.0−3.1)
0.4 (0.1−1.0)
3.1 (2.0−4.6)
1.3 (0.6−2.9)
1.8 (0.8−3.9)
1.7 (1.4−2.0)
5.8 (4.2−8.0)
1.0 (0.3−2.9)
1.5 (1.3−1.7)
4.3 (3.9−4.7)
4.4 (3.7−5.2)
0.1 (0.0−0.3)
1.3 (0.9−2.0)
1.4 (0.9−2.0)
1.4 (0.7−2.6)
0% 10% 20% 30%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 128 -
Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by countryand study
Country
Australia
Vanuatu
Study
Tabrizi 2014
Aruhuri 2012
N
2,271
726
% (95% CI)
5.8 (4.9−6.8)
6.5 (4.9−8.5)
0% 10%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 129 -
Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country andstudy
CountryDR Congo
Ethiopia
Guinea
Kenya
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Zimbabwe
StudyHovland 2010
Abate 2013
Keita 2009
De Vuyst 2003
De Vuyst 2010
Alhamany 2010
Thomas 2004
Gage 2012
Xi 2003
Chabaud 1996
Allan 2008
Sawaya 2008
N10
11
16
30
12
24
34
32
86
42
57
97
% (95% CI)0.0 (0.0−27.8)
100.0 (74.1−100.0)
18.8 (6.6−43.0)
13.3 (5.3−29.7)
8.3 (1.5−35.4)
16.7 (6.7−35.9)
5.9 (1.6−19.1)
6.3 (1.7−20.1)
8.1 (4.0−15.9)
40.5 (27.0−55.5)
12.3 (6.1−23.2)
19.6 (12.9−28.6)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 130 -
Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study
CountryArgentina
Belize
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Ecuador
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
USA
StudyAbba 2003
Venezuela 2012
Tonon 1999
Eiguchi 2008
Deluca 2004
Chouhy 2006
Cathro 2009
Tomita 2010
Fernandes 2009
Resende 2014
Ribeiro 2011
Lorenzato 2000
Carestiato 2006
Franco 1999
Pitta 2010
Freitas 2007
Coutlée 2011
Moore 2009
Antonishyn 2008
Jiang 2011
Tran−Thanh 2003
Koushik 2005
Richardson 2003
Sellors 2000
Sellors 2000
López M 2010
Ili 2011
Molano 2002
Del Río−Ospina 2015
García 2011
Soto 2007
Tornesello 2008
Ferreira 2008
Strickler 1999
Rattray 1996
Illades−Aguiar 2010
Velázquez−Márquez 2009
González−Losa 2004
Piña−Sánchez 2006
Giuliano 2001
Carrillo 2004
Torroella−Kouri 1998
Hindryckx 2006
Mendoza 2011
Tonon 1999
Martorell 2012
Wheeler 2006
Wentzensen 2009
Vidal 2014
Einstein 2007
N 279
120
55
37
36
22
10
143
82
82
66
62
55
27
22
15
508
505
344
108
80
53
44
24
22
116
90
70
59
56
15
29
44
186
62
784
233
104
95
33
21
21
79
164
55
22
1,273
431
239
207
% (95% CI)26.5 (21.7−32.0)
14.2 (9.0−21.5)
74.5 (61.7−84.2)
18.9 (9.5−34.2)
8.3 (2.9−21.8)
18.2 (7.3−38.5)
10.0 (1.8−40.4)
28.7 (21.9−36.6)
18.3 (11.4−28.0)
23.2 (15.4−33.4)
27.3 (18.0−39.0)
19.4 (11.4−30.9)
29.1 (18.8−42.1)
25.9 (13.2−44.7)
0.0 (0.0−14.9)
20.0 (7.0−45.2)
27.6 (23.9−31.6)
35.2 (31.2−39.5)
14.2 (10.9−18.3)
19.4 (13.1−27.9)
15.0 (8.8−24.4)
26.4 (16.4−39.6)
18.2 (9.5−32.0)
37.5 (21.2−57.3)
50.0 (30.7−69.3)
22.4 (15.8−30.8)
55.6 (45.3−65.4)
10.0 (4.9−19.2)
42.4 (30.6−55.1)
80.4 (68.2−88.7)
6.7 (1.2−29.8)
34.5 (19.9−52.7)
11.4 (5.0−24.0)
4.3 (2.2−8.3)
6.5 (2.5−15.4)
10.6 (8.6−12.9)
12.9 (9.2−17.8)
5.8 (2.7−12.0)
25.3 (17.6−34.8)
15.2 (6.7−30.9)
19.0 (7.7−40.0)
4.8 (0.8−22.7)
7.6 (3.5−15.6)
19.5 (14.2−26.2)
74.5 (61.7−84.2)
22.7 (10.1−43.4)
21.3 (19.1−23.6)
22.5 (18.8−26.7)
10.0 (6.8−14.5)
6.3 (3.7−10.4)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 131 -
Figure 57: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)
CountryUSA
Uruguay
Venezuela
StudyEvans 2006
Schiff 2000
Tortolero−Luna 1998
Liaw 1999
Kulasingam 2002
Adam 2000
Stoler 2011
Moscicki 2008
Swan 1999
Castle 2011
Jarboe 2004
Lee 2009
Wheeler 2009
Zuna 2007
Voss 2009
Hu 2005
Park 2007
Evans 2002
Guo 2007
Brown 2002
Bell 2007
Kong 2007
Ramas 2013
Correnti 2011
N200
190
175
173
166
161
158
157
149
106
95
76
67
67
59
45
30
28
27
25
12
11
227
200
% (95% CI)15.5 (11.1−21.2)
5.8 (3.3−10.1)
12.6 (8.5−18.3)
7.5 (4.4−12.4)
15.7 (10.9−22.0)
45.3 (37.8−53.1)
10.8 (6.8−16.6)
19.7 (14.3−26.7)
10.1 (6.2−15.9)
8.5 (4.5−15.4)
7.4 (3.6−14.4)
3.9 (1.4−11.0)
26.9 (17.7−38.5)
14.9 (8.3−25.3)
18.6 (10.7−30.4)
8.9 (3.5−20.7)
16.7 (7.3−33.6)
7.1 (2.0−22.6)
0.0 (0.0−12.5)
40.0 (23.4−59.3)
8.3 (1.5−35.4)
27.3 (9.7−56.6)
23.8 (18.7−29.7)
21.0 (15.9−27.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 132 -
Figure 58: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy
CountryBangladesh
China
India
Iran
Japan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Myanmar
Rep. Korea
Taiwan
StudyBanik 2013
Chan 2006
Chan 2012
Yuan 2011
Zhao 2014
Guo 2010
Liu 2010
Li 2013
Ding 2014
Li 2012
Wu 2010
Hong 2008
Tao 2006
Zhang 2013
Liu 2008
Sun 2014
Wu 2013
Zhao 2008
Chan 1999
Jin 2010
Singh 2009
Nair 1999
Franceschi 2005
Berlin Grace 2009
Nagpal 2002
Esmaeili 2008
Ghaffari 2006
Matsumoto 2011
Takehara 2011
Onuki 2009
Saito 2001
Sasagawa 2001
Inoue 2006
Yamasaki 2011
Nishiwaki 2008
Konno 2011
Yoshida 2004
Al−Awadhi 2011
Al−Awadhi 2013
Sharifah 2009
Mu−Mu−Shwe 2014
An 2003
Lee 2007
Cho 2003
Kang 2009
Oh 2001
Hwang 2003
Ding 2008
Chao 2008
Huang 2008
N 13
769
769
302
207
201
180
165
152
143
129
105
101
94
90
81
77
56
51
44
80
37
26
20
14
23
12
479
447
318
151
145
128
125
120
75
12
71
71
23
15
200
167
150
90
28
24
542
51
13
% (95% CI)15.4 (4.3−42.2)
14.0 (11.8−16.7)
14.0 (11.8−16.7)
15.9 (12.2−20.4)
20.8 (15.8−26.8)
20.4 (15.4−26.5)
34.4 (27.9−41.6)
12.7 (8.5−18.7)
7.9 (4.6−13.3)
16.1 (11.0−23.0)
11.6 (7.2−18.3)
13.3 (8.1−21.1)
21.8 (14.8−30.8)
17.0 (10.8−25.9)
5.6 (2.4−12.4)
21.0 (13.5−31.1)
18.2 (11.2−28.2)
12.5 (6.2−23.6)
21.6 (12.5−34.6)
9.1 (3.6−21.2)
23.8 (15.8−34.1)
18.9 (9.5−34.2)
30.8 (16.5−50.0)
0.0 (0.0−16.1)
35.7 (16.3−61.2)
39.1 (22.2−59.2)
41.7 (19.3−68.0)
9.2 (6.9−12.1)
11.4 (8.8−14.7)
8.5 (5.9−12.1)
2.6 (1.0−6.6)
9.0 (5.3−14.7)
17.2 (11.6−24.7)
19.2 (13.3−27.0)
13.3 (8.4−20.6)
20.0 (12.5−30.4)
8.3 (1.5−35.4)
18.3 (11.0−28.8)
18.3 (11.0−28.8)
26.1 (12.5−46.5)
60.0 (35.7−80.2)
36.5 (30.1−43.4)
19.2 (13.9−25.8)
26.7 (20.2−34.3)
17.8 (11.2−26.9)
17.9 (7.9−35.6)
16.7 (6.7−35.9)
6.1 (4.4−8.4)
3.9 (1.1−13.2)
0.0 (0.0−22.8)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 133 -
Figure 59: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy (continued)
CountryThailand
Turkey
StudyChansaenroj 2014
Chaiwongkot 2007
Ekalaksananan 2001
Bhattarakosol 2002
Chansaenroj 2010
Suwannarurk 2009
Yuce 2012
Sahiner 2012
Ergünay 2008
Tezcan 2014
Ozgul 2008
N200
140
45
27
12
12
51
45
14
14
13
% (95% CI)27.0 (21.3−33.5)
14.3 (9.4−21.0)
4.4 (1.2−14.8)
0.0 (0.0−12.5)
0.0 (0.0−24.2)
25.0 (8.9−53.2)
19.6 (11.0−32.5)
22.2 (12.5−36.3)
28.6 (11.7−54.6)
7.1 (1.3−31.5)
15.4 (4.3−42.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 134 -
Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by countryand study
CountryBelarus
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
StudyKulmala 2007
Depuydt 2003
Beerens 2005
Arbyn 2009
Weyn 2013
Baay 2001
Grce 2001
Grce 1997
Grce 2004
Tachezy 2011
Kjær 2014
Kjaer 2008
Hording 1995
Prétet 2008
Vaucel 2011
Bergeron 1992
Humbey 2002
Monsonego 2008
de Jonge 2013
Meyer 2001
Klug 2007
Nindl 1999
Merkelbach−Bruse 1999
Argyri 2013
Panotopoulou 2007
Tsiodras 2011
Kroupis 2007
Labropoulou 1997
Mammas 2008
Keegan 2014
Murphy 2003
Butler 2000
Voglino 2000
Spinillo 2014
Chironna 2010
Agarossi 2009
Spinillo 2009
Capra 2008
Astori 1997
Tornesello 2006
Agodi 2009
Gargiulo 2007
Giorgi Rossi 2010
Sandri 2009
Zerbini 2001
Venturoli 2002
Laconi 2000
Menegazzi 2009
Venturoli 2008
Kulmala 2007
N 94
369
324
243
211
58
1,028
183
60
676
287
86
41
397
117
48
40
37
441
130
52
49
16
821
516
314
235
51
46
49
29
26
1,499
1,240
385
383
343
149
111
101
96
83
76
47
43
40
20
12
10
94
% (95% CI)35.1 (26.2−45.2)
20.3 (16.5−24.7)
18.5 (14.7−23.1)
23.5 (18.6−29.2)
10.0 (6.6−14.7)
24.1 (15.0−36.5)
11.6 (9.8−13.7)
6.0 (3.4−10.4)
8.3 (3.6−18.1)
28.4 (25.1−31.9)
17.1 (13.2−21.9)
12.8 (7.3−21.5)
31.7 (19.6−47.0)
21.4 (17.7−25.7)
14.5 (9.3−22.0)
20.8 (11.7−34.3)
30.0 (18.1−45.4)
5.4 (1.5−17.7)
17.5 (14.2−21.3)
13.1 (8.3−19.9)
11.5 (5.4−23.0)
12.2 (5.7−24.2)
68.8 (44.4−85.8)
14.5 (12.3−17.1)
6.8 (4.9−9.3)
17.8 (14.0−22.4)
23.4 (18.4−29.2)
11.8 (5.5−23.4)
21.7 (12.3−35.6)
40.8 (28.2−54.8)
72.4 (54.3−85.3)
0.0 (0.0−12.9)
24.7 (22.6−27.0)
25.6 (23.2−28.1)
13.0 (10.0−16.7)
19.8 (16.2−24.1)
36.7 (31.8−42.0)
11.4 (7.2−17.5)
24.3 (17.3−33.1)
36.6 (27.9−46.4)
32.3 (23.8−42.2)
15.7 (9.4−25.0)
21.1 (13.4−31.5)
21.3 (12.0−34.9)
14.0 (6.6−27.3)
7.5 (2.6−19.9)
30.0 (14.5−51.9)
16.7 (4.7−44.8)
20.0 (5.7−51.0)
35.1 (26.2−45.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 135 -
Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by countryand study (continued)
CountryLithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
StudyGudleviciene 2005
Bollen 1997
Prinsen 2007
Reesink−Peters 2001
Roberts 2006
Molden 2005
Medeiros 2005
Nobre 2010
Ursu 2011
Anton 2011
Kulmala 2007
de Oña 2010
Martín 2011
Herraez−Hernandez 2013
García−Sierra 2009
Conesa−Zamora 2009
Doménech−Peris 2010
Söderlund−Strand 2011
Brismar−Wendel 2009
Kalantari 1997
Andersson 2005
Zehbe 1996
Dobec 2011
Sargent 2008
Howell−Jones 2010
Anderson 2013
Cuschieri 2004
Hibbitts 2008
Giannoudis 1999
Jamison 2009
Woo 2010
Cuzick 1999
Southern 2001
Arends 1993
Cuzick 1994
N 15
134
38
35
40
20
416
28
107
87
94
1,356
387
236
108
75
21
1,035
223
141
50
45
136
878
697
417
243
126
118
97
60
50
49
20
13
% (95% CI)6.7 (1.2−29.8)
12.7 (8.1−19.4)
7.9 (2.7−20.8)
28.6 (16.3−45.1)
5.0 (1.4−16.5)
25.0 (11.2−46.9)
44.2 (39.5−49.0)
10.7 (3.7−27.2)
5.6 (2.6−11.7)
11.5 (6.4−19.9)
35.1 (26.2−45.2)
12.2 (10.6−14.1)
24.8 (20.8−29.3)
39.8 (33.8−46.2)
17.6 (11.6−25.8)
29.3 (20.2−40.4)
23.8 (10.6−45.1)
24.2 (21.6−26.9)
20.6 (15.8−26.4)
17.7 (12.3−24.9)
20.0 (11.2−33.0)
40.0 (27.0−54.5)
25.0 (18.5−32.9)
17.3 (15.0−20.0)
20.5 (17.7−23.7)
24.0 (20.1−28.3)
28.0 (22.7−33.9)
27.8 (20.7−36.2)
12.7 (7.9−19.9)
27.8 (19.9−37.5)
41.7 (30.1−54.3)
12.0 (5.6−23.8)
10.2 (4.4−21.8)
15.0 (5.2−36.0)
23.1 (8.2−50.3)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 136 -
Figure 62: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by countryand study
Country
Australia
Study
Garland 2011
Stevens 2009
Brestovac 2005
N
239
196
38
% (95% CI)
24.3 (19.3−30.1)
13.3 (9.2−18.7)
28.9 (17.0−44.8)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 137 -
Figure 63: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Africa by countryand study
CountryEthiopia
Guinea
Kenya
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
StudyAbate 2013
Keita 2009
De Vuyst 2003
Haghshenas 2013
Gage 2012
Xi 2003
Chabaud 1996
Allan 2008
van Aardt Unpublished
Dartell 2014
Sawaya 2008
N11
15
20
32
27
66
23
53
45
96
11
% (95% CI)54.5 (28.0−78.7)
20.0 (7.0−45.2)
45.0 (25.8−65.8)
21.9 (11.0−38.8)
22.2 (10.6−40.8)
19.7 (11.9−30.8)
43.5 (25.6−63.2)
18.9 (10.6−31.4)
31.1 (19.5−45.7)
30.2 (21.9−40.0)
9.1 (1.6−37.7)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 138 -
Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study
CountryArgentina
Belize
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
USA
StudyAbba 2003
Alonio 2003
Venezuela 2012
Chouhy 2006
Cathro 2009
Resende 2014
Tomita 2010
Chagas 2015
Fernandes 2010
Camara 2003
Pitta 2010
Ribeiro 2011
Lorenzato 2000
Fernandes 2009
Terra 2007
Krambeck 2008
Freitas 2007
Coutlée 2011
Antonishyn 2008
Moore 2009
Jiang 2011
Ili 2011
Muñoz 1992
Bosch 1993
García 2011
Herrero 2005
Soto 2007
Mejía 2016
Ferreira 2008
Strickler 1999
Rattray 1996
Illades−Aguiar 2010
Piña−Sánchez 2006
Velázquez−Márquez 2009
Torroella−Kouri 1998
Giuliano 2001
Hindryckx 2006
Mendoza 2011
Martorell 2012
Hariri 2012
Joste 2015
Wheeler 2009
Wentzensen 2009
Castle 2010
Castle 2011
Wheeler 2006
Adam 1998
Evans 2006
Hariri 2012
Moscicki 2008
N 82
50
42
12
15
443
367
113
102
95
85
83
60
56
33
16
10
365
305
63
21
110
135
125
49
108
36
109
81
183
66
91
59
51
24
22
108
74
32
3,058
1,880
1,230
626
608
367
331
257
199
180
122
% (95% CI)48.8 (38.3−59.4)
54.0 (40.4−67.0)
21.4 (11.7−35.9)
58.3 (32.0−80.7)
46.7 (24.8−69.9)
49.2 (44.6−53.9)
59.9 (54.9−64.8)
35.4 (27.2−44.6)
61.8 (52.1−70.6)
30.5 (22.2−40.4)
51.8 (41.3−62.1)
48.2 (37.8−58.8)
56.7 (44.1−68.4)
53.6 (40.7−66.0)
69.7 (52.7−82.6)
25.0 (10.2−49.5)
40.0 (16.8−68.7)
65.5 (60.5−70.2)
46.9 (41.4−52.5)
52.4 (40.3−64.2)
38.1 (20.8−59.1)
55.5 (46.1−64.4)
34.8 (27.3−43.2)
32.8 (25.2−41.4)
91.8 (80.8−96.8)
45.4 (36.3−54.8)
27.8 (15.8−44.0)
33.9 (25.7−43.2)
35.8 (26.2−46.7)
23.5 (17.9−30.1)
24.2 (15.5−35.8)
27.5 (19.4−37.4)
42.4 (30.6−55.1)
13.7 (6.8−25.7)
58.3 (38.8−75.5)
27.3 (13.2−48.2)
26.9 (19.4−35.9)
41.9 (31.3−53.3)
50.0 (33.6−66.4)
47.2 (45.4−49.0)
54.1 (51.8−56.3)
56.3 (53.5−59.0)
58.8 (54.9−62.6)
59.9 (55.9−63.7)
44.4 (39.4−49.5)
47.7 (42.4−53.1)
51.0 (44.9−57.0)
49.2 (42.4−56.1)
48.9 (41.7−56.1)
47.5 (38.9−56.3)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 139 -
Figure 65: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)
CountryUSA
Venezuela
StudyZuna 2007
Einstein 2007
Hu 2005
Vidal 2014
Stoler 2011
Guo 2007
Voss 2009
Kong 2007
Evans 2003
Bell 2007
Lee 2009
Sánchez−Lander 2012
N122
97
97
88
80
61
26
14
13
10
10
233
% (95% CI)43.4 (35.0−52.3)
41.2 (32.0−51.2)
40.2 (31.0−50.2)
29.5 (21.0−39.8)
51.2 (40.5−61.9)
36.1 (25.2−48.6)
61.5 (42.5−77.6)
50.0 (26.8−73.2)
92.3 (66.7−98.6)
40.0 (16.8−68.7)
60.0 (31.3−83.2)
53.6 (47.2−59.9)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 140 -
Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy
CountryChina
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Rep. Korea
StudyChan 2006
Chan 2012
Yuan 2011
Li 2012
Singh 2015
Ding 2014
Guo 2010
Tao 2006
Li 2013
Zhao 2008
Liu 2008
Chan 1999
Wu 2013
Zhang 2013
Li 2011
Sun 2014
Zhao 2014
Chan 1996
Wu 1994
Jin 2010
Deodhar 2012
Singh 2009
Nagpal 2002
Franceschi 2005
Esmaeili 2008
Bassal 2015
Laskov 2013
Azuma 2014
Takehara 2011
Onuki 2009
Sasagawa 2001
Yamasaki 2011
Okadome 2014
Nakamura 2015
Matsumoto 2011
Inoue 2006
Nishiwaki 2008
Nagai 2000
Yoshida 2004
Ichimura 2003
Tsuda 2003
Niwa 2003
Al−Awadhi 2011
Al−Awadhi 2013
Quek 2013
Kang 2009
Kahng 2014
Quek 2013
Hwang 2003
Cho 2003
N1,577
1,577
518
457
399
256
156
153
147
140
99
89
72
68
63
50
46
45
34
33
146
62
25
20
34
886
32
832
449
307
137
128
122
99
91
83
73
58
33
29
26
18
12
12
73
317
100
100
73
72
% (95% CI)35.7 (33.4−38.1)
35.8 (33.4−38.2)
47.5 (43.2−51.8)
44.6 (40.1−49.2)
10.5 (7.9−13.9)
49.2 (43.2−55.3)
35.3 (28.2−43.0)
39.9 (32.5−47.8)
42.9 (35.1−50.9)
32.1 (25.0−40.3)
36.4 (27.6−46.2)
25.8 (17.9−35.8)
59.7 (48.2−70.3)
64.7 (52.8−75.0)
34.9 (24.3−47.2)
44.0 (31.2−57.7)
63.0 (48.6−75.5)
24.4 (14.2−38.7)
35.3 (21.5−52.1)
15.2 (6.7−30.9)
65.1 (57.0−72.3)
45.2 (33.4−57.5)
48.0 (30.0−66.5)
35.0 (18.1−56.7)
64.7 (47.9−78.5)
65.9 (62.7−69.0)
71.9 (54.6−84.4)
41.8 (38.5−45.2)
28.1 (24.1−32.4)
22.8 (18.5−27.8)
35.8 (28.2−44.1)
43.8 (35.5−52.4)
27.0 (20.0−35.5)
38.4 (29.4−48.2)
15.4 (9.4−24.2)
33.7 (24.5−44.4)
28.8 (19.7−40.0)
37.9 (26.6−50.8)
33.3 (19.8−50.4)
41.4 (25.5−59.3)
11.5 (4.0−29.0)
38.9 (20.3−61.4)
33.3 (13.8−60.9)
33.3 (13.8−60.9)
41.1 (30.5−52.6)
39.7 (34.5−45.2)
45.0 (35.6−54.8)
36.0 (27.3−45.8)
24.7 (16.2−35.6)
51.4 (40.1−62.6)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 141 -
Figure 67: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy (continued)
CountryRep. Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Viet Nam
StudyOh 2001
Quek 2013
Chao 2010
Lai 2003
Ho 2005
Chao 2008
Lin 2005
Swangvaree 2013
Chansaenroj 2014
Sukasem 2011
Limpaiboon 2000
Baser 2014
Sahiner 2012
Yuce 2012
Quek 2013
N 42
106
1,086
131
97
57
12
355
200
166
21
584
20
16
123
% (95% CI)40.5 (27.0−55.5)
39.6 (30.8−49.1)
24.1 (21.7−26.8)
27.5 (20.6−35.7)
18.6 (12.1−27.4)
17.5 (9.8−29.4)
33.3 (13.8−60.9)
12.4 (9.4−16.2)
36.5 (30.1−43.4)
33.7 (27.0−41.2)
33.3 (17.2−54.6)
25.3 (22.0−29.0)
60.0 (38.7−78.1)
25.0 (10.2−49.5)
34.1 (26.4−42.9)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 142 -
Figure 68: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by countryand study
CountryAustria
Belarus
Belgium
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Europe
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
StudyRössler 2013
Kulmala 2007
Depuydt 2003
Beerens 2005
Arbyn 2009
Baay 2001
Grce 2001
Grce 2004
Tachezy 2011
Kjær 2014
Thomsen 2015
Kirschner 2013
Kjaer 2008
Bonde 2014
Sebbelov 1994
Hording 1995
Tjalma 2013
Prétet 2008
Vaucel 2011
Monsonego 2008
Meyer 2001
de Jonge 2013
Merkelbach−Bruse 1999
Nindl 1997
Nindl 1999
Klug 2007
Argyri 2013
Panotopoulou 2007
Tsiodras 2011
Labropoulou 1997
Agorastos 2005
Daponte 2006
Paraskevaidis 2001
Kroupis 2007
Szoke 2003
Sigurdsson 2007
Keegan 2014
Murphy 2003
Butler 2000
O'Leary 1998
Spinillo 2014
Carozzi 2010
Carozzi 2014
Zerbini 2001
Sandri 2009
Agarossi 2009
Gargiulo 2007
Tornesello 2006
Venturoli 2008
Laconi 2000
N 204
91
134
123
109
97
783
158
311
1,156
732
225
177
106
34
30
3,103
493
141
54
288
247
88
85
65
46
78
60
54
50
43
29
28
26
75
441
242
64
27
20
1,344
529
204
89
76
73
67
65
56
36
% (95% CI)55.9 (49.0−62.5)
56.0 (45.8−65.8)
50.0 (41.7−58.3)
43.1 (34.7−51.9)
34.9 (26.6−44.2)
56.7 (46.8−66.1)
17.1 (14.6−19.9)
20.3 (14.7−27.2)
58.2 (52.7−63.5)
52.1 (49.2−54.9)
35.8 (32.4−39.3)
46.2 (39.8−52.7)
48.0 (40.8−55.3)
34.9 (26.5−44.4)
85.3 (69.9−93.6)
50.0 (33.2−66.8)
47.2 (45.5−49.0)
62.3 (57.9−66.4)
42.6 (34.7−50.8)
33.3 (22.2−46.6)
46.2 (40.5−52.0)
34.4 (28.8−40.5)
61.4 (50.9−70.9)
36.5 (27.0−47.1)
56.9 (44.8−68.2)
54.3 (40.2−67.8)
37.2 (27.3−48.3)
36.7 (25.6−49.3)
50.0 (37.1−62.9)
36.0 (24.1−49.9)
58.1 (43.3−71.6)
51.7 (34.4−68.6)
35.7 (20.7−54.2)
50.0 (32.1−67.9)
57.3 (46.1−67.9)
51.2 (46.6−55.9)
69.4 (63.4−74.9)
78.1 (66.6−86.5)
70.4 (51.5−84.1)
95.0 (76.4−99.1)
48.4 (45.8−51.1)
62.9 (58.8−67.0)
53.9 (47.1−60.6)
50.6 (40.4−60.7)
73.7 (62.8−82.3)
53.4 (42.1−64.4)
38.8 (28.0−50.8)
47.7 (36.0−59.6)
60.7 (47.6−72.4)
50.0 (34.5−65.5)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 143 -
Figure 69: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by countryand study (continued)
CountryItaly
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
StudyCapra 2008
Kulmala 2007
Simanaviciene 2014
Gudleviciene 2005
Tang 2009
Bulkmans 2005
Reesink−Peters 2001
Cornelissen 1992
Prinsen 2007
van Duin 2003
Roberts 2006
Sjoeborg 2010
Kraus 2004
Molden 2005
Pista 2013
Pista 2011
Medeiros 2005
Nobre 2010
Anton 2011
Ursu 2011
Kulmala 2007
Kovanda 2009
de Oña 2010
Bosch 1993
Muñoz 1992
Martín 2011
Herraez−Hernandez 2013
Conesa−Zamora 2009
Darwich 2011
García−Sierra 2009
Kalantari 1997
Andersson 2005
Zehbe 1996
Dobec 2011
Howell−Jones 2010
Sargent 2008
Cuzick 2014
Geraets 2014
Cuschieri 2004
Hibbitts 2008
Cuzick 1994
Anderson 2013
Jamison 2009
Arends 1993
Herrington 1995
Southern 1998
N 14
91
157
29
253
236
216
89
41
20
885
630
67
25
518
191
132
34
52
41
91
261
306
157
157
82
68
39
34
25
164
116
103
33
1,425
562
354
99
94
93
73
72
51
40
38
26
% (95% CI)42.9 (21.4−67.4)
56.0 (45.8−65.8)
51.6 (43.8−59.3)
48.3 (31.4−65.6)
70.8 (64.9−76.0)
60.6 (54.2−66.6)
56.9 (50.3−63.4)
52.8 (42.5−62.8)
51.2 (36.5−65.7)
65.0 (43.3−81.9)
44.1 (40.8−47.4)
20.6 (17.7−24.0)
49.3 (37.7−60.9)
28.0 (14.3−47.6)
55.6 (51.3−59.8)
27.7 (21.9−34.5)
74.2 (66.2−80.9)
32.4 (19.1−49.2)
48.1 (35.1−61.3)
31.7 (19.6−47.0)
56.0 (45.8−65.8)
62.5 (56.4−68.1)
28.8 (24.0−34.1)
49.0 (41.3−56.8)
51.0 (43.2−58.7)
48.8 (38.3−59.4)
69.1 (57.4−78.8)
33.3 (20.6−49.0)
61.8 (45.0−76.1)
36.0 (20.2−55.5)
35.4 (28.5−42.9)
37.1 (28.8−46.1)
50.5 (41.0−59.9)
57.6 (40.8−72.8)
54.1 (51.5−56.7)
46.8 (42.7−50.9)
31.1 (26.5−36.1)
43.4 (34.1−53.3)
48.9 (39.1−58.9)
40.9 (31.4−51.0)
63.0 (51.5−73.2)
56.9 (45.4−67.7)
49.0 (35.9−62.3)
50.0 (35.2−64.8)
57.9 (42.2−72.1)
61.5 (42.5−77.6)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 144 -
Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by countryand study
CountryAustralia
Fiji
New Zealand
StudyStevens 2009
Stevens 2006
Callegari 2014
Brestovac 2005
Garland 2011
Tabrizi 2011
Kang 2015
N533
302
169
48
47
112
418
% (95% CI)51.4 (47.2−55.6)
37.1 (31.8−42.7)
56.2 (48.7−63.5)
33.3 (21.7−47.5)
51.1 (37.2−64.7)
64.3 (55.1−72.6)
54.3 (49.5−59.0)
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 145 -
Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country andstudy
CountryAfrica
Algeria
Botswana
Ethiopia
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Mali
Morocco
Mozambique
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Studyde Sanjose 2010
Hammouda 2005
Bosch 1995
Ermel 2014
Fanta 2005
Abate 2013
Awua 2016
Denny 2014
Keita 2009
Bosch 1995
De Vuyst 2008
De Vuyst 2012
Bayo 2002
Bosch 1995
Chaouki 1998
El khair 2010
Naucler 2004
Denny 2014
Lin 2001
Xi 2003
Pegoraro 2002
Denny 2014
van Aardt 2015
Williamson 1994
Kay 2003
De Vuyst 2012
Abate 2013
ter Meulen 1992
Bosch 1995
KrennHrubec 2011
Odida 2008
Bosch 1995
Stanczuk 2003
N667
171
10
117
163
128
227
121
60
17
153
80
65
57
152
101
72
145
51
20
190
181
145
59
50
49
78
53
44
141
112
40
95
% (95% CI)38.4 (34.8−42.1)
61.4 (53.9−68.4)
40.0 (16.8−68.7)
32.5 (24.7−41.4)
71.8 (64.4−78.1)
86.7 (79.8−91.5)
7.5 (4.7−11.7)
55.4 (46.5−63.9)
45.0 (33.1−57.5)
41.2 (21.6−64.0)
43.8 (36.2−51.7)
56.3 (45.3−66.6)
47.7 (36.0−59.6)
35.1 (24.0−48.1)
58.6 (50.6−66.1)
58.4 (48.7−67.5)
55.6 (44.1−66.5)
52.4 (44.3−60.4)
37.3 (25.3−51.0)
35.0 (18.1−56.7)
46.8 (39.9−53.9)
47.5 (40.4−54.8)
51.0 (43.0−59.0)
44.1 (32.2−56.7)
82.0 (69.2−90.2)
53.1 (39.4−66.3)
79.5 (69.2−87.0)
37.7 (25.9−51.2)
47.7 (33.8−62.1)
61.0 (52.8−68.7)
48.2 (39.2−57.4)
55.0 (39.8−69.3)
62.1 (52.1−71.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aIncludes cases from Algeria, Mozambique, Nigeria, and UgandaData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 146 -
Figure 72: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by countryand study
CountryArgentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
Greenland
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Trinidad & Tob.
USA
StudyTurazza 1997
Bosch 1995
Alonio 2003
Golijow 2005
Bosch 1995
Serrano 2014
Cambruzzi 2005
Eluf−Neto 1994
de Oliveira 2013
Tomita 2010
Lorenzato 2000
Rabelo−Santos 2003
Bosch 1995
Duggan 1995
Tran−Thanh 2003
Bosch 1995
Roa 2009
Valdivia L 2010
Bosch 1995
Murillo 2009
Muñoz 1992
Moreno−Acosta 2008
Bosch 1995
Herrero 2005
Bosch 1995
Mejía 2016
Sebbelov 2000
Ferreira 2008
Strickler 1999
Guardado−Estrada 2014
Serrano 2014
Carrillo−García 2014
Illades−Aguiar 2009
Aguilar−Lemarroy 2015
Piña−Sánchez 2006
Flores−Miramontes 2015
Torroella−Kouri 1998
Meyer 1998
Alarcón−Romero 2009
González−Losa 2004
Hindryckx 2006
Bosch 1995
Kasamatsu 2012
Rolón 2000
Santos 2001
Martorell 2012
De Boer 2005
Hosein 2013
Wheeler 2009
Hopenhayn 2014
N139
54
39
35
45
526
229
186
172
100
59
48
44
76
50
43
293
90
74
217
111
59
38
35
41
58
32
99
14
924
545
287
133
121
108
87
66
60
15
15
19
68
417
106
196
53
116
78
808
777
% (95% CI)61.9 (53.6−69.5)
59.3 (46.0−71.3)
56.4 (41.0−70.7)
68.6 (52.0−81.4)
35.6 (23.2−50.2)
51.7 (47.4−56.0)
27.1 (21.7−33.2)
58.6 (51.4−65.4)
76.7 (69.9−82.4)
60.0 (50.2−69.1)
59.3 (46.6−70.9)
56.3 (42.3−69.3)
52.3 (37.9−66.2)
35.5 (25.7−46.7)
54.0 (40.4−67.0)
62.8 (47.9−75.6)
76.8 (71.6−81.3)
61.1 (50.8−70.5)
47.3 (36.3−58.5)
51.2 (44.5−57.7)
54.1 (44.8−63.0)
57.6 (44.9−69.4)
52.6 (37.3−67.5)
45.7 (30.5−61.8)
56.1 (41.0−70.1)
37.9 (26.6−50.8)
81.3 (64.7−91.1)
43.4 (34.1−53.3)
21.4 (7.6−47.6)
51.3 (48.1−54.5)
47.9 (43.7−52.1)
56.4 (50.7−62.1)
66.9 (58.5−74.3)
62.8 (53.9−70.9)
72.2 (63.1−79.8)
48.3 (38.1−58.6)
43.9 (32.6−55.9)
43.3 (31.6−55.9)
66.7 (41.7−84.8)
26.7 (10.9−52.0)
52.6 (31.7−72.7)
48.5 (37.1−60.2)
48.0 (43.2−52.8)
60.4 (50.9−69.2)
56.1 (49.1−62.9)
50.9 (37.9−63.9)
35.3 (27.2−44.4)
47.4 (36.7−58.4)
53.2 (49.8−56.6)
50.8 (47.3−54.3)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 147 -
Figure 73: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by countryand study (continued)
CountryUSA
Venezuela
StudySchwartz 2001
Burger 1996
de Sanjose 2010
Joste 2015
Wentzensen 2009
Zuna 2007
Hariri 2012
Pirog 2000
Patel 2009
Sebbelov 2000
Paquette 1993
Quint 2009
Guo 2007
Resnick 1990
Ferguson 1998
Bryan 2006
Wistuba 1997
Burnett 1992
Bosch 1995
Sánchez−Lander 2012
N452
393
173
163
107
93
86
82
77
53
45
40
29
29
27
24
20
18
10
96
% (95% CI)59.1 (54.5−63.5)
51.4 (46.5−56.3)
65.3 (58.0−72.0)
49.1 (41.5−56.7)
55.1 (45.7−64.2)
55.9 (45.8−65.6)
57.0 (46.4−66.9)
36.6 (27.0−47.4)
59.7 (48.6−70.0)
77.4 (64.5−86.5)
48.9 (35.0−63.0)
60.0 (44.6−73.7)
69.0 (50.8−82.7)
75.9 (57.9−87.8)
25.9 (13.2−44.7)
58.3 (38.8−75.5)
60.0 (38.7−78.1)
66.7 (43.7−83.7)
60.0 (31.3−83.2)
67.7 (57.8−76.2)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 148 -
Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy
CountryAsia
China
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Studyde Sanjose 2010
Wang 2015
Lo 2002
Chen 2009
Chan 2012
Chan 2009
Wu 2008
Yuan 2011
Wu 2008
Hong 2008
Qiu 2007
Liu 2010
Lo 2001
Ding 2014
Cai 2009
Cai 2008
Shah 2009
Liu 2004
Zhao 2008
Liu 2008
Peng 1991
Li 2013
Lin 1998
Wu 2009
Gao 2003
Liu 2005
Yu 2003
Huang 1997
Tao 2006
Stephen 2000
Alibegashvili 2011
Basu 2009
Munjal 2014
Franceschi 2003
Gheit 2009
Nambaru 2009
Peedicayil 2006
Deodhar 2012
Nair 1999
Bhatla 2006
Nagpal 2002
Neyaz 2008
Munagala 2009
Munirajan 1998
Sowjanya 2005
Peedicayil 2009
De Boer 2005
Schellekens 2004
Bosch 1995
Tobing 2014
N 940
1,336
809
630
444
435
300
198
190
181
145
134
121
116
112
110
108
106
100
96
92
78
77
77
65
50
50
35
27
22
91
273
270
191
180
121
119
113
110
106
71
60
43
43
41
28
74
74
42
40
% (95% CI)58.0 (54.8−61.1)
38.3 (35.8−41.0)
66.9 (63.6−70.0)
76.7 (73.2−79.8)
59.0 (54.4−63.5)
56.1 (51.4−60.7)
68.7 (63.2−73.7)
65.2 (58.3−71.4)
73.7 (67.0−79.4)
65.2 (58.0−71.8)
78.6 (71.3−84.5)
73.1 (65.1−79.9)
48.8 (40.0−57.6)
56.9 (47.8−65.5)
81.3 (73.0−87.4)
81.8 (73.6−87.9)
66.7 (57.3−74.8)
50.0 (40.6−59.4)
52.0 (42.3−61.5)
45.8 (36.2−55.8)
34.8 (25.8−44.9)
53.8 (42.9−64.5)
48.1 (37.3−59.0)
83.1 (73.2−89.9)
40.0 (29.0−52.1)
66.0 (52.2−77.6)
70.0 (56.2−80.9)
25.7 (14.2−42.1)
55.6 (37.3−72.4)
72.7 (51.8−86.8)
58.2 (48.0−67.8)
65.9 (60.1−71.3)
73.7 (68.1−78.6)
62.8 (55.8−69.4)
81.7 (75.4−86.6)
72.7 (64.2−79.9)
60.5 (51.5−68.8)
76.1 (67.5−83.0)
69.1 (59.9−77.0)
73.6 (64.5−81.0)
60.6 (48.9−71.1)
86.7 (75.8−93.1)
65.1 (50.2−77.6)
53.5 (38.9−67.5)
58.5 (43.4−72.2)
78.6 (60.5−89.8)
33.8 (24.0−45.1)
43.2 (32.6−54.6)
35.7 (23.0−50.8)
90.0 (76.9−96.0)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon and TurkeyData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 149 -
Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy (continued)
CountryIran
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Malaysia
Mongolia
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Rep. Korea
StudySalehi−Vaziri 2015
Mortazavi 2002
Esmaeili 2008
Khodakarami 2012
Hamkar 2002
Bassal 2015
Laskov 2013
Maehama 2005
Asato 2004
Azuma 2014
Nakagawa 1996
Onuki 2009
Takehara 2011
Kashiwabara 1992
Harima 2002
Sasagawa 2001
Yamasaki 2011
Saito 2000
Imajoh 2012
Yamakawa 1994
Watari 2011
Tsuda 2003
Ishikawa 2001
Fujinaga 1991
Maki 1991
Kanao 2004
Nawa 1995
Yoshida 2009
Nakagawa 2002
Inoue 2006
Yoshida 2004
Sughayer 2010
Hamzi Abdul Raub 2014
Quek 2013
Yadav 1995
Cheah 2008
Sharifah 2009
Chimeddorj 2008
Sherpa 2010
Raza 2010
Khan 2007
Ngelangel 1998
de Sanjose 2010
Quek 2013
Bosch 1995
Kim 2009
Lee 2007
An 2005
Quek 2013
Tong 2007
N112
69
65
45
42
84
38
383
356
296
146
140
105
91
84
84
71
66
64
64
60
53
52
39
29
25
23
20
19
12
12
41
280
101
23
11
11
147
61
91
60
356
230
103
23
169
160
135
97
97
% (95% CI)27.7 (20.2−36.6)
73.9 (62.5−82.8)
55.4 (43.3−66.8)
60.0 (45.5−73.0)
28.6 (17.2−43.6)
66.7 (56.1−75.8)
60.5 (44.7−74.4)
29.0 (24.7−33.7)
37.1 (32.2−42.2)
48.0 (42.3−53.7)
37.7 (30.2−45.8)
37.9 (30.2−46.1)
41.9 (32.9−51.5)
42.9 (33.2−53.1)
26.2 (18.0−36.5)
42.9 (32.8−53.5)
42.3 (31.5−53.8)
34.8 (24.5−46.9)
12.5 (6.5−22.8)
32.8 (22.6−45.0)
83.3 (72.0−90.7)
28.3 (18.0−41.6)
53.8 (40.5−66.7)
48.7 (33.9−63.8)
44.8 (28.4−62.5)
32.0 (17.2−51.6)
73.9 (53.5−87.5)
35.0 (18.1−56.7)
57.9 (36.3−76.9)
33.3 (13.8−60.9)
41.7 (19.3−68.0)
68.3 (53.0−80.4)
57.5 (51.6−63.2)
36.6 (27.9−46.4)
73.9 (53.5−87.5)
72.7 (43.4−90.3)
18.2 (5.1−47.7)
48.3 (40.4−56.3)
60.7 (48.1−71.9)
75.8 (66.1−83.5)
95.0 (86.3−98.3)
38.8 (33.8−43.9)
33.5 (27.7−39.8)
31.1 (22.9−40.5)
43.5 (25.6−63.2)
65.7 (58.2−72.4)
51.9 (44.2−59.5)
44.4 (36.3−52.9)
58.8 (48.8−68.0)
51.5 (41.7−61.2)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 150 -
Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy (continued)
CountryRep. Korea
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Viet Nam
StudyHwang 2003
Cho 2003
An 2003
Hwang 1999
Kim 1995
Song 2007
Alsbeih 2011
Quek 2013
Samarawickrema 2011
Karunaratne 2014
Darnel 2010
Lai 2007
Chen 1994
Ding 2008
Huang 2004
Huang 2004
Su 2007
Yang 1997
Lai 1999
Ho 2005
Chen 1993
Lin 2005
Chao 2009
Yang 2004
Chansaenroj 2014
Chichareon 1998
Natphopsuk 2013
Bhattarakosol 1996
Siriaunkgul 2008
Settheetham−Ishida 2005
Chopjitt 2009
Bosch 1995
Siritantikorn 1997
Usubütün 2009
Ozgul 2008
Quek 2013
N 72
45
44
38
30
29
100
65
108
98
44
2,106
430
263
152
149
137
134
86
81
40
28
25
25
832
377
198
100
99
90
40
26
21
508
23
134
% (95% CI)52.8 (41.4−63.9)
64.4 (49.8−76.8)
63.6 (48.9−76.2)
39.5 (25.6−55.3)
53.3 (36.1−69.8)
65.5 (47.3−80.1)
67.0 (57.3−75.4)
36.9 (26.2−49.1)
77.8 (69.1−84.6)
67.3 (57.6−75.8)
47.7 (33.8−62.1)
50.3 (48.2−52.4)
46.0 (41.4−50.8)
43.7 (37.9−49.8)
65.8 (57.9−72.9)
98.7 (95.2−99.6)
58.4 (50.0−66.3)
64.2 (55.8−71.8)
53.5 (43.0−63.7)
30.9 (21.9−41.6)
50.0 (35.2−64.8)
53.6 (35.8−70.5)
72.0 (52.4−85.7)
36.0 (20.2−55.5)
51.0 (47.6−54.3)
54.6 (49.6−59.6)
48.0 (41.1−54.9)
35.0 (26.4−44.7)
77.8 (68.6−84.8)
61.1 (50.8−70.5)
75.0 (59.8−85.8)
61.5 (42.5−77.6)
61.9 (40.9−79.2)
58.7 (54.3−62.9)
52.2 (33.0−70.8)
48.5 (40.2−56.9)
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 151 -
Figure 77: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy
CountryAustria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Europe
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
StudyBachtiary 2002
Widschwendter 2003
Kulmala 2007
Baay 2001
Todorova 2010
Hadzisejdic 2006
Dabic 2008
Tachezy 2011
Slama 2009
Tachezy 1999
Kirschner 2013
Hording 1997
Sebbelov 2000
Kjær 2014
Tjalma 2013
de Sanjose 2010
Iwasawa 1996
Prétet 2008
de Cremoux 2009
Lombard 1998
Riou 1990
Milde−Langosch 1995
Bosch 1995
Panotopoulou 2007
Dokianakis 1999
Koffa 1994
Labropoulou 1997
Adamopoulou 2009
Kónya 1995
Sigurdsson 2007
Skyldberg 1999
Butler 2000
O'Leary 1998
Fay 2009
Sideri 2009
Carozzi 2010
Spinillo 2014
Tornesello 2011
Voglino 2000
Ciotti 2006
Tornesello 2006
Del Mistro 2006
Garzetti 1998
Gargiulo 2007
Rolla 2009
Silins 2004
Kulmala 2007
Gudleviciene 2005
Simanaviciene 2014
Ressler 2007
N 106
94
26
111
127
66
51
172
49
49
245
50
34
19
2,881
2,302
460
516
515
297
106
51
17
165
75
39
35
17
38
140
38
29
20
10
268
193
176
171
145
102
65
40
32
31
18
221
26
191
75
58
% (95% CI)65.1 (55.6−73.5)
75.5 (66.0−83.1)
65.4 (46.2−80.6)
68.5 (59.3−76.4)
70.9 (62.4−78.1)
30.3 (20.6−42.2)
62.7 (49.0−74.7)
73.3 (66.2−79.3)
61.2 (47.2−73.6)
59.2 (45.2−71.8)
60.8 (54.6−66.7)
18.0 (9.8−30.8)
70.6 (53.8−83.2)
57.9 (36.3−76.9)
55.9 (54.1−57.7)
57.4 (55.4−59.4)
63.5 (59.0−67.7)
72.9 (68.9−76.5)
55.5 (51.2−59.8)
50.5 (44.8−56.1)
54.7 (45.2−63.9)
51.0 (37.7−64.1)
76.5 (52.7−90.4)
24.2 (18.3−31.3)
2.7 (0.7−9.2)
35.9 (22.7−51.6)
54.3 (38.2−69.5)
47.1 (26.2−69.0)
63.2 (47.3−76.6)
57.1 (48.9−65.0)
23.7 (13.0−39.2)
93.1 (78.0−98.1)
80.0 (58.4−91.9)
80.0 (49.0−94.3)
63.4 (57.5−69.0)
67.9 (61.0−74.1)
54.5 (47.2−61.7)
58.5 (51.0−65.6)
71.0 (63.2−77.8)
57.8 (48.1−67.0)
60.0 (47.9−71.0)
75.0 (59.8−85.8)
50.0 (33.6−66.4)
61.3 (43.8−76.3)
66.7 (43.7−83.7)
60.6 (54.1−66.8)
65.4 (46.2−80.6)
56.5 (49.5−63.4)
50.7 (39.6−61.7)
79.3 (67.2−87.7)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.aIncludes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and SpainData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 152 -
Figure 78: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
CountryNetherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
UK
StudyTang 2009
Baay 1996
Bulk 2006
Krul 1999
Baalbergen 2013
De Boer 2005
Zielinski 2003
Van Den Brule 1991
Resnick 1990
Karlsen 1996
Bertelsen 2006
Kwasniewska 2009
Baay 2009
Biesaga 2012
Bardin 2008
Pirog 2000
Dybikowska 2002
Bosch 1995
Pista 2013
Medeiros 2005
Nobre 2010
Kleter 1999
Kulmala 2007
Jancar 2009
Muñoz 1992
Martró 2012
Darwich 2011
Rodriguez 1998
Bosch 1995
Mazarico 2012
González−Bosquet 2008
Herraez−Hernandez 2013
Du 2011
Andersson 2001
Graflund 2004
Wallin 1999
Andersson 2003
Hagmar 1992
Andersson 2005
Skyldberg 1999
Zehbe 1997
Mesher 2015
Howell−Jones 2010
Cuschieri 2014
Cuschieri 2010
Powell 2009
Tawfik El−Mansi 2006
Cuzick 2000
Arends 1993
Giannoudis 1999
N 340
162
153
128
113
105
77
50
29
361
89
570
113
85
84
82
53
23
64
60
44
180
26
264
159
73
72
54
46
37
21
14
154
131
110
104
82
71
45
38
38
1,235
555
370
363
269
119
116
47
43
% (95% CI)63.5 (58.3−68.5)
61.7 (54.1−68.9)
54.2 (46.3−61.9)
58.6 (49.9−66.8)
32.7 (24.8−41.8)
43.8 (34.7−53.4)
32.5 (23.1−43.5)
84.0 (71.5−91.7)
75.9 (57.9−87.8)
68.4 (63.5−73.0)
52.8 (42.5−62.8)
58.4 (54.3−62.4)
85.8 (78.2−91.1)
80.0 (70.3−87.1)
75.0 (64.8−83.0)
36.6 (27.0−47.4)
47.2 (34.4−60.3)
78.3 (58.1−90.3)
70.3 (58.2−80.1)
80.0 (68.2−88.2)
61.4 (46.6−74.3)
64.4 (57.2−71.1)
65.4 (46.2−80.6)
65.2 (59.2−70.6)
54.1 (46.3−61.6)
47.9 (36.9−59.2)
79.2 (68.4−86.9)
61.1 (47.8−73.0)
54.3 (40.2−67.8)
43.2 (28.7−59.1)
52.4 (32.4−71.7)
78.6 (52.4−92.4)
58.4 (50.5−65.9)
23.7 (17.2−31.6)
79.1 (70.6−85.6)
47.1 (37.8−56.6)
34.1 (24.8−44.9)
38.0 (27.6−49.7)
66.7 (52.1−78.6)
23.7 (13.0−39.2)
63.2 (47.3−76.6)
63.0 (60.3−65.6)
62.5 (58.4−66.5)
55.9 (50.9−60.9)
56.5 (51.3−61.5)
67.7 (61.9−73.0)
46.2 (37.5−55.2)
65.5 (56.5−73.5)
53.2 (39.2−66.7)
81.4 (67.4−90.3)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
(Continued on next page)Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 153 -
Figure 79: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country
UK
Study
Crook 1992
N
23
% (95% CI)
73.9 (53.5−87.5)
50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 154 -
Figure 80: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Oceania by countryand study
CountryAustralia
Papua N. Guinea
StudyStevens 2006
Chen 1999
de Sanjose 2010
Thompson 1994
Liu 2004
Plunkett 2003
Brestovac 2005
Tabone 2012
N191
170
160
103
79
50
32
70
% (95% CI)52.9 (45.8−59.8)
55.9 (48.4−63.1)
60.0 (52.3−67.3)
65.0 (55.5−73.6)
64.6 (53.6−74.2)
28.0 (17.5−41.7)
68.8 (51.4−82.0)
57.1 (45.5−68.1)
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; N: number of women tested;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells). The line represents the 95% confidence interval and the shadowed square is proportionalto the sample size.Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 155 -
Figure 81: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types among women with and withoutcervical lesions by World compared to developing and developed regions
Nor
mal
cyt
olog
yL
ow−g
rade
lesi
ons
Hig
h−gr
ade
lesi
ons
Cer
vica
l Can
cer
70663958511853315216
HP
V−t
ype
0.80.90.91.01.11.11.21.21.52.8
World
39185658665331515216
HP
V−t
ype
5.36.56.66.76.97.37.78.88.9
19.3
35395351183358315216
HP
V−t
ype
3.33.33.55.76.87.38.110.411.0
45.1
0 20 40 60
59393552315833451816
HP
V−t
ype
1.41.51.73.53.53.94.25.0
14.255.2
Prevalence (%)
70516831335318585216
0.70.70.70.80.91.01.21.41.82.6
Less developed regions
56315366513318585216
4.04.14.44.54.96.06.29.210.2
18.9
66455351333118585216
2.32.43.14.06.36.36.5
12.212.7
40.2
0 20 40 60
39593531335258451816
1.62.02.03.43.84.05.05.9
13.755.8
Prevalence (%)
58703966185152315316
0.80.81.01.01.01.31.31.31.42.8
More developed regions
58391856665253315116
5.75.96.57.47.88.48.68.810.2
19.4
53353951581833523116
3.74.04.16.97.07.37.6
11.212.4
46.8
0 20 40 60
51353952315845331816
1.01.41.43.23.73.73.94.7
16.155.7
Prevalence (%)
Data updated on 19 May 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1;The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells).Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 156 -
Figure 82: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types among women with invasive cervical cancerby histology by World, developing and developed regions
Any
His
tolo
gySq
uam
ous
cell
carc
inom
aA
deno
carc
inom
aU
nesp
ecif
ied
59393552315833451816
HP
V−t
ype
1.41.51.73.53.53.94.25.0
14.255.2
World
59393531525833451816
HP
V−t
ype
1.41.51.73.63.73.94.34.8
11.656.8
59513958523133451816
HP
V−t
ype
0.60.81.01.11.31.61.85.7
34.936.1
0 20 40 60
39593552315833451816
HP
V−t
ype
1.41.72.53.64.04.95.15.4
13.958.9
Prevalence (%)
39593531335258451816
1.62.02.03.43.84.05.05.9
13.755.8
Less developed regions
39355931335258451816
1.62.02.03.43.84.14.75.8
12.456.1
39585631595233451618
1.01.21.21.41.51.92.45.8
36.136.2
0 20 40 60
51593531523345581816
1.42.02.73.74.14.76.16.4
13.360.5
Prevalence (%)
51353952315845331816
1.01.41.43.23.73.73.94.7
16.155.7
More developed regions
56353952453158331816
1.11.41.53.63.73.84.25.1
12.358.9
35513952583331451618
0.71.11.21.51.51.92.05.1
37.237.3
0 20 40 60
59393552583145331816
1.41.72.22.93.04.34.45.4
14.557.2
Prevalence (%)
Data updated on 19 May 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh / fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells).Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 157 -
Table 14: Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervicallesions and invasive cervical cancer
Normal cytology Low-grade lesions High-grade lesions Cervical cancerHPV Type No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev
tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI)ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
High-risk HPV types16 453,184 2.8 (2.8-2.9) 38,177 19.3 (18.9-19.7) 50,202 45.1 (44.6-45.5) 58,796 55.2 (54.8-55.6)18 440,810 1.1 (1.1-1.1) 37,748 6.5 (6.2-6.7) 49,743 6.8 (6.6-7.0) 58,380 14.2 (13.9-14.4)31 415,367 1.2 (1.2-1.2) 36,170 7.7 (7.4-7.9) 48,538 10.4 (10.2-10.7) 52,417 3.5 (3.4-3.7)33 413,075 0.7 (0.7-0.7) 35,733 4.7 (4.5-4.9) 48,592 7.3 (7.1-7.6) 53,804 4.2 (4.0-4.3)35 396,307 0.5 (0.5-0.5) 31,095 3.0 (2.8-3.2) 44,703 3.3 (3.2-3.5) 47,634 1.7 (1.6-1.8)39 389,537 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 28,820 5.3 (5.0-5.5) 43,746 3.3 (3.2-3.5) 46,420 1.5 (1.3-1.6)45 394,993 0.7 (0.7-0.7) 31,289 3.2 (3.0-3.4) 44,801 3.0 (2.8-3.2) 47,048 5.0 (4.8-5.2)51 387,242 1.1 (1.1-1.1) 27,270 8.8 (8.4-9.1) 43,888 5.7 (5.5-6.0) 44,674 1.0 (0.9-1.1)52 394,732 1.5 (1.4-1.5) 29,132 8.9 (8.6-9.2) 44,723 11.0 (10.7-11.3) 49,978 3.5 (3.3-3.6)56 393,968 0.8 (0.7-0.8) 28,534 6.6 (6.3-6.9) 43,134 2.5 (2.3-2.6) 46,019 1.0 (0.9-1.1)58 403,023 1.0 (1.0-1.0) 30,214 6.7 (6.4-7.0) 44,798 8.1 (7.9-8.4) 50,814 3.9 (3.8-4.1)59 380,168 0.7 (0.7-0.7) 27,049 3.9 (3.6-4.1) 41,553 2.1 (1.9-2.2) 46,703 1.4 (1.3-1.5)
Probable/possible carcinogen26 172,084 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 13,939 0.5 (0.4-0.7) 22,694 0.6 (0.5-0.7) 29,492 0.3 (0.2-0.3)30 56,013 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 3,812 0.5 (0.3-0.8) 2,645 0.3 (0.1-0.5) 14,830 0.3 (0.2-0.4)34 127,467 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 8,069 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 12,671 0.1 (0.0-0.2) 21,808 0.1 (0.1-0.1)53 252,159 1.2 (1.2-1.2) 23,411 7.3 (7.0-7.7) 33,241 3.5 (3.3-3.7) 33,940 0.5 (0.5-0.6)66 311,898 0.9 (0.9-0.9) 26,939 6.9 (6.6-7.2) 39,439 2.6 (2.5-2.8) 40,132 0.4 (0.4-0.5)67 147,847 0.4 (0.3-0.4) 11,095 1.7 (1.5-2.0) 18,527 0.9 (0.8-1.0) 22,752 0.3 (0.2-0.3)68 377,775 0.6 (0.6-0.6) 25,619 2.8 (2.6-3.0) 37,760 1.9 (1.8-2.1) 40,197 0.8 (0.8-0.9)69 146,851 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 11,362 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 19,768 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 20,369 0.2 (0.1-0.3)70 219,134 0.8 (0.7-0.8) 17,375 2.0 (1.8-2.2) 25,627 1.3 (1.2-1.5) 33,062 0.2 (0.2-0.3)73 167,487 0.4 (0.4-0.4) 16,732 2.2 (2.0-2.4) 23,450 1.6 (1.4-1.7) 28,944 0.5 (0.4-0.6)82 190,793 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 16,470 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 25,864 1.9 (1.7-2.0) 30,216 0.2 (0.1-0.2)85 74,475 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 3,801 0.3 (0.2-0.5) 7,905 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - -97 1,751 0.1 (0.0-0.3) - - - - 781 0.1 (0.0-0.7)
NON-ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES6 418,946 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 26,981 6.2 (5.9-6.5) 34,563 2.3 (2.2-2.5) 38,282 0.5 (0.4-0.5)
11 406,162 0.5 (0.4-0.5) 26,179 2.9 (2.7-3.1) 33,547 1.3 (1.2-1.5) 38,386 0.4 (0.4-0.5)32 70,519 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 977 0.1 (0.0-0.6) - - 2,925 0.1 (0.0-0.2)40 186,634 0.3 (0.3-0.3) 4,379 1.5 (1.2-1.9) 11,872 0.4 (0.3-0.5) 23,350 0.0 (0.0-0.0)42 326,078 0.6 (0.5-0.6) 4,932 7.1 (6.4-7.8) 9,543 1.3 (1.1-1.6) 25,715 0.2 (0.2-0.3)43 259,930 0.2 (0.2-0.2) 3,258 1.7 (1.3-2.2) 5,549 0.4 (0.3-0.6) 21,312 0.1 (0.0-0.1)44 326,418 0.5 (0.5-0.5) 5,764 5.7 (5.1-6.3) 11,841 2.0 (1.7-2.2) 24,243 0.2 (0.2-0.3)54 205,468 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 3,316 2.2 (1.8-2.8) 11,907 1.3 (1.1-1.5) 25,201 0.2 (0.2-0.3)55 - - - - - - - -57 61,283 0.0 (0.0-0.0) 1,021 0.2 (0.1-0.7) 2,194 0.3 (0.2-0.7) 6,780 0.0 (0.0-0.1)61 143,959 0.8 (0.8-0.9) 3,183 1.8 (1.4-2.3) 9,032 1.2 (1.0-1.5) 23,686 0.3 (0.2-0.3)62 111,832 1.4 (1.4-1.5) 2,713 4.2 (3.5-5.0) 8,236 1.7 (1.4-1.9) 7,058 0.4 (0.3-0.5)64 - - - - - - - -71 133,034 0.3 (0.3-0.3) 2,175 0.7 (0.5-1.2) 8,901 0.2 (0.2-0.4) 9,332 0.2 (0.1-0.3)72 137,305 0.4 (0.4-0.4) 2,320 0.6 (0.3-1.0) 8,256 0.2 (0.2-0.4) 10,013 0.1 (0.1-0.2)74 108,745 0.6 (0.6-0.7) 1,255 1.0 (0.6-1.8) 2,936 0.6 (0.4-1.0) 16,341 0.0 (0.0-0.1)81 232,278 0.7 (0.7-0.8) 2,862 3.4 (2.8-4.1) 8,944 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 9,510 0.2 (0.1-0.3)83 150,356 0.5 (0.5-0.6) 2,402 0.9 (0.6-1.3) 9,214 0.4 (0.3-0.6) 9,733 0.1 (0.1-0.2)84 149,356 0.9 (0.8-0.9) 2,745 2.1 (1.7-2.8) 9,237 0.7 (0.6-0.9) 8,081 0.3 (0.2-0.5)86 29,254 0.2 (0.1-0.2) - - - - - -87 16,149 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 750 0.1 (0.0-0.8) - - - -89 107,016 1.0 (0.9-1.0) 1,755 1.4 (0.9-2.0) 7,456 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 7,806 0.1 (0.1-0.3)90 35,099 0.5 (0.4-0.6) 750 0.8 (0.4-1.7) - - 2,388 0.0 (0.0-0.2)91 20,897 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 750 0.5 (0.2-1.4) - - 12,783 0.0 (0.0-0.1)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015 / 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; High-grade lesions: CIN-2, CIN-3, CIS or HSIL; Low-grade lesions: LSIL or CIN-1;aKahng 2014 includes lesions CIN2 or worseData sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 158 -
Table 15: Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases by histology
Any Histology Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma UnespecifiedHPV Type No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev No. HPV Prev
tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI) tested % (95% CI)ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
High-risk HPV types16 58,796 55.2 (54.8-55.6) 43,169 56.8 (56.4-57.3) 5,665 36.1 (34.8-37.3) 11,425 58.9 (58.0-59.8)18 58,380 14.2 (13.9-14.4) 42,890 11.6 (11.3-11.9) 5,665 34.9 (33.7-36.1) 11,288 13.9 (13.2-14.5)31 52,417 3.5 (3.4-3.7) 39,428 3.6 (3.4-3.8) 4,585 1.6 (1.3-2.0) 9,867 4.0 (3.6-4.4)33 53,804 4.2 (4.0-4.3) 40,460 4.3 (4.1-4.5) 4,843 1.8 (1.5-2.2) 9,964 5.1 (4.7-5.5)35 47,634 1.7 (1.6-1.8) 36,045 1.7 (1.5-1.8) 4,239 0.5 (0.3-0.8) 8,535 2.5 (2.2-2.9)39 46,420 1.5 (1.3-1.6) 36,322 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 4,036 1.0 (0.7-1.3) 6,995 1.4 (1.2-1.8)45 47,048 5.0 (4.8-5.2) 36,074 4.8 (4.6-5.0) 4,486 5.7 (5.1-6.4) 7,951 5.4 (4.9-5.9)51 44,674 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 34,508 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 4,026 0.8 (0.6-1.1) 7,117 1.1 (0.9-1.4)52 49,978 3.5 (3.3-3.6) 38,761 3.7 (3.5-3.9) 4,408 1.3 (1.0-1.7) 8,272 3.6 (3.2-4.0)56 46,019 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 35,990 1.0 (0.9-1.1) 4,113 0.5 (0.3-0.7) 7,335 0.8 (0.7-1.1)58 50,814 3.9 (3.8-4.1) 39,001 3.9 (3.8-4.1) 4,236 1.1 (0.9-1.5) 9,040 4.9 (4.5-5.3)59 46,703 1.4 (1.3-1.5) 36,685 1.4 (1.3-1.5) 4,161 0.6 (0.4-0.9) 7,276 1.7 (1.5-2.1)
Probable/possible carcinogen26 29,492 0.3 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -30 14,830 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 12,564 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 1,072 0.1 (0.0-0.5) 1,255 0.1 (0.0-0.4)34 21,808 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 17,035 0.1 (0.1-0.2) 1,912 0.1 (0.0-0.3) 2,996 0.1 (0.1-0.3)53 33,940 0.5 (0.5-0.6) - - - - - -66 40,132 0.4 (0.4-0.5) 31,190 0.4 (0.4-0.5) 3,714 0.2 (0.1-0.4) 6,021 0.6 (0.4-0.8)67 22,752 0.3 (0.2-0.3) 18,225 0.3 (0.2-0.4) 1,750 0.1 (0.0-0.3) 3,231 0.2 (0.1-0.4)68 40,197 0.8 (0.8-0.9) 30,913 0.8 (0.7-0.9) 3,694 0.3 (0.1-0.5) 5,723 0.8 (0.6-1.0)69 20,369 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -70 33,062 0.2 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -73 28,944 0.5 (0.4-0.6) - - - - - -82 30,216 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 22,855 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 2,226 0.0 (0.0-0.3) 4,912 0.3 (0.2-0.5)97 781 0.1 (0.0-0.7) 781 0.1 (0.0-0.7) - - - -
NON-ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES6 38,282 0.5 (0.4-0.5) - - - - - -
11 38,386 0.4 (0.4-0.5) - - - - - -32 2,925 0.1 (0.0-0.2) - - - - - -40 23,350 0.0 (0.0-0.0) - - - - - -42 25,715 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 20,975 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 1,839 0.1 (0.0-0.3) 3,691 0.4 (0.2-0.6)43 21,312 0.1 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -44 24,243 0.2 (0.2-0.3) 20,154 0.2 (0.1-0.3) 1,840 0.1 (0.0-0.4) 3,135 0.4 (0.2-0.7)54 25,201 0.2 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -55 - - - - - - - -57 6,780 0.0 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -61 23,686 0.3 (0.2-0.3) - - - - - -62 7,058 0.4 (0.3-0.5) - - - - - -64 - - - - - - - -71 9,332 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -72 10,013 0.1 (0.1-0.2) - - - - - -74 16,341 0.0 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -81 9,510 0.2 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -83 9,733 0.1 (0.1-0.2) - - - - - -84 8,081 0.3 (0.2-0.5) - - - - - -89 7,806 0.1 (0.1-0.3) - - - - - -90 2,388 0.0 (0.0-0.2) - - - - - -91 12,783 0.0 (0.0-0.1) - - - - - -
Data updated on 19 May 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4.1.3 Terminology
Cytologically normal womenNo abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) / Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL)SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions or the abnormalgrowth of squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is an abnormal result derived from cervicalcytological screening or Pap smear testing. CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis ofcervical tissue obtained by biopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3,according to the thickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness).
Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1)Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, and number of ab-normal cells formed on the surface of the cervix and may be referred to as mild dysplasia,LSIL, or CIN-1.
High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS)High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cells on the sur-face of the cervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. They have the potentialto become cancerous cells and invade deeper tissues of the cervix. These lesions may bereferred to as moderate or severe dysplasia, HSIL, CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma insitu (CIS).
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane.CIN 3 encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ.
Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) / Cervical cancerIf the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is called ICC. ICC stagesrange from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) to stage IV (the cancer has spread todistant organs, such as the liver).
Invasive squamous cell carcinomaInvasive carcinoma composed of cells resembling those of squamous epithelium.
AdenocarcinomaInvasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled.
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4.2 HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than the cervix
Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma of thevulva, vagina, anus and penis: systematic review and meta-analysis
A systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding the worldwide HPV-prevalence and typedistribution for anogenital carcinomas other than cervix from January 1986 to ’data as of ’ indicated ineach section. The search terms for the review were ’HPV’ AND (anus OR anal) OR (penile) OR vagin*OR vulv* using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in selectedarticles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR, a mini-mum of 10 cases by lesion and a detailed description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniquesused. The number of cases tested and HPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimatethe prevalence of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution. Binomial 95% confidence intervals werecalculated for each HPV prevalence.
4.2.1 Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions
Anal cancer is similar to cervical cancer with respect to overall HPV DNA positivity, with approximately88% of cases associated with HPV infection worldwide (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). HPV16 is the most common type detected, representing 73% of all HPV-positive tumours. HPV18is the second most common type detected and is found in approximately 5% of cases. HPV DNA is alsodetected in the majority of precancerous anal lesions (AIN) (91.5% in AIN1 and 93.9% in AIN2/3) (DeVuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626-36). In this section, the HPV prevalence among anal cancercases and precancerous anal lesions in the World are presented.
Table 16: Studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases (male and female)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Alemany 2015a
(Asia)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
52 80.8 (68.1-89.2) HPV 16 (67.3%)HPV 18 (3.8%)HPV 35 (3.8%)HPV 56 (1.9%)HPV 58 (1.9%)
Hillman 2014(Australia)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35,39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73,74, 82)
105 97.1 (91.9-99.0) HPV 16 (77.1%)HPV 52 (13.3%)HPV 6 (10.5%)HPV 54 (9.5%)HPV 11 (5.7%)
Ouhoummane2013 (Canada)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, LBA(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34,35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
96 91.7 (84.4-95.7) HPV 16 (82.3%)HPV 6 (3.1%)HPV 33 (3.1%)HPV 18 (2.1%)HPV 58 (2.1%)
Tachezy 2011(Czech Rep.)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 89, 90, 91)
26 73.1 (53.9-86.3) HPV 16 (73.1%)
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( Table 16 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Serup-Hansen2014 (Denmark)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18, 31,33, 45, 52, 58)
137 87.6 (81.0-92.1) HPV 16 (81.0%)HPV 33 (5.1%)HPV 18 (2.2%)HPV 58 (0.7%)
Alemany 2015b
(Europe)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
169 87.6 (81.8-91.7) HPV 16 (73.4%)HPV 6 (3.6%)HPV 18 (3.6%)HPV 11 (3.0%)HPV 33 (2.4%)
Abramowitz 2011(France)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,69, 70, 71, 73, 82)
728 96.7 (95.1-97.8) HPV 16 (75.5%)HPV 18 (5.9%)HPV 11 (3.7%)HPV 6 (3.0%)HPV 52 (2.6%)
Valmary-Degano2013 (France)
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51,52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69,70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
73 98.6 (92.6-99.8) HPV 16 (89.0%)HPV 39 (4.1%)HPV 33 (2.7%)HPV 6 (1.4%)HPV 11 (1.4%)
Vincent-Salomon1996 (France)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,33)
27 74.1 (55.3-86.8) HPV 16 (63.0%)HPV 18 (7.4%)
Rödel 2015 (Ger-many)
PCR-SPF10, PCR- MULTIPLEX,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35,39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71,73, 74, 81, 82)
91 100.0 (95.9-100.0) HPV 16 (94.5%)HPV 11 (2.2%)HPV 31 (2.2%)HPV 35 (2.2%)HPV 18 (1.1%)
Varnai 2006 (Ger-many)
PCR-MY09/11, TS, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 58)
47 83.0 (69.9-91.1) HPV 16 (74.5%)HPV 33 (6.4%)HPV 18 (2.1%)HPV 31 (2.1%)HPV 45 (2.1%)
Indinnimeo 1999(Italy)
PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) 14 64.3 (38.8-83.7) HPV 16 (42.9%)
Alemany 2015(Latin America& Caribbean) PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
157 90.4 (84.8-94.1) -
Yhim 2011 (Rep.Korea)
PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69)
47 74.5 (60.5-84.7) HPV 16 (66.0%)HPV 58 (6.4%)HPV 35 (2.1%)
Youk 2001 (Rep.Korea)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-L1C1/C2,PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16,18)
21 100.0 (84.5-100.0) HPV 16 (100.0%)
Laytragoon-Lewin2007 (Sweden)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing (HPV16, 18, 33)
72 90.3 (81.3-95.2) HPV 16 (69.4%)HPV 18 (34.7%)HPV 33 (2.8%)
Baricevic 2015(UK)
PCR-L1C1/C2, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52,58)
151 95.4 (90.7-97.7) HPV 16 (88.7%)HPV 6 (11.9%)HPV 33 (6.6%)HPV 18 (4.6%)HPV 58 (4.6%)
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( Table 16 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Alemany 2015(USA)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
96 95.8 (89.8-98.4) HPV 16 (81.3%)HPV 18 (7.3%)HPV 31 (4.2%)HPV 39 (3.1%)HPV 52 (3.1%)
Daling 2004(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, RFLP, TS(HPV 16, 18)
199 86.9 (81.5-90.9) HPV 16 (69.8%)HPV 18 (8.5%)
Palefsky 1991(USA)
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 06/11, 16, 18,31, 33)
13 84.6 (57.8-95.7) HPV 16 (76.9%)HPV 31 (23.1%)HPV 6/11 (15.4%)HPV 33 (7.7%)
Zaki 1992 (USA) PCR L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18)
11 72.7 (43.4-90.3) HPV 16 (18.2%)HPV 6 (9.1%)HPV 11 (9.1%)HPV 16/18 (9.1%)
Alemany 2015c
(Western Africa)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
21 61.9 (40.9-79.2) HPV 16 (28.6%)HPV 6 (9.5%)HPV 18 (9.5%)HPV 31 (4.8%)HPV 35 (4.8%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India and South KoreabIncludes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United KingdomcIncludes cases from Mali, Nigeria and SenegalData sources: See references in Section 9.
Table 17: Studies on HPV prevalence among AIN 2/3 cases (male and female)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Hillman 2012(Australia)
HC2, LBA (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33) 21 95.2 (77.3-99.2) HPV 16 (33.3%)HPV 31 (19.0%)HPV 18 (4.8%)
Gohy 2008a
(Canada)PCR-MY09/11, (HPV 6, 11, 16,18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42,44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
62 93.5 (84.6-97.5) HPV 16 (35.5%)HPV 18 (16.1%)HPV 58 (16.1%)HPV 42 (9.7%)HPV 45 (9.7%)
Salit 2009a
(Canada)PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, LBA (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,57, 58, 59, 66, 68)
74 100.0 (95.1-100.0) HPV 16 (52.7%)HPV 18 (32.4%)HPV 31 (31.1%)HPV 6 (28.4%)HPV 52 (27.0%)
Alemany 2015b
(Europe)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
23 95.7 (79.0-99.2) HPV 16 (65.2%)HPV 6 (8.7%)HPV 18 (8.7%)HPV 51 (8.7%)HPV 74 (8.7%)
Hampl 2006 (Ger-many)
, PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30,32)
16 87.5 (64.0-96.5) -
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( Table 17 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Silling 2012a
(Germany)PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 70,71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
42 100.0 (91.6-100.0) HPV 16 (69.0%)HPV 11 (23.8%)HPV 18 (23.8%)HPV 6 (19.0%)HPV 67 (19.0%)
Varnai 2006 (Ger-many)
, PCR-MY09/11, TS, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 58)
24 95.8 (79.8-99.3) HPV 16 (70.8%)HPV 11 (12.5%)HPV 6 (8.3%)HPV 58 (4.2%)
Wieland 2006a
(Germany)PCR, EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 81,82, 83, 84, 89)
18 100.0 (82.4-100.0) HPV 16 (88.9%)HPV 18 (44.4%)HPV 83 (38.9%)HPV 52 (33.3%)HPV 58 (27.8%)
Tanzi 2009a
(Italy)PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, RFLP(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 81, 83, 84)
62 91.9 (82.5-96.5) HPV 6 (38.7%)HPV 16 (37.1%)HPV 11 (27.4%)HPV 58 (8.1%)HPV 18 (4.8%)
Alemany 2015c
(Latin America& Caribbean) PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
12 100.0 (75.8-100.0) HPV 16 (91.7%)HPV 6 (8.3%)HPV 11 (8.3%)
Richel 2014a
(Netherlands)PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74)
17 100.0 (81.6-100.0) HPV 16 (58.8%)HPV 31 (17.6%)HPV 18 (11.8%)HPV 53 (11.8%)HPV 58 (11.8%)
García-Espinosa2013a (Spain)
PCR-GP5/6, PCR L1-Consensusprimer, DBH (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82,84)
20 100.0 (83.9-100.0) HPV 16 (50.0%)HPV 44 (35.0%)HPV 58 (35.0%)HPV 6 (30.0%)HPV 31 (30.0%)
Sirera 2013a
(Spain)PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 68)
69 84.1 (73.7-90.9) HPV 16 (55.1%)HPV 58 (34.8%)HPV 33 (29.0%)HPV 51 (23.2%)HPV 18 (21.7%)
Torres 2013a
(Spain)LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51,52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82,83, 84)
44 97.7 (88.2-99.6) HPV 16 (59.1%)HPV 6 (34.1%)HPV 66 (31.8%)HPV 52 (29.5%)HPV 53 (29.5%)
Phanuphak 2013(Thailand)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, PCR-E7, LBA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
41 82.9 (68.7-91.5) HPV 40 (51.2%)HPV 53 (26.8%)HPV 16 (24.4%)HPV 11 (19.5%)HPV 58 (17.1%)
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( Table 17 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Fox 2005a (UK) , PCR-MY09/11, (HPV 16, 18, 31,33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59)
74 97.3 (90.7-99.3) HPV 16 (64.9%)HPV 18 (25.7%)HPV 33 (24.3%)HPV 58 (21.6%)HPV 31 (18.9%)
Sahasrabuddhe2013a (USA)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
104 99.0 (94.8-99.8) HPV 16 (54.8%)HPV 6 (26.0%)HPV 31 (22.1%)HPV 42 (22.1%)HPV 66 (21.2%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymor-phism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;aHIV positive casesbIncludes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United KingdomcIncludes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and ParaguayData sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 83: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Africa and the World
Africa (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
51
45
35
31
6
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
9.5
9.5
28.6
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of anal cancer cases
World (b)
52
39
11
58
35
31
6
33
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.2
71.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Mali, Nigeria and Senegal.bIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 165 -
Figure 84: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas andthe World
Americas (a)
11
45
6
52
39
58
31
33
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
2.8
4.3
4.3
74.3
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of anal cancer cases
World (b)
52
39
11
58
35
31
6
33
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.2
71.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United StatesbIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 85: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
58
56
35
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.9
1.9
3.8
3.8
67.3
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of anal cancer cases
World (b)
52
39
11
58
35
31
6
33
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.2
71.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Bangladesh,India and South KoreabIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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Figure 86: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Europe and theWorld
Europe (a)
52
30
31
74
35
33
11
18
6
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.6
0.6
1.2
1.8
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
3.6
73.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of anal cancer cases
World (b)
52
39
11
58
35
31
6
33
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.2
71.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom.bIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 87: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Oceania and theWorld
Oceania
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of anal cancer cases
World (a)
52
39
11
58
35
31
6
33
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.2
71.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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Figure 88: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
Africa
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of AIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
45
44
35
74
51
31
18
11
16
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
7.0
72.1
9.3
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 89: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and theWorld
Americas (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
6
11
16
0 10 30 50 70 90
8.3
8.3
91.7
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of AIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
45
44
35
74
51
31
18
11
16
6
0 10 30 50 70 90
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
7.0
72.1
9.3
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, ParaguaybIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 168 -
Figure 90: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of AIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
45
44
35
74
51
31
18
11
16
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
7.0
72.1
9.3
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 91: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
45
44
35
31
11
74
6
51
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
65.2
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of AIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
45
44
35
74
51
31
18
11
16
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
7.0
72.1
9.3
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United KingdombIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 169 -
Figure 92: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
Oceania
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of AIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
45
44
35
74
51
31
18
11
16
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.3
2.3
2.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
7.0
72.1
9.3
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4.2.2 Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions
HPV attribution for vulvar cancer is 43% worldwide (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15). Vulvar cancer has two distinct histological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basa-loid/warty types (2) keratinising types. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, arefrequently found adjacent to VIN, are very often associated with HPV DNA detection (86%), and havea similar risk factor profile as cervical cancer. Keratinising vulvar carcinomas represent the majorityof the vulvar lesions (>60%). These lesions develop from non HPV-related chronic vulvar dermatoses,especially lichen sclerosus and/or squamous hyperplasia, their immediate cancer precursor lesion is dif-ferentiated VIN, they occur more often in older women, and are rarely associated with HPV (6%) or withany of the other risk factors typical of cervical cancer. HPV prevalence is frequently detected amongcases of high-grade VIN (VIN2/3) (85.3%). HPV 16 is the most common type detected followed by HPV33 (De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1626-36). In this section, the HPV prevalence amongvulvar cancer cases and precancerous vulvar lesions in the World are presented.
Table 18: Studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer casesHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
de Sanjosé 2013a
(Africa)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
24 70.8 (50.8-85.1) HPV 16 (58.3%)HPV 18 (4.2%)HPV 45 (4.2%)HPV 52 (4.2%)
de Sanjosé 2013b
(Asia)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
188 28.7 (22.7-35.6) HPV 16 (18.1%)HPV 18 (1.6%)HPV 44 (1.6%)HPV 45 (1.1%)HPV 52 (1.1%)
Tan 2013 (Aus-tralia)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35,39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73,74, 82)
20 90.0 (69.9-97.2) HPV 16 (80.0%)HPV 33 (5.0%)HPV 35 (5.0%)HPV 52 (5.0%)HPV 54 (5.0%)
Pinto 1999(Brazil)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, TS (HPV 06/11, 16, 18,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56,58)
158 24.1 (18.1-31.3) HPV 16 (16.5%)HPV 18 (9.5%)HPV 6/11 (1.3%)HPV 45 (0.6%)
Tachezy 2011(Czech Rep.)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 89, 90, 91)
46 41.3 (28.3-55.7) HPV 16 (23.9%)HPV 33 (8.7%)HPV 6 (2.2%)HPV 42 (2.2%)HPV 45 (2.2%)
Bryndorf 2004(Denmark)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56,58)
10 60.0 (31.3-83.2) HPV 16 (40.0%)HPV 33 (20.0%)HPV 56 (10.0%)
Hørding 1993(Denmark)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 33)
62 30.6 (20.6-43.0) HPV 16 (21.0%)HPV 18 (4.8%)HPV 33 (4.8%)
Hørding 1994(Denmark)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 33)
78 30.8 (21.6-41.7) HPV 16 (28.2%)HPV 33 (3.8%)
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( Table 18 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Madsen 2008(Denmark)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 61,67, 73)
60 51.7 (39.3-63.8) HPV 16 (36.7%)HPV 33 (11.7%)HPV 73 (3.3%)HPV 6 (1.7%)HPV 51 (1.7%)
de Sanjosé 2013c
(Europe)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
903 19.3 (16.8-22.0) HPV 16 (13.8%)HPV 33 (1.2%)HPV 18 (0.6%)HPV 31 (0.6%)HPV 44 (0.4%)
Iwasawa 1997(Finland)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33)
74 36.5 (26.4-47.9) HPV 16 (25.7%)HPV 18 (12.2%)HPV 33 (1.4%)
Choschzick 2011(Germany)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 33)
39 46.2 (31.6-61.4) HPV 16 (43.6%)HPV 33 (2.6%)
Hampl 2006 (Ger-many)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing (HPV16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,32, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56,58, 61, 67, 73, 91)
48 60.4 (46.3-73.0) HPV 16 (39.6%)HPV 33 (8.3%)HPV 31 (4.2%)HPV 18 (2.1%)
Milde-Langosch1995 (Germany)
PCR-MY09/11, TS (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35)
40 27.5 (16.1-42.8) HPV 16 (25.0%)
Reuschenbach2013 (Germany)
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 70, 71,73, 82)
183 43.7 (36.7-51.0) HPV 16 (36.1%)HPV 18 (2.7%)HPV 33 (1.1%)HPV 6 (0.5%)HPV 11 (0.5%)
Bonvicini 2005(Italy)
PCR-MY09/11 (HPV 16, 18, 31,33, 35, 45, 52, 58)
16 0.0 (0.0-19.4) -
Nagano 1996(Japan)
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70)
11 72.7 (43.4-90.3) HPV 16 (36.4%)HPV 6 (9.1%)HPV 18 (9.1%)HPV 51 (9.1%)HPV 56 (9.1%)
Osakabe 2007(Japan)
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58)
21 23.8 (10.6-45.1) HPV 16 (14.3%)HPV 6 (4.8%)HPV 52 (4.8%)
de Sanjosé 2013d
(Latin America& Caribbean) PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
324 40.1 (34.9-45.5) -
Kagie 1997(Netherlands)
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 31, 33, 45)
66 19.7 (11.9-30.8) HPV 16 (16.7%)HPV 33 (1.5%)HPV 45 (1.5%)
Trietsch 2013(Netherlands)
PCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70,71, 73, 74, 82)
108 16.7 (10.8-24.8) HPV 16 (10.2%)HPV 33 (5.6%)HPV 18 (1.9%)
van de Nieuwen-hof 2009 (Nether-lands)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 66, 73)
130 34.6 (27.0-43.1) HPV 16 (15.4%)HPV 33 (5.4%)HPV 18 (2.3%)HPV 52 (1.5%)HPV 54 (1.5%)
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( Table 18 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
van der Avoort2006 (Nether-lands)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56,58)
16 0.0 (0.0-19.4) -
de Sanjosé 2013e
(Oceania)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
220 40.0 (33.8-46.6) HPV 16 (27.3%)HPV 33 (3.6%)HPV 18 (2.7%)HPV 6 (1.4%)HPV 39 (1.4%)
Bujko 2012(Poland)
PCR, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81,82, 83, 84)
44 34.1 (21.9-48.9) HPV 16 (20.5%)HPV 11 (11.4%)HPV 44 (4.5%)HPV 52 (4.5%)HPV 58 (4.5%)
Liss 1998 (Poland) PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR-E7, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16,18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58)
18 16.7 (5.8-39.2) HPV 16 (16.7%)
Alonso 2011(Spain)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 66)
98 19.4 (12.8-28.3) HPV 16 (14.3%)HPV 33 (2.0%)HPV 31 (1.0%)HPV 51 (1.0%)HPV 52 (1.0%)
Guerrero 2011(Spain)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34,35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68,70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
30 16.7 (7.3-33.6) HPV 59 (10.0%)HPV 6 (3.3%)HPV 16 (3.3%)HPV 18 (3.3%)
Lerma 1999(Spain)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 16, 18)
57 12.3 (6.1-23.2) HPV 16 (12.3%)
Larsson 2012(Sweden)
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,33, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59)
130 30.8 (23.5-39.2) HPV 16 (23.8%)HPV 33 (3.8%)HPV 18 (1.5%)HPV 56 (0.8%)HPV 59 (0.8%)
Lindell 2010(Sweden)
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, TS, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33, 52)
75 30.7 (21.4-41.8) HPV 16 (21.3%)HPV 18 (2.7%)HPV 33 (2.7%)HPV 52 (1.3%)
Ngamkham 2013(Thailand)
EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66,68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84,89)
25 44.0 (26.7-62.9) HPV 16 (36.0%)HPV 33 (8.0%)HPV 35 (8.0%)HPV 18 (4.0%)HPV 58 (4.0%)
Abdel-Hady 2001(UK)
TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33) 11 27.3 (9.7-56.6) HPV 16 (27.3%)HPV 33 (18.2%)HPV 18 (9.1%)
de Sanjosé 2013(USA)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
50 50.0 (36.6-63.4) HPV 16 (34.0%)HPV 33 (8.0%)HPV 6 (2.0%)HPV 18 (2.0%)HPV 44 (2.0%)
Gargano 2012(USA)
PCR-SPF10, LBA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71, 72, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84)
176 68.8 (61.6-75.1) HPV 16 (48.3%)HPV 33 (10.2%)HPV 52 (2.8%)HPV 18 (1.7%)HPV 31 (1.1%)
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( Table 18 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Kim 1996 (USA) PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, TS,Sequencing (HPV 16, 18)
18 38.9 (20.3-61.4) HPV 16 (27.8%)HPV 18 (5.6%)
Madeleine 1997(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,RFLP (HPV 16)
55 50.9 (38.1-63.6) HPV 16 (43.6%)
Sutton 2008(USA)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, LBA(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34,35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70,71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
116 69.8 (60.9-77.4) HPV 16 (56.0%)HPV 33 (10.3%)HPV 45 (3.4%)HPV 6 (2.6%)HPV 52 (2.6%)
Tate 1994 (USA) PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, RFLP(HPV 16, 33)
13 53.8 (29.1-76.8) HPV 16 (46.2%)HPV 33 (7.7%)
Riethdorf 2004 f
(World)PCR L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 16)
71 87.3 (77.6-93.2) HPV 16 (87.3%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;aIncludes cases from Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, and SenegalbIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and TurkeycIncludes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdomd Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and VenezuelaeIncludes cases from Australia and New Zealandf Includes cases from Germany and United States of AmericaData sources: See references in Section 9.
Table 19: Studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 casesHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
de Sanjosé 2013a
(Asia)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
20 100.0 (83.9-100.0) HPV 16 (80.0%)HPV 6 (5.0%)HPV 18 (5.0%)HPV 33 (5.0%)HPV 35 (5.0%)
Tan 2013 (Aus-tralia)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35,39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73,74, 82)
44 90.9 (78.8-96.4) HPV 16 (68.2%)HPV 26 (4.5%)HPV 33 (4.5%)HPV 52 (4.5%)HPV 82 (4.5%)
Tachezy 2011(Czech Rep.)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 89, 90, 91)
94 94.7 (88.1-97.7) HPV 16 (71.3%)HPV 33 (8.5%)HPV 18 (5.3%)HPV 6 (4.3%)HPV 11 (2.1%)
Junge 1995 (Den-mark)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33)
58 87.9 (77.1-94.0) HPV 16 (77.6%)HPV 33 (10.3%)
de Sanjosé 2013b
(Europe)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
312 86.9 (82.7-90.2) HPV 16 (69.6%)HPV 33 (11.2%)HPV 18 (2.2%)HPV 6 (1.6%)HPV 52 (1.3%)
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( Table 19 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Hampl 2006 (Ger-many)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 61, 67, 73, 74, 91)
168 100.0 (97.8-100.0) HPV 16 (79.8%)HPV 33 (10.7%)HPV 31 (4.2%)HPV 18 (3.0%)
Tsimplaki 2012(Greece)
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 40,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,59, 66, 73)
14 78.6 (52.4-92.4) HPV 16 (64.3%)HPV 18 (7.1%)HPV 51 (7.1%)HPV 52 (7.1%)HPV 53 (7.1%)
Bonvicini 2005(Italy)
PCR-MY09/11 (HPV 16, 18, 31,33, 35, 45, 52, 58)
25 44.0 (26.7-62.9) HPV 16 (36.0%)HPV 35 (8.0%)HPV 33 (4.0%)HPV 52 (4.0%)
de Sanjosé 2013c
(Latin America& Caribbean) PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
126 77.8 (69.8-84.2) -
van Beurden 1995(Netherlands)
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45)
46 95.7 (85.5-98.8) HPV 16 (89.1%)HPV 33 (2.2%)HPV 45 (2.2%)
van der Avoort2006 (Nether-lands)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 74)
32 56.3 (39.3-71.8) HPV 16 (40.6%)HPV 6 (6.3%)HPV 31 (6.3%)HPV 33 (3.1%)
van Esch 2014(Netherlands)
TS (HPV 16, 18, 33, 73) 43 100.0 (91.8-100.0) HPV 16 (81.4%)HPV 33 (14.0%)HPV 73 (2.3%)
de Sanjosé 2013d
(Oceania)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91)
125 94.4 (88.9-97.3) HPV 16 (71.2%)HPV 33 (10.4%)HPV 18 (4.0%)HPV 31 (3.2%)HPV 6 (1.6%)
Lerma 1999(Spain)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 16, 18)
18 27.8 (12.5-50.9) HPV 16 (27.8%)
Abdel-Hady 2001(UK)
TS (HPV 06/11, 16, 18, 31, 33) 32 71.9 (54.6-84.4) HPV 16 (62.5%)HPV 6/11 (18.8%)HPV 31 (3.1%)HPV 33 (3.1%)
Baldwin 2003(UK)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33)
11 100.0 (74.1-100.0) HPV 16 (90.9%)HPV 33 (9.1%)
Bryant 2011 (UK) PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 73)
49 81.6 (68.6-90.0) HPV 16 (67.3%)HPV 33 (16.3%)HPV 6 (10.2%)HPV 18 (2.0%)HPV 31 (2.0%)
Daayana 2010(UK)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 26, 31, 33,34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66,68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
19 78.9 (56.7-91.5) HPV 16 (73.7%)HPV 33 (5.3%)HPV 42 (5.3%)HPV 84 (5.3%)
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( Table 19 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Winters 2008(UK)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61,66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83,84)
20 85.0 (64.0-94.8) HPV 16 (75.0%)HPV 18 (5.0%)HPV 33 (5.0%)
Gargano 2012(USA)
PCR-SPF10, LBA, (HPV 16, 18,33, 52, 59)
68 97.1 (89.9-99.2) HPV 16 (80.9%)HPV 33 (8.8%)HPV 59 (2.9%)HPV 18 (1.5%)
Madeleine 1997(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,RFLP (HPV 16)
253 71.5 (65.7-76.7) HPV 16 (61.7%)
Srodon 2006(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-SPF10, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 89, 90, 91)
34 100.0 (89.8-100.0) HPV 16 (91.2%)HPV 18 (5.9%)HPV 35 (5.9%)HPV 11 (2.9%)HPV 33 (2.9%)
Riethdorf 2004e
(World)PCR L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 16)
60 68.3 (55.8-78.7) HPV 16 (68.3%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and TurkeybIncludes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United KingdomcIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuelad Includes cases from Australia and New ZealandeIncludes cases from Germany and United States of AmericaData sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 93: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Africa and theWorld
Africa (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
52
45
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
4.2
4.2
4.2
58.3
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vulvar cancer cases
World (b)
56
51
52
44
31
6
45
18
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.5
1.8
19.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal.
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( Figure 97 – continued from previous page)bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 94: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in the Americas andthe World
Americas (a)
51
39
31
56
52
6
45
18
33
16
0 10 20 30
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.8
1.3
2.1
2.7
2.9
26.5
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vulvar cancer cases
World (b)
56
51
52
44
31
6
45
18
33
16
0 10 20 30
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.5
1.8
19.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and VenezuelabIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 95: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
31
30
26
11
58
52
45
44
18
16
0 10 20
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.6
18.1
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vulvar cancer cases
World (b)
56
51
52
44
31
6
45
18
33
16
0 10 20
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.5
1.8
19.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
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( Figure 97 – continued from previous page)bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 96: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Europe and theWorld
Europe (a)
35
74
58
53
51
44
31
18
33
16
0 10 20
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
1.2
13.8
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vulvar cancer cases
World (b)
56
51
52
44
31
6
45
18
33
16
0 10 20
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.5
1.8
19.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 97: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vulvar cancer cases in Oceania and theWorld
Oceania (a)
56
52
45
44
31
6
39
18
33
16
0 10 20 30
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.4
2.7
3.6
27.3
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vulvar cancer cases
World (b)
56
51
52
44
31
6
45
18
33
16
0 10 20 30
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.5
1.8
19.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;
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( Figure 97 – continued from previous page)aIncludes cases from Australia and New Zealand.bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 98: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
Africa
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
66
74
56
51
52
31
18
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.4
10.2
67.1
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 99: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and theWorld
Americas (a)
18
58
52
51
45
11
31
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.9
4.7
8.7
56.7
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
66
74
56
51
52
31
18
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.4
10.2
67.1
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
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( Figure 102 – continued from previous page)bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 100: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
54
35
33
18
6
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
80.0
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
66
74
56
51
52
31
18
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.4
10.2
67.1
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 101: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
31
74
66
44
56
52
6
18
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.6
2.2
11.2
69.6
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
66
74
56
51
52
31
18
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.4
10.2
67.1
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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Figure 102: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
Oceania (a)
42
40
34
11
51
6
31
18
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
3.2
4.0
10.4
71.2
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
66
74
56
51
52
31
18
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.4
2.4
10.2
67.1
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Australia and New Zealand.bIncludes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4.2.3 Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions
Vaginal and cervical cancers share similar risk factors and it is generally accepted that both carcinomasshare the same aetiology of HPV infection although there is limited evidence available. Women withvaginal cancer are more likely to have a history of other anogenital cancers, particularly of the cervix,and these two carcinomas are frequently diagnosed simultaneously. HPV DNA is detected among 70%of invasive vaginal carcinomas and 91% of high-grade vaginal neoplasias (VaIN2/3). HPV16 is themost common type in high-grade vaginal neoplasias and it is detected in at least 70% of HPV-positivecarcinomas (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):607-15; De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1626-36). In this section, the HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases and precancerous vaginallesions in the World are presented.
Table 20: Studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer casesHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Alemany 2014a
(Africa)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82)
19 68.4 (46.0-84.6) HPV 16 (31.6%)HPV 45 (10.5%)HPV 18 (5.3%)HPV 31 (5.3%)HPV 33 (5.3%)
Alemany 2014b
(Americas)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82)
191 78.0 (71.6-83.3) HPV 16 (42.4%)HPV 31 (5.8%)HPV 18 (4.2%)HPV 33 (4.2%)HPV 52 (3.1%)
Alemany 2014c
(Asia-Pacific)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82)
46 71.7 (57.5-82.7) HPV 16 (41.3%)HPV 33 (4.3%)HPV 68 (4.3%)HPV 18 (2.2%)HPV 26 (2.2%)
Madsen 2008(Denmark)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56,58)
27 88.9 (71.9-96.1) HPV 16 (77.8%)HPV 33 (7.4%)HPV 18 (3.7%)HPV 39 (3.7%)HPV 45 (3.7%)
Alemany 2014d
(Europe)PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82)
152 71.1 (63.4-77.7) HPV 16 (47.4%)HPV 18 (3.3%)HPV 73 (3.3%)HPV 33 (2.6%)HPV 56 (2.6%)
Ferreira 2008(Portugal)
PCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58)
21 81.0 (60.0-92.3) HPV 16 (33.3%)HPV 31 (28.6%)HPV 40 (14.3%)HPV 6 (9.5%)HPV 18 (9.5%)
Fuste 2010(Spain)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 68)
32 78.1 (61.2-89.0) HPV 16 (56.3%)HPV 52 (6.3%)HPV 35 (3.1%)HPV 51 (3.1%)HPV 58 (3.1%)
Larsson 2013(Sweden)
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59)
69 53.6 (42.0-64.9) HPV 16 (37.7%)HPV 18 (2.9%)HPV 31 (2.9%)HPV 33 (2.9%)HPV 52 (2.9%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 182 -
( Table 20 – continued from previous page)EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment;aIncludes cases from Mozambique, NigeriabIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and VenezuelacIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkeyd Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United KingdomData sources: See references in Section 9.
Table 21: Studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 casesHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Alemany 2014(Americas)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
80 92.5 (84.6-96.5) HPV 16 (46.3%)HPV 18 (6.3%)HPV 52 (6.3%)HPV 73 (6.3%)HPV 6 (3.8%)
Alemany 2014(Asia-Pacific)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
13 100.0 (77.2-100.0) HPV 16 (53.8%)HPV 52 (15.4%)HPV 59 (15.4%)HPV 45 (7.7%)HPV 73 (7.7%)
Alemany 2014(Europe)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67,68, 69, 73, 82)
96 97.9 (92.7-99.4) HPV 16 (65.6%)HPV 33 (7.3%)HPV 18 (5.2%)HPV 52 (3.1%)HPV 73 (3.1%)
Hampl 2006 (Ger-many)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 40, 44, 52, 56,58)
11 90.9 (62.3-98.4) HPV 16 (63.6%)
Tsimplaki 2012(Greece)
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39,40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,66, 70)
10 40.0 (16.8-68.7) HPV 16 (20.0%)HPV 33 (20.0%)
Frega 2007 (Italy) PCR, TS (HPV 16, 18) 30 100.0 (88.6-100.0) HPV 16 (86.7%)HPV 18 (13.3%)
Sugase 1997(Japan)
PCR, TS, Sequencing (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57,58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
18 100.0 (82.4-100.0) HPV 16 (16.7%)HPV 58 (16.7%)HPV 53 (11.1%)HPV 67 (11.1%)HPV 35 (5.6%)
Daling 2002(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, RFLP, TS(HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 58, 66, 73)
99 77.8 (68.6-84.8) HPV 16 (54.5%)HPV 58 (1.0%)HPV 66 (1.0%)HPV 73 (1.0%)
Srodon 2006(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-SPF10, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 89, 90, 91)
16 93.8 (71.7-98.9) HPV 16 (50.0%)HPV 58 (18.8%)HPV 31 (12.5%)HPV 35 (6.3%)HPV 51 (6.3%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and CancerEpidemiology Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer2009;124:1626Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Daling JR, Gynecol Oncol 2002; 84: 263 | Frega A, Cancer Lett 2007; 249: 235 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Srodon M, Am JSurg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513 | Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 183 -
Figure 103: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Africa and theWorld
Africa (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
39
33
31
18
45
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
10.5
31.6
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vaginal cancer cases
World (b)
39
73
51
52
58
45
33
18
31
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.7
3.7
3.9
43.6
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Mozambique, Nigeria.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwanand Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 104: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in the Americasand the World
Americas (a)
59
39
51
45
58
52
33
18
31
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.6
2.1
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.1
4.2
4.2
5.8
42.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vaginal cancer cases
World (b)
39
73
51
52
58
45
33
18
31
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.7
3.7
3.9
43.6
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwanand Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 184 -
Figure 105: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Asia and theWorld
Asia (a)
59
56
52
51
45
26
18
68
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
39.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vaginal cancer cases
World (b)
39
73
51
52
58
45
33
18
31
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.7
3.7
3.9
43.6
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and TurkeybIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwanand Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 106: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Europe and theWorld
Europe (a)
52
45
35
31
58
56
33
73
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.3
3.3
47.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vaginal cancer cases
World (b)
39
73
51
52
58
45
33
18
31
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.7
3.7
3.9
43.6
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwanand Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 185 -
Figure 107: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in vaginal cancer cases in Oceania and theWorld
Oceania (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
58
31
68
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
46.2
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of vaginal cancer cases
World (b)
39
73
51
52
58
45
33
18
31
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.7
3.7
3.9
43.6
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;aIncludes cases from AustraliabIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwanand Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 108: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
Africa
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VaIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
35
6
51
56
59
33
73
52
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1.6
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.7
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.3
56.1
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).aIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 186 -
Figure 109: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and theWorld
Americas (a)
59
58
31
6
56
51
73
52
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
46.3
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VaIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
35
6
51
56
59
33
73
52
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1.6
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.7
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.3
56.1
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).aIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 110: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
73
45
59
52
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
7.7
7.7
15.4
15.4
53.8
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VaIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
35
6
51
56
59
33
73
52
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1.6
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.7
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.3
56.1
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).aIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 187 -
Figure 111: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
30
59
56
53
35
73
52
18
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.1
3.1
5.2
7.3
65.6
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VaIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
35
6
51
56
59
33
73
52
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1.6
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.7
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.3
56.1
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).aIncludes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 112: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
Oceania (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
73
45
59
52
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
7.7
7.7
15.4
15.4
53.8
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of VaIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
35
6
51
56
59
33
73
52
18
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1.6
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.7
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.3
56.1
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2014).aIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.bIncludes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4.2.4 Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions
HPV DNA is detectable in approximately 50% of all penile cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Oncol2012;13(6):607-15). Among HPV-related penile tumours, HPV16 is the most common type detected,followed by HPV18 and HPV types 6/11 (Miralles C et al. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:870-8). Over 95% ofinvasive penile cancers are SCC and the most common penile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising(49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%), warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is commonlydetected in basaloid and warty tumours but is less common in keratinising and verrucous tumours.In this section, the HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases and precancerous penile lesions in theWorld are presented.
Table 22: Studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer casesHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Alemany 2016(Africa)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
19 36.8 (19.1-59.0) HPV 16 (26.3%)HPV 30 (5.3%)HPV 33 (5.3%)HPV 52 (5.3%)
Rubin 2001(Americas)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 35, 45, 52, 53, 68)
142 42.3 (34.4-50.5) HPV 16 (25.4%)HPV 6 (3.5%)HPV 45 (2.8%)HPV 52 (2.8%)HPV 35 (2.1%)
Picconi 2000 (Ar-gentina)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 6, 16, 18, 31, 33)
38 71.1 (55.2-83.0) HPV 18 (28.9%)HPV 16 (21.1%)HPV 6 (5.3%)
Alemany 2016(Asia)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
67 13.4 (7.2-23.6) HPV 16 (9.0%)HPV 33 (1.5%)HPV 35 (1.5%)HPV 45 (1.5%)
Mannweiler 2013(Austria)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 82)
123 58.5 (49.7-66.9) HPV 16 (45.5%)HPV 33 (4.9%)HPV 18 (4.1%)HPV 45 (3.3%)HPV 6 (0.8%)
D’Hauwers 2012(Belgium)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68)
36 61.1 (44.9-75.2) HPV 16 (47.2%)HPV 59 (5.6%)HPV 6 (2.8%)HPV 11 (2.8%)HPV 33 (2.8%)
Afonso 2012(Brazil)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 35, 45, 53, 62, 70, 71, 73)
133 56.4 (47.9-64.5) HPV 16 (17.3%)HPV 45 (12.8%)HPV 6 (6.8%)HPV 18 (3.8%)HPV 31 (3.0%)
Calmon 2013(Brazil)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,qPCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70,71, 73, 74, 82)
47 48.9 (35.3-62.8) HPV 16 (40.4%)HPV 11 (10.6%)HPV 35 (2.1%)
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 189 -
( Table 22 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
de Sousa 2015(Brazil)
PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR-MULTIPLEX, Sequencing (HPV11, 16, 18, 45, 69)
76 63.2 (51.9-73.1) HPV 16 (13.2%)HPV 11 (7.9%)HPV 18 (5.3%)HPV 69 (2.6%)HPV 45 (1.3%)
Fonseca 2013(Brazil)
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,33, 45, 51, 52, 53, 58, 68)
82 61.0 (50.2-70.8) HPV 11 (39.0%)HPV 6 (19.5%)HPV 16 (18.3%)HPV 53 (11.0%)HPV 33 (2.4%)
Scheiner 2008(Brazil)
PCR-MY09/11, RFLP (HPV 6,16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 71)
80 72.5 (61.9-81.1) HPV 16 (15.0%)HPV 6 (5.0%)HPV 18 (1.3%)HPV 31 (1.3%)HPV 33 (1.3%)
Maden 1993(Canada)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16)
67 49.3 (37.7-60.9) HPV 16 (34.3%)
Chan 1994(China)
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18) 41 14.6 (6.9-28.4) HPV 16 (9.8%)HPV 18 (9.8%)
Alemany 2016(Europe)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
419 32.2 (27.9-36.8) HPV 16 (23.4%)HPV 52 (1.2%)HPV 6 (1.0%)HPV 33 (1.0%)HPV 45 (0.7%)
Humbey 2003(France)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, TS (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51,52, 58, 68)
36 66.7 (50.3-79.8) HPV 16 (25.0%)
Perceau 2003(France)
TS (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33) 17 17.6 (6.2-41.0) HPV 16 (17.6%)
Poetsch 2011(Germany)
PCR- MULTIPLEX, TS (HPV06/11, 16, 18)
52 38.5 (26.5-52.0) HPV 16 (32.7%)HPV 6/11 (3.8%)HPV 18 (1.9%)
Barzon 2014(Italy)
qPCR, , TS (HPV 16, 18, 26, 31,33, 35, 39, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71,73, 74, 82)
54 29.6 (19.1-42.8) HPV 16 (25.9%)HPV 45 (1.9%)HPV 68 (1.9%)
Gentile 2006(Italy)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer,Sequencing (HPV 16, 18, 53)
11 72.7 (43.4-90.3) HPV 16 (45.5%)HPV 18 (18.2%)HPV 53 (9.1%)
Tornesello 2008(Italy)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-L1C1/C2,PCR-E6, PCR-E7, Sequencing(HPV 6, 16, 18, 33, 35)
61 47.5 (35.5-59.8) HPV 16 (42.6%)HPV 18 (3.3%)HPV 35 (1.6%)
Iwasawa 1993(Japan)
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18, 33) 111 63.1 (53.8-71.5) HPV 16 (61.3%)HPV 18 (1.8%)
Suzuki 1994(Japan)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 6, 11, 16,18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58)
13 53.8 (29.1-76.8) HPV 16 (30.8%)HPV 33 (15.4%)HPV 31 (7.7%)
Yanagawa 2008(Japan)
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52, 58)
26 11.5 (4.0-29.0) HPV 16 (11.5%)
Alemany 2016(Latin America &Caribbean)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
480 36.5 (32.3-40.9) HPV 16 (23.8%)HPV 6 (2.5%)HPV 11 (1.5%)HPV 33 (1.3%)HPV 35 (1.3%)
(Continued on next page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 190 -
( Table 22 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
López-Romero2013 (Mexico)
PCR-E6, , Sequencing (HPV 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 58, 59)
76 75.0 (64.2-83.4) HPV 16 (61.8%)HPV 11 (3.9%)HPV 31 (3.9%)HPV 18 (1.3%)HPV 33 (1.3%)
Heideman 2007(Netherlands)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, EIA, (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72,73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
171 29.2 (22.9-36.5) HPV 16 (22.8%)HPV 18 (2.3%)HPV 45 (1.8%)HPV 33 (1.2%)HPV 56 (0.6%)
Cubilla 2010(Paraguay)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,68, 70, 73, 74)
202 31.7 (25.7-38.4) HPV 16 (22.8%)HPV 6 (3.0%)HPV 18 (2.0%)HPV 11 (1.5%)HPV 35 (1.5%)
Lebelo 2014(South Africa)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68)
40 87.5 (73.9-94.5) HPV 16 (55.0%)HPV 11 (30.0%)HPV 18 (10.0%)HPV 45 (5.0%)HPV 6 (2.5%)
Ferrándiz-Pulido2013 (Spain)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58,59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 74)
78 37.2 (27.3-48.3) HPV 16 (26.9%)HPV 58 (3.8%)HPV 6 (2.6%)HPV 33 (1.3%)HPV 45 (1.3%)
Guerrero 2008(Spain)
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34,35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68,70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
24 45.8 (27.9-64.9) HPV 16 (45.8%)HPV 39 (4.2%)
Pascual 2007(Spain)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18)
49 77.6 (64.1-87.0) HPV 16 (65.3%)HPV 18 (8.2%)
Senba 2006 (Thai-land)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, Sequencing (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
65 81.5 (70.4-89.1) HPV 18 (55.4%)HPV 6 (40.0%)HPV 34 (3.1%)HPV 11 (1.5%)HPV 22 (1.5%)
Tornesello 2008(Uganda)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-L1C1/C2,PCR-E6, PCR-E7, Sequencing(HPV 6, 16, 18, 33, 35)
17 64.7 (41.3-82.7) HPV 16 (58.8%)HPV 6 (11.8%)HPV 18 (11.8%)HPV 33 (5.9%)
Stankiewicz 2011(UK)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10 (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
102 55.9 (46.2-65.1) HPV 16 (45.1%)HPV 11 (9.8%)HPV 6 (5.9%)HPV 45 (5.9%)HPV 31 (4.9%)
Alemany 2016(USA)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
16 18.8 (6.6-43.0) HPV 16 (18.8%)
Cupp 1995 (USA) PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18)
42 54.8 (39.9-68.8) HPV 16 (40.5%)HPV 18 (4.8%)
(Continued on next page)
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 191 -
( Table 22 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Daling 2005(USA)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,RFLP, Sequencing (HPV 6, 16,18, 31, 33, 45, 53)
94 79.8 (70.6-86.7) HPV 16 (69.1%)HPV 6 (4.3%)HPV 33 (2.1%)HPV 18 (1.1%)HPV 31 (1.1%)
Hernandez 2014(USA)
PCR, LBA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51,52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66,67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82,83, 84, 89)
79 63.3 (52.3-73.1) HPV 16 (44.3%)HPV 18 (5.1%)HPV 33 (5.1%)HPV 45 (3.8%)HPV 6 (2.5%)
Do 2013 (VietNam)
PCR-SPF10, PCR-E6, qPCR,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35,39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73,74, 82)
120 22.5 (15.9-30.8) HPV 16 (20.0%)HPV 11 (0.8%)HPV 18 (0.8%)HPV 33 (0.8%)HPV 58 (0.8%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Table 23: Studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 casesHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy Method No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Mannweiler 2013(Austria)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 82)
43 76.7 (62.3-86.8) HPV 16 (62.8%)HPV 18 (9.3%)HPV 33 (2.3%)HPV 73 (2.3%)
D’Hauwers 2012(Belgium)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68)
13 84.6 (57.8-95.7) HPV 16 (61.5%)HPV 18 (23.1%)HPV 11 (15.4%)HPV 53 (15.4%)HPV 56 (15.4%)
Alemany 2016(Europe)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
64 89.1 (79.1-94.6) HPV 16 (73.4%)HPV 33 (6.3%)HPV 6 (3.1%)HPV 18 (3.1%)HPV 31 (3.1%)
Alemany 2016(Latin America &Caribbean)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39,40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,73, 74, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 91)
11 63.6 (35.4-84.8) HPV 16 (36.4%)HPV 66 (18.2%)HPV 11 (9.1%)HPV 31 (9.1%)HPV 51 (9.1%)
López-Romero2013 (Mexico)
PCR-E6, , Sequencing (HPV 16,18, 31, 33, 58, 59)
10 100.0 (72.2-100.0) HPV 16 (100.0%)
Wikström 2012(Sweden)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59,66, 68, 70, 73, 82)
28 85.7 (68.5-94.3) HPV 16 (39.3%)HPV 6 (21.4%)HPV 31 (7.1%)HPV 33 (7.1%)HPV 45 (7.1%)
Cupp 1995 (USA) PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18)
25 92.0 (75.0-97.8) HPV 16 (80.0%)HPV 18 (8.0%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3;EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 192 -
Figure 113: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Africa and theWorld
Africa (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
52
33
30
16
0 10 20 30
5.3
5.3
5.3
26.3
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of penile cancer cases
World (b)
74
59
18
11
52
45
35
33
6
16
0 10 20 30
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.6
22.8
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Mozambique, Nigeria, SenegalbIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 114: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in the Americas andthe World
Americas (a)
52
51
18
59
45
35
33
11
6
16
0 10 20 30
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
2.5
23.8
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of penile cancer cases
World (b)
74
59
18
11
52
45
35
33
6
16
0 10 20 30
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.6
22.8
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United StatesbIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 193 -
Figure 115: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Asia and theWorld
Asia (a)
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
45
35
33
16
0 10 20 30
1.5
1.5
1.5
9.0
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of penile cancer cases
World (b)
74
59
18
11
52
45
35
33
6
16
0 10 20 30
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.6
22.8
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, PhilippinesybIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 116: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Europe and theWorld
Europe (a)
44
35
31
18
58
45
33
6
52
16
0 10 20 30
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.2
23.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of penile cancer cases
World (b)
74
59
18
11
52
45
35
33
6
16
0 10 20 30
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.6
22.8
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United KingdombIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 194 -
Figure 117: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in penile cancer cases in Oceania and theWorld
Oceania
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of penile cancer cases
World (a)
74
59
18
11
52
45
35
33
6
16
0 10 20 30
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.6
22.8
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 118: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
Africa
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of PeIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
53
45
18
6
52
51
31
58
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.7
5.9
69.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 195 -
Figure 119: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and theWorld
Americas (a)
6
61
58
53
52
51
31
11
66
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
18.2
36.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of PeIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
53
45
18
6
52
51
31
58
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.7
5.9
69.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela.bIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 120: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of PeIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
53
45
18
6
52
51
31
58
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.7
5.9
69.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 196 -
Figure 121: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
43
58
52
51
45
31
18
6
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
6.3
73.4
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of PeIN 2/3 cases
World (b)
53
45
18
6
52
51
31
58
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.7
5.9
69.4
Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United KingdombIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
Figure 122: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
Oceania
10th*
9th*
8th*
7th*
6th*
5th*
4th*
3rd*
2nd*
1st*
No data available
Type−specific HPV prevalence (%) of PeIN 2/3 cases
World (a)
53
45
18
6
52
51
31
58
33
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.7
5.9
69.4
*No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.Data updated on 09 Feb 2017 (data as of 30 Jun 2015).aIncludes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data sources: See references in Section 9.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 197 -
4.3 HPV burden in men
The information to date regarding anogenital HPV infection is primarily derived from cross-sectionalstudies of selected populations such as general population, university students, military recruits, andstudies that examined husbands of control women, as well as from prospective studies. Special sub-groups include mainly studies that examined STD (sexually transmitted diseases) clinic attendees,MSM (men who have sex with men), HIV positive men, and partners of women with HPV lesions, CIN(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), cervical cancer or cervical carcinoma in situ. Globally, prevalence ofexternal genital HPV infection in men is higher than cervical HPV infection in women, but persistenceis less likely. As with genital HPV prevalence, high numbers of sexual partners increase the acquisitionof oncogenic HPV infections (Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5). In this section, the HPV burden amongmen in the World is presented.
Methods
HPV burden in men was based on published systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Dunne EF, J InfectDis 2006; 194: 1044, Smith JS, J Adolesc Health 2011; 48: 540, Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014;90: 455, and Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014; 11: 2630) up to October 31, 2015. The search terms for thereview were human papillomavirus, men, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybrid capture (HC), andviral DNA. References cited in selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPVDNA detection by means of PCR or HC (ISH if data are not available for the country), and a detaileddescription of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested andHPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the anogenital prevalence of HPV DNA.Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each anogenital HPV prevalence.
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 198 -
Table 24: Studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among menAnatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Australia Vardas
2011aPenis RT-PCR-Multiplex
or BiplexHeterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Brazil Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofcontrol women
24-81 56 39.3 (26.5-53.2)
Giuliano2008b
Corona sulcus,glans, shaft andscrotum
PCR-PGMY09/11and GP5/6+
General population 18-70 382 72.3 (67.5-76.7)
Nyitray2011
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM fromgeneral populationand populationfrom a STD clinic
18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
HIV- MSW fromgeneral populationand populationfrom a STD clinic
18-70 1305 12.2 (10.5-14.1)
Rosenblatt2004
Shaft, dorsaland prebalanicarea, prepuce,urethral meatus
HC2 HR Partners of womenwithout CIN
- 60 15 (7.1-26.6)
Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Canada Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Chile Guzmán2008
Corona andshaft
PCR-GP5+/6+ Universitystudents
20-51 61 83.6 (71.9-91.8)
China Liu 2015 Coronal sulcus,shaft, glans, andscrotum
PCR-SPF1/GP6+ Population-basedesophageal cancercohort study
25-65 2228 16.9 (15.3-18.5)
Colombia Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofcontrol women
23-82 128 18.8 (12.4-26.6)
Croatia Grce 1996 Urethra Filterhybridization(slot-blot, TS6,11,16,18)
Family planningclinic attendees
- 79 26.6 (17.3-37.7)
Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Denmark Hebnes2015
Coronal sulcus,glans, preputialcavity, scrotum,shaft andperineum
HC2 Male employeesand conscripts atmilitary barracks
Mean 23(18-65)
2436 22.2 (20.6-24.0)
PCR-LIPAv2 Male employeesand conscripts atmilitary barracks
Mean 23(18-65)
2436 41.8 (39.9-43.8)
Kjaer 2005 Glans andcorona sulcus
PCR-GP5+/6+ TSoligoprobes
Military conscripts 18-29 337 33.8 (28.8-39.2)
Finland Hippeläinen1993
Glans, prepuce,corona sulcus,urethral meatus
PCR-MY09/11 TS6,11,16,18,31,33
Voluntaryconscripts
Mean 20 285 16.5 (12.4-21.3)
( Table 24 – continued from previous page)
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 199 -
( Table 24 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Kero 2011 Urethra PCR-MY09/11 and
GP5+/6+Sexual partners ofpregnant women
19-46 128 22.7 (15.7-30.9)
Germany Grussendorf-Conen1987
Coronal sulcusand glans
ISH Blood donors orpatients fromdepartment ofdermatology
16-79 530 5.8 (4.0-8.2)
Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
India Gupta2006
Coronal sulcus,distal andintrameatalurethra andglans
PCR-L1 and TS16,18
Partners of womenwith normalcytology
Mean46.9
30 26.7 (12.3-45.9)
Italy Lorenzon2014
Coronal sulcus,shaft, prepuce,and urethral
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
Heterosexual menfor routine HPVtesting
18-68 378 40.5 (35.5-45.6)
Nasca2006
Penis PCR-MY09/11 andGP5+/6+
Hospital basedcontrols attendingclinic fornongenitalcomplaints
27-79 46 8.7 (2.4-20.8)
Japan Takahashi2003
Glans, corona,prepuce
HC2 HR, LR Universitystudents
18-35 75 1.3 (0.0-7.2)
Kenya Ng’ayo2008
Glans, coronasulcus, shaft ofthe penis,scrotum and theperianal region
PCR-PGMY09/MY11and HMB01
Men working inthe fishingindustry
18-63 250 57.6 (51.2-63.8)
Smith2010
Shaft, glans,coronal sulcus,and inner andexternalforeskin tissue
PCR-GP5+/6+ Men screened toparticipate in anRCT of malecircumcision
17-28 2705 51.1 (49.2-53.0)
Korea, Rep. Shin 2004 Glans, corona,scrotum,prepuce,urethra
PCR-SPF10 Male students Median22
381 8.7 (6.0-11.9)
Mexico Giuliano2008b
Corona sulcus,glans, shaft andscrotum
PCR-PGMY09/11and GP5/6+
General populationand organizedhealth caresystems
18-70 362 61.9 (56.7-66.9)
Lajous2005
Corona, shaft,upper third ofthe scrotum,urethralmeatus, urethra
PCR-BGH 20 andBPCO4
Military conscripts 16-40 1030 44.6 (41.5-47.7)
Lazcano-Ponce2001
Corona, urethra PCR-GP5+/6+ Sexually activecollege studentsand industryworkers
14-55 96 42.7 (32.7-53.2)
( Table 24 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 24 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Nyitray2011
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM fromorganized healthcare systems,factories andmilitary
18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
HIV- MSW fromorganized healthcare systems,factories andmilitary
18-70 1305 12.2 (10.5-14.1)
Sánchez-Alemán2002
Glans andprepuce
HC2 HR Universitystudents
>=18 71 8.5 (3.2-17.5)
Vaccarella2006
Scrotum,coronal sulcus,the glans andthe opening ofthe meatus
PCR-PGMY09/11 Men who requesteda vasectomy
Mean 34 779 8.7 (6.8-10.9)
Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Philippines Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofcontrol women
19-71 106 4.7 (1.5-10.7)
Rwanda Veldhuijzen2012
Shaft, scrotum,glans/sulcuscorona, andforeskin inuncircumcisedmen
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test(HR-HPV types)
Men participatingin a case–controlstudy assessingrisk factors forinfertility
Median31(IQR=27-38)
166 26.5 (20.0-33.9)
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test(LR-HPV types)
Men participatingin a case–controlstudy assessingrisk factors forinfertility
Median31(IQR=27-38)
166 31.3 (24.4-39.0)
SouthAfrica
Auvert2010
Urethra PCR-RocheAmplicor HPVtest
Men recruited fromthe generalpopulation for anRCT of malecircumcision
IQR=19-22
1683 19.1 (17.2-21.0)
Mbulawa2010
Shaft and glans,and the foreskininuncircumcisedmen
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
HIV- heterosexualmen recruited forinvestigations ofgenital HPVtransmission
18-66 313 50.8 (45.1-56.5)
Spain Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofcontrol women
24-78 168 3.6 (1.3-7.6)
Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Sweden Forslund1993
Urethra PCR-TS(6,11,16,18,31,33,35)and unespecifiedconsensus primer
Military conscripts 20-23 138 8.7 (4.6-14.7)
( Table 24 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 24 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Kataoka1991
Urethra PCR-TS6,11,16,18,33
Army conscriptswith normalepithelium
18-23 66 12.1 (5.4-22.5)
Tanzania Olesen2013
Glans, preputialcavity(uncircumcisedmen), coronalsulcus(circumcisedmen), shaft,corpus
PCR-LIPA andHC2
Men from thegeneral population
Mean34.2
1813 20.5 (18.7-22.5)
Thailand Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofcontrol women
28-78 75 17.3 (9.6-27.8)
Uganda Tobian2013
Coronal sulcusand glans
PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- heterosexualmen
15-49 978 60.9 (57.8-64.0)
USA Giuliano2008c
Corona sulcus,glans, shaft andscrotum
PCR-PGMY09/11 General population 18-44 290 30 (24.8-35.6)
Giuliano2008b
Corona sulcus,glans, shaft andscrotum
PCR-PGMY09/11and GP5/6+
General populationand populationfrom University
18-70 416 61.3 (56.4-66.0)
Hernandez2008
Glans, coronasulcus, penileshaft, scrotum
PCR-PGMY09/11 Universitypopulation
Mean 29 300 35.3 (29.9-41.0)
Nielson2007
Glans, coronasulcus, penileshaft andscrotum,perianal area,anus
PCR-PGMY09/11 General populationvolunteers andSTD clinicattendees
18-40 463 65.4 (60.9-69.8)
Nyitray2011
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM fromgeneral populationand populationfrom University
18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
HIV- MSW fromgeneral populationand populationfrom University
18-70 1305 12.2 (10.5-14.1)
Partridge2007
Glans, urethralmeatus, penileshaft andscrotum
PCR-MY09/11HMB 01
Heterosexualuniversity students
18-20 240 25.8 (20.4-31.9)
Vardas2011a
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
Heterosexual menenrolled in a HPVvaccine trial
Median20 (15-24)
3132 21.2 (19.8-22.7)
Weaver2004
Glans, prepuce,shaft, scrotum
PCR-MY09/11HMB 01
Universitystudents
18-25 283 35 (29.4-40.9)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 31 Oct 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;MSM: Men who have sex with men; MSW:Men who have sex with women; STD: sexually transmitted diseases;aIncludes cases from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Mexico, Spain, and USA.bGiuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036cGiuliano AR, J Infect Dis 2008; 198: 827Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4 HPV RELATED STATISTICS - 202 -
Table 25: Studies on anogenital HPV prevalence among men from special subgroupsAnatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Argentina Pando
2012Anus GP-PCR Reverse
line blothybridization
HIV- MSM Mean/Median31 years
69 79.7 (68.3-88.4)
HIV+ MSM Mean/Median31 years
39 92.3 (79.1-98.4)
Australia Anderson2008
Anal canal HC2 HR HIV+ MSM Median45 (28-59)
123 86.2 (78.8-91.7)
Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Ong 2016 Anus PCR-Linear Array HIV+ MSM Mean 51(35-82)
281 79.7 (74.5-84.3)
Vajdic2009
Anal canal HC2 HIV- MSM IQR=36-48
193 69.9 (62.9-76.3)
HIV+ MSM IQR=37-49
123 94.3 (88.6-97.7)
Brazil de LimaRocha2012
Coronal sulcus,glans, andprepuce
PCR-GP5+/6+ Sexual partners ofwomen withcervical HPVinfection
18-60 43 51.2 (35.5-66.7)
Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofwomen withinvasive cervicalcancer
27-79 53 35.8 (23.1-50.2)
Freire2014
Shaft, glans,balanopreputialsulcus andurethral
PCR-Papillocheck Men referred to theUrological Division
18-81 355 72.1 (67.1-76.7)
Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Guimarães2011
Anus PCR-DBH HIV+ >=18 445 65.6 (61.0-70.0)
Nicolau2005
Glans, urethra,internal andexternalprepuce,scrotum, anus
HC2 HR, LR Partners of womenwith HPV
19-53 50 70 (55.4-82.1)
Nyitray2011
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM fromgeneral populationand populationfrom a STD clinic
18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
Rombaldi2006
Prepuce,preglans, shaft,urethral canal
PCR-L1, MY09/11 Partners of womenwith CIN
18-56 99 54.5 (44.2-64.6)
( Table 25 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Rosenblatt2004
Shaft, dorsaland prebalanicarea, prepuce,urethral meatus
HC2 HR Partners of womenwith CIN
- 30 76.7 (57.7-90.1)
Canada de Poko-mandy2009
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV+ MSM Median43 (21-66)
241 97.9 (95.2-99.3)
Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Ogilvie2009
Shaft, scrotum PCR-RocheAmplicor HPVtest
Heterosexual menattendingprovincial STDclinic
16-69 262 69.8 (63.9-75.3)
Salit 2009 Anus PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV+ MSMparticipants inTRACE study
38-50 224 93.3 (89.2-96.2)
Salit 2010 Anal canal HC2 HIV+ MSM Median44.4(IQR=39.4-50.6)
400 93 (90.0-95.3)
China Gao 2010 Anal canal PCR-TellgenplexTMHPV DNA Test
HIV- MSM >=18(70% <30years)
528 58.9 (54.6-63.1)
HIV+ MSM >=18(70% <30years)
50 96 (86.3-99.5)
Li 2015 Anus PCR-GenoArray HIV+ MSM 18-60 193 99 (96.3-99.9)
Tang 2006 Urethralmeatus
PCR-MY09/11 STD clinicattendees
18-70 305 13.8 (10.1-18.2)
Yang 2012 Anus PCR-TellgenplexTMHPV DNA Test
HIV+ MSM >=18 91 70.3 (59.8-79.5)
Zhang2014
Anus PCR-GenoArray HIV- MSM, STDclinic attendees
IQR=25-34.8
380 33.7 (28.9-38.7)
HIV+ MSM STDclinic attendees
IQR=25-34.8
28 71.4 (51.3-86.8)
Colombia Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofwomen withcervical carcinomain situ
23-76 63 20.6 (11.5-32.7)
Husbands ofwomen withinvasive cervicalcancer
24-79 50 32 (19.5-46.7)
Croatia Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
( Table 25 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Denmark Svare
2002Coronal sulcus,glans, perianalarea, scrotum,and shaft
PCR-GP5+/6+ andTS6,11,16,18,31,33
STD clinicattendees
>=18 198 44.9 (37.9-52.2)
France Aynaud2003
Meatal urethra PCR-TS6,11,42,16,18,33
Men with normalpeniscopy whosefemale partnershave genital HPVlesions
Mean 30 34 2.9 (0.1-15.3)
Men with penileand urethrallesions whosefemale partnershave genital HPVlesions
Mean 29 55 87.3 (75.5-94.7)
Damay2010
Anal canal PCR-PapilloCheck®
HIV+ MSM Median45 (39-49.5)
67 74.6 (62.5-84.5)
Philibert2014
Anus PCR-CobasHR-HPV
HIV- MSM Mean46.4(SD=9.4)
16 75 (47.6-92.7)
HIV+ MSM Mean46.4(SD=9.4)
82 76.8 (66.2-85.4)
Piketty2004
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM 27-62 45 80 (65.4-90.4)
Germany Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Schneider1988
Glans, prepuce,fossanavicularis,shaft
FilterhybridizationDNA/DNA
Sexual partners ofwomen with HPVassociated lesionsof the cervix
Mean36.5
156 39.1 (31.4-47.2)
Wieland2015
Anus PCR-Multiplexand hybridization
HIV+ MSM 18-80 801 91.5 (89.4-93.3)
Greece Hadjivassi-liou 2007
Urethra HC2 HR, LR HIV- STD clinicattendees withoutgenital warts andsexual partners ofwomen withgenital warts
15-65 64 20.3 (11.3-32.2)
India Gupta2006
Coronal sulcus,distal andintrameatalurethra andglans
PCR-L1 and TS16,18
Partners of womenwith cervicalcancer
Mean46.4
30 66.7 (47.2-82.7)
Ireland Sadlier2014
Anus PCR-TS 16,18,31 HIV- MSM Mean 32(SD=8)
80 61.3 (49.7-71.9)
HIV+ MSM Mean 40(SD=10)
83 77.1 (66.6-85.6)
( Table 25 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Italy Barzon
2010Glans, corona,shaft, perianalarea, urethra,and semen
PCR-Generalprimers for L1(MY09/11, GP5 +/6+)
Men referred forHPV testing.Indications fortesting: STDscreening, HPVsuspected lesions,HPV-positivepartners
20-72 947 41.7 (38.5-44.9)
Benevolo2008
Coronal sulcus,urethra,prepuce, shaft
PCR-L1 Male partners ofwomen with CINand/or positiveHPV
20-61 71 35.2 (24.2-47.5)
Chiarini1998
Urethra PCR-Genericprimers in E1
Men withsymptoms ofnongonococcalurethritis
- 247 31.2 (25.5-37.4)
DellaTorre 1992
Urethra PCR-TS6,11,16,18
Partners of womenwith HPV
- 64 21.9 (12.5-34.0)
Dona 2015 Anus PCR-Linear Array HIV- MSM Median32(IQR=27-39)
437 72.1 (67.6-76.2)
HIV+ MSM Median41(IQR=33-47)
172 93 (88.1-96.3)
Garbuglia2015
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM Median39(IQR=33-44)
220 88.6 (83.7-92.5)
Giovannelli2007
Coronal sulcus,frenulum, glans,prepuce, shaft
PCR-LiPA,GP5+/6+ andMY09/11
Partners of womenwith HPV
23-58 47 68.1 (52.9-80.9)
Orlando2008
Anus HC2 HIV+ Median34(IQR=30-42)
233 87.1 (82.1-91.1)
Pierangeli2008
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM 28-62 9 88.9 (51.8-99.7)
HIV+ MSM 25-65 18 94.4 (72.7-99.9)
Sammarco2016
Anus PCR-Multiplexand RFLP andsequencing
HIV+ MSM Mean 38(IQR=20-53)
50 56 (41.3-70.0)
Coronal sulcus PCR-Multiplexand RFLP andsequencing
HIV+ MSM Mean 38(IQR=20-53)
50 22 (11.5-36.0)
Urethra PCR-Multiplexand RFLP andsequencing
HIV+ MSM Mean 38(IQR=20-53)
50 10 (3.3-21.8)
Japan Nagata2015
Anus PCR-Invader HIV+ heterosexualmen
Median44(IQR=39-55)
34 20.6 (8.7-37.9)
( Table 25 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)HIV+ MSM Median
44(IQR=39-55)
361 75.9 (71.1-80.2)
Shigehara2010
Coronal sulcus,glans, prepuce,urethra, andurine
PCR-HPVGenoArray
Men withurethritis
Mean35.2(19-62)
142 47.9 (39.4-56.4)
Takahashi2003
Coronal sulcus,glans, prepuce
HC2 HR, LR Patients withurethritis
17-49 130 18.5 (12.2-26.2)
Takahashi2005
Glans, corona,inner surface ofprepuce
HC2 HR, LR STD clinicattendees
18-35 204 5.9 (3.1-10.0)
Mexico Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Leyva-López2003
Urethralmeatus
PCR-L1 Partners of womenwith CIN
17-64 187 2.1 (0.6-5.4)
Mendez-Martinez2014
Anus PCR-INNO-LIPA HIV+ MSM Median39(IQR=33-45)
324 86.1 (81.9-89.7)
Nyitray2011
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM fromorganized healthcare systems,factories andmilitary
18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
Torres-Ibarra2014
Anus PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV+ MSM 18-69 446 93 (90.3-95.2)
Nether-lands
Bleeker2002
Glans, corona,frenulum,prepuce
PCR-GP5+/6+ Partners of womenwith CIN
24-58 119 58.8 (49.4-67.8)
Bleeker2005a
Corona,frenulum, glans,inner prepuce
PCR-GP5+/6+ Men visitingdepartment ofdermatology fornon-STIcomplaints
22.8-73.2 83 25.3 (16.4-36.0)
Bleeker2005b
Corona,frenulum, glans,inner prepuce
PCR-GP5+/6+ Partners of womenwith dyskaryosisand/or CIN
22.5-57.7 181 72.9 (65.8-79.3)
van derSnoek2003
Coronal sulcus PCR-TS primersand LiPA
HIV- MSM 19-76 241 15.8 (11.4-21.0)
HIV+ MSM 29-59 17 23.5 (6.8-49.9)
Perianal area PCR-TS primersand LiPA
HIV- MSM 19-76 241 32.8 (26.9-39.1)
HIV+ MSM 29-59 17 64.7 (38.3-85.8)
( Table 25 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Van Door-num 1994
Corona,urethra, anus,rectum
PCR-TS6/11,16,18,33
STD clinicattendees
Mean 37 85 28.2 (19.0-39.0)
van Rijn2014
Anal canal PCR-LIPA TS16,18,31,33,45,52,58
HIV- MSM Median37.6(IQR=33.6-42.2)
441 33.6 (29.2-38.2)
HIV+ MSM Median45.6(IQR=39.4-52.5)
306 56.9 (51.1-62.5)
Penile shaft PCR-LIPA TS16,18,31,33,45,52,58
HIV- MSM Median37.6(IQR=33.6-42.2)
441 11.1 (8.3-14.4)
HIV+ MSM Median45.6(IQR=39.4-52.5)
306 23.2 (18.6-28.3)
Vriend2013
Anal canal PCR-LIPA MSM STD clinicattendees
Median22 (16-24)
56 3.6 (0.4-12.3)
MSW STD clinicattendees
Median22 (16-24)
124 33.1 (24.9-42.1)
Penis PCR-LIPA MSM STD clinicattendees
Median22 (16-24)
56 26.8 (15.8-40.3)
MSW STD clinicattendees
Median22 (16-24)
124 16.1 (10.1-23.8)
Welling2015
Anus PCR-SPF DEIALIPA
HIV- MSM Median38(IQR=33-42)
461 60.1 (55.5-64.6)
HIV+ MSM Median46(IQR=39-53)
317 78.2 (73.3-82.7)
Penis PCR-SPF DEIALIPA
HIV- MSM Median38(IQR=33-42)
461 29.5 (25.4-33.9)
HIV+ MSM Median46(IQR=39-53)
317 49.5 (43.9-55.2)
Peru Blas 2015 Anal canal PCR-Linear Array HIV- MSM Mean 34(18-59)
101 76.2 (66.7-84.1)
Coronal sulcus,glans, penisshaft, andscrotum
PCR-Linear Array HIV- MSM Mean 34(18-59)
101 40.6 (30.9-50.8)
( Table 25 – continued from previous page)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Quinn2012
Anus PCR-Line blot MSM Mean 33(SD=10.1)
105 77.1 (67.9-84.8)
Philippines Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofwomen withinvasive cervicalcancer
22-77 149 6 (2.8-11.2)
Russia Wirtz 2015 Anus PCR-TS6,11,16,18,31,33
HIV- MSM Median29 (19-50)
65 30.8 (19.9-43.4)
HIV+ MSM Median29 (19-50)
58 50 (36.6-63.4)
Slovenia Golob 2014 Penis PCR-Linear Array Men from infertilecouples
Mean 33 299 37.1 (31.6-42.9)
Milosevic2010
Anal canal PCR-Linear Array HIV- MSM 16-80 116 75 (66.1-82.6)
HIV+ MSM 20-57 20 95 (75.1-99.9)
SouthAfrica
Firnhaber2011
Prepuce, penileshaft andgenital wartareas of thepenis
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
Men with penilewarts attending apublic sectorantiretroviraltreatment clinic
Mean36.0
73 100 (95.1-100.0)
Mbulawa2010
Shaft and glans,and the foreskininuncircumcisedmen
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
HIV+ heterosexualmen recruited forinvestigations ofgenital HPVtransmission
19-67 158 77.2 (69.9-83.5)
Müller2010
Glans penis,coronal sulcusand penile shaft
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
Asymptomatic menattending for HIVvoluntarycounselling andtesting a sexualhealth clinic
Mean29.8
50 62 (47.2-75.3)
Men withurethritissyndromeattending a sexualhealth clinic
Mean29.8
56 48.2 (34.7-62.0)
Glans penis,coronal sulcus,penile shaft andanogenitalwarts
PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
Men withanogenital wartattending a sexualhealth clinic
Mean29.8
108 100 (96.6-100.0)
Vogt 2013 Coronal sulcus,glans and shaft
PCR-PGMY09/11 Heterosexual menattending an HIVtesting centre
IQR=29-37
34 58.8 (40.7-75.4)
Spain Álvarez-Argüelles2013
Anus PCR-Generalprimers in L1(MY09/11, GP5 +/6+), PCR with TSprimers in E6/E7for typing
STD clinicattendees
17-87 123 49.6 (40.5-58.8)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Balanopreputial PCR-General
primers in L1(MY09/11, GP5 +/6+), PCR with TSprimers in E6/E7for typing
STD clinicattendees
17-87 1318 36.9 (34.3-39.5)
Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofwomen withcervical carcinomain situ
22-76 102 21.6 (14.0-30.8)
Husbands ofwomen withinvasive cervicalcancer
25-74 84 11.9 (5.9-20.8)
Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Hidalgo-Tenorio2015
Anus PCR-GeneAmpHR-HPV
HIV+ MSM Mean37.4(SD=9.5)
197 80.2 (73.9-85.5)
Sendagorta2014
Anus PCR-Genomicamplification
HIV+MSM/bisexual men
>=18 298 93 (89.4-95.6)
Sendagorta2015
Anus PCR-HR ClartHPV2
HIV+ MSM Median42(IQR=33-50)
101 82.2 (73.3-89.1)
Torres2013
Anus PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
HIV+ MSM IQR=28.2-40.1
1439 95.8 (94.6-96.7)
Videla2013
Anus PCR-TS primersin E6/E7F-HPVTM typing(Molgentix SL,Spain)
HIV+ Heterosexualmen attending anoutpatient HIVclinic
40-48 195 41.5 (34.5-48.8)
HIV+ MSMattending anoutpatient HIVclinic
36-47 538 84.2 (80.8-87.2)
Coronal sulcus,glans, urethra,shaft
PCR-TS primersin E6/E7F-HPVTM typing(Molgentix SL,Spain)
HIV+ Heterosexualmen attending anoutpatient HIVclinic
40-48 191 27.2 (21.0-34.1)
HIV+ MSMattending anoutpatient HIVclinic
36-47 457 24.9 (21.0-29.2)
Sweden Kataoka1991
Urethra PCR-TS6,11,16,18,33
Army conscriptswith aceto-whiteepithelium
18-23 39 25.6 (13.0-42.1)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Löwhagen1999
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM 26-62 13 53.8 (25.1-80.8)
HIV+ MSM 27-54 17 94.1 (71.3-99.9)
Strand1993
Coronal sulcus,glans,preputium, andshaft
PCR-MY09/11 andGP5+/6+
STD clinicattendees
20-53 65 29.2 (18.6-41.8)
Voog 1997 Glans andprepuce
PCR-MY09/11 andGP5+/6+
STD clinicattendees
19-67 20 25 (8.7-49.1)
Wikström1991
Coronal sulcus,inner part of theprepuce,urethra
PCR-TS primersfollowed by dotblot
STD clinicattendees
17-58 228 53.9 (47.2-60.5)
Wikström2000
Corona, glans,and prepuce
PCR-GP5+/6+ STD clinicattendees
18-54 235 13.2 (9.1-18.2)
Thailand Franceschi2002
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-GP5+/6+ Husbands ofwomen withinvasive cervicalcancer
25-77 109 22 (14.6-31.0)
Leaungwuti-wong 2015
Anus Nested-PCR andsequencing
HIV- MSM Median33
50 30 (17.9-44.6)
HIV- MSM sexworker
Median26
50 30 (17.9-44.6)
Phanuphak2013
Anus PCR-Roche LinearArray HPVGenotyping test
HIV- MSM >=18 123 58.5 (49.3-67.3)
HIV+ MSM >=18 123 85.4 (77.9-91.1)
Supindham2015
Anus PCR-Linear Array MSM-Bisexualmen whoself-identify asmen and engage ininsertive and/orreceptive anal sexwith men andwomen
18-36 29 48.3 (29.4-67.5)
MSM-Gay menwho self-identify asmen and preferinsertive and/orreceptive anal sexwith other men
18-54 85 89.4 (80.8-95.0)
MSM-Transgenderwomen who areborn as anatomicalmales (and whomay or may nothave undergonegenital surgery),but whoself-identify aswomen and preferreceptive anal sexwith men
18-48 83 80.7 (70.6-88.6)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Uganda Tobian
2013Coronal sulcusand glans
PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV+ heterosexualmen
15-49 421 90.7 (87.6-93.3)
UK Bissett2011
Glans, prepuce,shaft, scrotum
PCR-Generalprimers (GP5 +/6+), Bio-Plexarray technologyfor typing
Genitourinaryclinic attendeeswith multiplesexual partners ordiagnosis of genitalwarts within 6months
- 87 49.4 (38.5-60.4)
Cuschieri2011
Shaft PCR-INNO-LiPA Drop-in sexualhealth serviceattendees
16-25 117 29.1 (21.0-38.2)
Hillman1993
Urethra PCR-GP5+/6+ Men infected withgonorrhea
17-55.6 100 18 (11.0-26.9)
Jalal 2007 Urethra PCR-Generalprimers for L1(MY09/11, GP5 +/6+) and RLH
Genitourinaryclinic attendees
15-77 437 20.8 (17.1-24.9)
King 2015 Anus PCR-Multiplexand Bio-Plex Anynonavalentvaccine HPV types
MSM Median30(IQR=25-35)
454 40.1 (35.5-44.8)
Coronal sulcus,glans, penisshaft, scrotumand perianalarea
PCR-Multiplexand Bio-Plex Anynonavalentvaccine HPV types
MSM Median30(IQR=25-35)
446 36.1 (31.6-40.7)
Lacey1999
Anal canal PCR-GP5+/6+ HIV+ MSM 19-62 57 84.2 (72.1-92.5)
USA Baken1995
Penis PCR-MY09/11 Heterosexualpartners of STDclinic attendees
>17 48 62.5 (47.4-76.0)
Baldwin2003
Glans, corona,urethra
PCR-PGMY09/11 STD clinicattendees
18-70 393 28.2 (23.8-33.0)
Berry 2009 Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM 26-75 81 56.8 (45.3-67.8)
HIV+ MSM 26-75 32 90.6 (75.0-98.0)
Caussy1990
Anus PCR-TS6,11,16,18,31,33,35
HIV± homosexualmen
Mean40.6
105 39 (29.7-49.1)
Chin-Hong2004
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV- MSM inEXPLORE cohort
18-89 1218 56.8 (54.0-59.6)
Chin-Hong2008
Anus PCR- genericprobe set by DBH
HIV- homosexualor bisexual men
24-73 87 57.5 (46.4-68.0)
HIV+ homosexualor bisexual men
24-73 38 86.8 (71.9-95.6)
Colón-López2014
Anus PCR-MY09/11 STD clinicattendees (29.8%MSM)
>=18 192 57.8 (50.5-64.9)
Conley2010
Anal canal PCR-Linear Array HIV + MSM Median42(IQR=36-48)
379 95.8 (93.2-97.6)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)HIV+ MSW Median
42(IQR=38-48)
92 58.7 (47.9-68.9)
Critchlow1998
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV- homosexualmen
Mean 34 284 66.5 (60.7-72.0)
HIV+ homosexualmen
Mean 34 322 91.6 (88.0-94.4)
Fife 2003 Glans, corona,shaft, inguinalskin, scrotum,perineum,perianal, urine
PCR-TS 6,11 STD clinicattendees
18-50 20 10 (1.2-31.7)
Friedman1998
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11,HMB01, and HC
HIV- MSM <40years
46 69.6 (54.2-82.3)
HIV+ MSM <40years
135 90.4 (84.1-94.8)
Gandra2015
Anus HC2 HIV+ heterosexualmen
Median55(IQR=49-60)
40 27.5 (14.6-43.9)
HIV+ MSM Median49(IQR=41-57)
107 54.2 (44.3-63.9)
Goldstone2011
Anus RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 42.4 (38.4-46.4)
Penis RT-PCR-Multiplexor Biplex
HIV- MSM Median22 (16-27)
602 18.4 (15.4-21.8)
Hood 2016 Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ MSM Mean39.5(SD=7.8)
309 92.6 (89.0-95.2)
Kiviat1993
Anal canal PCR-MY09/11 HIV-MSM/bisexual men
16-50 152 78.3 (70.9-84.6)
HIV+MSM/bisexual men
16-50 241 91.7 (87.5-94.9)
Moscicki2003
Anus PCR-MY09/11 andHMB01
High-riskadolescent boys inREACH cohort
13-18 83 44.6 (33.7-55.9)
Nyitray2011
Anal canal PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM fromgeneral populationand populationfrom University
18-70 176 47.2 (39.6-54.8)
Palefsky1997
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV+ homosexualor bisexual men
24-66 118 93.2 (87.1-97.0)
Palefsky1998
Anus PCR-MY09/11 HIV- homosexualor bisexual men
26-73 200 61 (53.9-67.8)
HIV+ homosexualor bisexual men
24-64 289 93.1 (89.5-95.7)
HIV± homosexualor bisexual men
24-73 489 80 (76.1-83.4)
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( Table 25 – continued from previous page)Anatomic sites HPV detection Age HPV prevalence
Country Study samples method Population (years) No % (95% CI)Palefsky2005
Anal canal PCR-L1 consensusprimers
HIV+ MSM - 323 95.4 (92.5-97.4)
Wiley 2013 Anus PCR-PGMY09/11 HIV- MSM Mean 55 683 70.3 (66.7-73.7)
HIV+ MSM Mean 55 579 90.7 (88.0-92.9)
Wilkin2004
Anal canal HC2 HIV+ MSM 90% > 30years
55 78.2 (65.0-88.2)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 31 Oct 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment LengthPolymorphism; RLH: Reverse Line Hybridisation; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; MSM: Men who have sex with men;MSW:Men who have sex with women; STD: sexually transmitted diseases;aBleeker MC, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 36bBleeker MC, Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 612Data sources: See references in Section 9.
4.4 HPV burden in the head and neck
The last evaluation of the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) on the carcinogenicity ofHPV in humans concluded that (a) there is enough evidence for the carcinogenicity of HPV type 16 inthe oral cavity, oropharynx (including tonsil cancer, base of tongue cancer and other oropharyngeal can-cer sites), and (b) limited evidence for laryngeal cancer (IARC Monograph Vol 100B). There is increasingevidence that HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers constitute an epidemiological, molecular and clinicaldistinct form as compared to non HPV-related ones. Some studies indicate that the most likely expla-nation for the origin of this distinct form of head and neck cancers associated with HPV is a sexuallyacquired oral HPV infection that is not cleared, persists and evolves into a neoplastic lesion. The mostrecent figures estimate that 25.6% of all oropharyngeal cancers are attributable to HPV infection withHPV16 being the most frequent type (de Martel C. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(6):607). In this section, theHPV burden in the head and neck in the World is presented.
4.4.1 Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population
Table 26: Studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy populationsHPV detection
Method andtargeted HPV Age No. HPV prevalence
Country Study types Population (years) Tested % (95% CI)MEN
Denmark Eike 1995 PCR-MY09/11.Genotyping byamplification with TSprimers (6, 11, 16, 18)and RFLP
Patients with unrelateddisease (otosclerosis,nasal complaints)andtheir accompanyingrelatives
20-79 31 0.0 (0.0-11.2)
Finland Kero 2012 PCR-GP5+/GP6+ andMY09/MY11. Genotypingwith Multimerix kit (6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59,68, 70, 73, 82)
Fathers-to-be of cohortstudy
- 131 18.3 (12.1-26.0)
Italy Montaldo 2007 PCR-MY09/MY11 andGP5+N. Genotyping bysequencing
Dental clinic visitors 4-77 69 14.5 (7.2-25.0)
United Kingdom Kujan 2006 PCR-Roche master mixand HC2 digene (bothable to detect thefollowing HR types: 16,18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59 and 68). Nofurther genotyping
Healthy volunteers fromuniversity dentalhospital.
- 26 3.9 (0.1-19.6)
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HPV detectionMethod and
targeted HPV Age No. HPV prevalenceCountry Study types Population (years) Tested % (95% CI)
WOMENDenmark Eike 1995 PCR-MY09/11.
Genotyping byamplification with TSprimers (6, 11, 16, 18)and RFLP
Patients with unrelateddisease (otosclerosis,nasal complaints)andtheir accompanyingrelatives
20-79 30 0.0 (0.0-11.6)
Finland Leimola-Virtanen 1996 PCR-GP5/GP6. Nogenotyping
Post-menopausal womenparticipating in annualmass-screening programfor the detection ofcervical precancerouslesions
55 131 10.7 (6.0-17.3)
Finland Kero 2011 PCR-GP5+/GP6+ andMY09/MY11. Genotypingwith Multimerix kit (6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59,68, 70, 73, 82)
Spouses in 3rdtrimestres of pregnancyof the fathers-to-be ofcohort study
- 128 17.2 (11.1-24.9)
Italy Montaldo 2007 PCR-MY09/MY11 andGP5+N. Genotyping bysequencing
Dental clinic visitors 4-77 95 21.1 (13.4-30.6)
Spain Cañadas 2004 PCR-MY09/MY11.Genotyping by DBH withTS probes (6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31-33, 35, 39, 40, 45,51-56, 58, 59, 61, 66-68,70, 71 (AE8), 72, 73, 81(AE7), 83 (PAP291), 84(PAP155), 85 (AE5), AE2(IS39), and AE6)
Female sex workers whoattended a dermatologyor STD clinic.
- 188 8.5 (4.9-13.5)
United Kingdom Kujan 2006 PCR-Roche master mixand HC2 digene (bothable to detect thefollowing HR types: 16,18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59 and 68). Nofurther genotyping
Healthy volunteers fromuniversity dentalhospital.
- 24 12.5 (2.7-32.4)
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIEDDenmark Eike 1995 PCR-MY09/11.
Genotyping byamplification with TSprimers (6, 11, 16, 18)and RFLP
Patients with unrelateddisease (otosclerosis,nasal complaints)andtheir accompanyingrelatives
20-79 61 0.0 (0.0-5.9)
Finland Leimola-Virtanen 1996 PCR-GP5/GP6. Nogenotyping
Post-menopausal womenparticipating in annualmass-screening programfor the detection ofcervical precancerouslesions
55 131 10.7 (6.0-17.3)
Finland Kero 2011 PCR-GP5+/GP6+ andMY09/MY11. Genotypingwith Multimerix kit (6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59,68, 70, 73, 82)
Spouses in 3rdtrimestres of pregnancyof the fathers-to-be ofcohort study
- 128 17.2 (11.1-24.9)
Finland Kero 2012 PCR-GP5+/GP6+ andMY09/MY11. Genotypingwith Multimerix kit (6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59,68, 70, 73, 82)
Fathers-to-be of cohortstudy
- 131 18.3 (12.1-26.0)
Greece Lambropoulos 1997 PCR-MY09/MY11.Genotyping by SBH withTS probes (6, 11, 16, 18,33)
Healthy populationreceiving routine oralexamination
14-85 169 9.5 (5.5-14.9)
Italy Montaldo 2007 PCR-MY09/MY11 andGP5+N. Genotyping bysequencing
Dental clinic visitors 4-77 164 18.3 (12.7-25.1)
Italy Migaldi 2012 PCR-GP5+/GP6+,MY09/11, LCRS/E7AS,pU-1M and pU-2R.Genotyping bysequencing
Patients undergoing toroutine oral examination
49-77 81 1.2 (0.0-6.7)
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HPV detectionMethod and
targeted HPV Age No. HPV prevalenceCountry Study types Population (years) Tested % (95% CI)Spain Cañadas 2004 PCR-MY09/MY11.
Genotyping by DBH withTS probes (6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31-33, 35, 39, 40, 45,51-56, 58, 59, 61, 66-68,70, 71 (AE8), 72, 73, 81(AE7), 83 (PAP291), 84(PAP155), 85 (AE5), AE2(IS39), and AE6)
Female sex workers whoattended a dermatologyor STD clinic.
- 188 8.5 (4.9-13.5)
United Kingdom Kujan 2006 PCR-Roche master mixand HC2 digene (bothable to detect thefollowing HR types: 16,18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59 and 68). Nofurther genotyping
Healthy volunteers fromuniversity dentalhospital.
- 50 8.0 (2.2-19.2)
Data updated on 15 Dec 2014 (data as of 29 Feb 2012). Only for European countries.95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;Data sources: See references in Section 9.
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4.4.2 HPV burden in head and neck cancers
Table 27: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancerHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
MENOliveira 2009(Brazil)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43.44. 45. 51. 52. 54. 56. 58)
57 31.6 (21.0-44.5) -
Herrero 2003(Canada)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
17 11.8 (3.3-34.3) HPV 16 (11.8%)
Noble-Topham1993 (Canada)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b/11. 16. 18)
7 57.1 (25.0-84.2) HPV 18 (57.1%)HPV 16 (14.3%)
Zhang 2004(China)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
48 81.3 (68.1-89.8) -
Herrero 2003(Cuba)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
53 0.0 - -
Krüger 2014 (Ger-many)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74,81)
56 8.9 (3.9-19.3) -
Nemes 2006(Hungary)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith TS probes (16. 18. 31. 33.45. 51. 52. 58)
67 44.8 (33.5-56.6) -
Balaram 1995 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Sequencing
50 74.0 (60.4-84.1) -
Chaudhary 2010(India)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
146 33.6 (26.4-41.6) HPV 16 (33.6%)
D’Costa 1998 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11.16. 18. 33)
71 12.7 (6.8-22.4) HPV 16 (12.7%)
Herrero 2003 (In-dia)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
127 4.7 (2.2-9.9) HPV 16 (3.9%)HPV 18 (0.8%)HPV 35 (0.8%)
Laprise 2016 (In-dia)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40,42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
196 0.0 - -
Saghravanian2011 (Iran)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers HPV E6/7 (16.18. 31. 33)
8 0.0 - -
Herrero 2003 (Ire-land)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
22 4.5 (0.8-21.8) HPV 16 (4.5%)
(Continued on next page)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Herrero 2003(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
32 0.0 - -
Bhawal 2008(Japan)
TS-PCR E6 for 16Electrophoretic analysis usingSiHa DNA as positive control forHPV-16
19 26.3 (11.8-48.8) HPV 16 (26.3%)
Chiba 1996(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58Restriction enzyme digestion (6.11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
22 27.3 (13.2-48.2) HPV 16 (27.3%)
Shimizu 2004(Japan)
TS-PCR L1 for16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/82Sequencing
13 15.4 (4.3-42.2) HPV 58 (7.7%)HPV 120 (7.7%)
Tsuhako 2000(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6for 6/11 Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18)
51 52.9 (39.5-65.9) HPV 16 (33.3%)HPV 18 (33.3%)HPV 6 (11.8%)HPV 11 (2.0%)
Shin 2002 (Korea,Rep.)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33Amplification with TS primers(16. 18. 33)
76 9.2 (4.5-17.8) HPV 18 (6.6%)HPV 16 (1.3%)HPV 33 (1.3%)
Ibieta 2005 (Mex-ico)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
36 41.7 (27.1-57.8) -
Cruz 1996(Netherlands)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers and hybridization withTS probes (2. 4. 6. 10. 11. 13.16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
22 63.6 (43.0-80.3) HPV 16 (54.5%)HPV 6 (4.5%)
Herrero 2003(Poland)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
53 0.0 - -
Kozomara 2005(Serbia)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4for 31 and E1 for 33Amplification with TS primers(16. 18. 31. 33)
42 61.9 (46.8-75.0) -
Kansky 2003(Slovenia)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1) and WD72/76/66/67/154(E6) RFLP
48 4.2 (1.2-14.0) HPV 33 (2.1%)HPV 58 (2.1%)
Boy 2006 (SouthAfrica)
TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
22 9.1 (2.5-27.8) HPV 18 (9.1%)
Herrero 2003(Spain)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
140 5.7 (2.9-10.9) HPV 16 (5.7%)
Llamas-Martínez2008 (Spain)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
19 47.4 (27.3-68.3) -
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Herrero 2003 (Su-dan)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
28 3.6 (0.6-17.7) HPV 16 (3.6%)
Dahlgren 2004(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
51 3.9 (1.1-13.2) -
Chang 2003 (Tai-wan)
MY09 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)Sequencing
42 33.3 (21.0-48.4) -
Chen 2002 (Tai-wan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)
28 92.9 (77.4-98.0) HPV 16 (82.1%)HPV 18 (71.4%)HPV 6 (10.7%)HPV 11 (3.6%)
Lohavanichbutr2009 (USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
56 19.6 (11.3-31.8) -
Miller 1994(Venezuela)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
14 78.6 (52.4-92.4) HPV 16 (71.4%)HPV 18 (42.9%)
Premoli-De-Percoco 2001(Venezuela)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes (6.11. 16. 18)
0 - - -
WOMENOliveira 2009(Brazil)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43.44. 45. 51. 52. 54. 56. 58)
31 25.8 (13.7-43.2) -
Herrero 2003(Canada)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
11 9.1 (1.6-37.7) HPV 16 (9.1%)
Noble-Topham1993 (Canada)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b/11. 16. 18)
13 46.2 (23.2-70.9) HPV 18 (30.8%)HPV 16 (7.7%)
Zhang 2004(China)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
25 60.0 (40.7-76.6) -
Herrero 2003(Cuba)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
25 4.0 (0.7-19.5) HPV 16 (4.0%)
Krüger 2014 (Ger-many)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74,81)
32 0.0 -9999 -
Nemes 2006(Hungary)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith TS probes (16. 18. 31. 33.45. 51. 52. 58)
12 25.0 (8.9-53.2) -
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Balaram 1995 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Sequencing
41 68.3 (53.0-80.4) -
Chaudhary 2010(India)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
76 30.3 (21.1-41.3) HPV 16 (30.3%)
D’Costa 1998 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11.16. 18. 33)
5 20.0 (3.6-62.4) -
Herrero 2003 (In-dia)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
135 1.5 (0.4-5.2) HPV 16 (1.5%)HPV 18 (0.7%)
Laprise 2016 (In-dia)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40,42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
154 0.0 -9999 -
Saghravanian2011 (Iran)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers HPV E6/7 (16.18. 31. 33)
13 23.1 (8.2-50.3) HPV 16 (23.1%)HPV 18 (23.1%)
Herrero 2003 (Ire-land)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
8 25.0 (7.1-59.1) HPV 16 (25.0%)
Herrero 2003(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
21 9.5 (2.7-28.9) HPV 16 (9.5%)
Bhawal 2008(Japan)
TS-PCR E6 for 16Electrophoretic analysis usingSiHa DNA as positive control forHPV-16
9 55.6 (26.7-81.1) HPV 16 (55.6%)
Chiba 1996(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58Restriction enzyme digestion (6.11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
1 0.0 -9999 -
Shimizu 2004(Japan)
TS-PCR L1 for16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/82Sequencing
11 18.2 (5.1-47.7) HPV 75 (9.1%)HPV 76 (9.1%)
Tsuhako 2000(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6for 6/11 Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18)
21 66.7 (45.4-82.8) HPV 18 (52.4%)HPV 16 (28.6%)HPV 6 (19.0%)
Shin 2002 (Korea,Rep.)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33Amplification with TS primers(16. 18. 33)
76 5.3 (2.1-12.8) HPV 16 (3.9%)HPV 18 (3.9%)HPV 33 (1.3%)
Ibieta 2005 (Mex-ico)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
14 42.9 (21.4-67.4) -
Cruz 1996(Netherlands)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers and hybridization withTS probes (2. 4. 6. 10. 11. 13.16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
13 38.5 (17.7-64.5) HPV 16 (23.1%)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Herrero 2003(Poland)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
30 0.0 -9999 -
Kozomara 2005(Serbia)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4for 31 and E1 for 33Amplification with TS primers(16. 18. 31. 33)
8 75.0 (40.9-92.9) -
Kansky 2003(Slovenia)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1) and WD72/76/66/67/154(E6) RFLP
7 14.3 (2.6-51.3) HPV 16 (14.3%)
Boy 2006 (SouthAfrica)
TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
37 13.5 (5.9-28.0) HPV 18 (13.5%)
Herrero 2003(Spain)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
32 6.3 (1.7-20.1) HPV 16 (6.3%)
Llamas-Martínez2008 (Spain)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
14 35.7 (16.3-61.2) -
Herrero 2003 (Su-dan)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
15 0.0 -9999 -
Dahlgren 2004(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
34 0.0 -9999 -
Chang 2003 (Tai-wan)
MY09 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)Sequencing
61 60.7 (48.1-71.9) -
Chen 2002 (Tai-wan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)
1 100.0 (20.7-100.0) HPV 16 (100.0%)
Lohavanichbutr2009 (USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
32 21.9 (11.0-38.8) -
Miller 1994(Venezuela)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
13 53.8 (29.1-76.8) HPV 16 (46.2%)HPV 18 (7.7%)
Premoli-De-Percoco 2001(Venezuela)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes (6.11. 16. 18)
50 60.0 (46.2-72.4) HPV 16 (50.0%)HPV 18 (16.0%)
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIEDGonzález 2007(Argentina)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) RFLP and DBH
25 60.0 (40.7-76.6) HPV 16 (48.0%)HPV 11 (28.0%)HPV 6 (8.0%)HPV 18 (4.0%)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Gudleviciene 2014(Belarus)
PCR-GP5+/6+,PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82)
55 18.2 (10.2-30.3) -
Duray 2012 (Bel-gium)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR-E7, qPCR, TS (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68)
147 44.2 (36.4-52.3) -
Oliveira 2009(Brazil)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43.44. 45. 51. 52. 54. 56. 58)
88 29.5 (21.0-39.8) HPV 18 (28.4%)HPV 16 (5.7%)
Rivero 2006(Brazil)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) CSA-ISH(DAKO) (6. 11. 16. 18)
40 0.0 -9999 -
Herrero 2003(Canada)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
28 10.7 (3.7-27.2) HPV 16 (10.7%)
Noble-Topham1993 (Canada)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b/11. 16. 18)
23 43.5 (25.6-63.2) HPV 18 (34.8%)HPV 16 (8.7%)
Gan 2014 (China) PCR-GP5+/6+, PCRL1-Consensus primer (HPV 6,16, 18)
200 27.5 (21.8-34.1) -
Lee 2015 (China) PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11,PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 32, 33,35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84)
1002 19.4 (17.0-21.9) -
Tang 2003 (China) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33Sequencing
30 46.7 (30.2-63.9) HPV 16 (36.7%)HPV 18 (16.7%)
Wen 1997 (China) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Hybridization with TS probes(HPV16.18 E6)
45 31.1 (19.5-45.7) HPV 18 (24.4%)HPV 16 (20.0%)
Zhang 2004(China)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
73 74.0 (62.9-82.7) HPV 16 (58.9%)HPV 18 (24.7%)
Herrero 2003(Cuba)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
78 1.3 (0.2-6.9) HPV 16 (1.3%)HPV 18 (1.3%)
Koskinen 2003(Finland)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 28 64.3 (45.8-79.3) HPV 16 (46.4%)HPV 33 (21.4%)
Klussmann 2001(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) andCP62/70-CP65/69a (L1)Sequencing
22 18.2 (7.3-38.5) HPV 16 (13.6%)HPV 19 (4.5%)
Krüger 2014 (Ger-many)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74,81)
88 5.7 (2.5-12.6) -
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Ostwald 2003(Germany)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes(6/11. 16. 18)
118 43.2 (34.6-52.2) HPV 16 (29.7%)HPV 18 (13.6%)
Weiss 2011 (Ger-many)
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Hybridization with TS probes(16)
34 2.9 (0.5-14.9) HPV 16 (2.9%)
Aggelopoulou1999 (Greece)
L1 consensus primers andTS-PCR E7 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
81 49.4 (38.8-60.0) HPV 18 (27.2%)HPV 16 (6.2%)
Blioumi 2014(Greece)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11,PCR L1-Consensus primer,Sequencing (HPV 16, 56, 66)
63 22.2 (13.7-33.9) -
Romanitan 2008(Greece)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16Amplification with TS primers(16)
75 1.3 (0.2-7.2) -
Nemes 2006(Hungary)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith TS probes (16. 18. 31. 33.45. 51. 52. 58)
79 41.8 (31.5-52.8) HPV 16 (34.2%)HPV 18 (6.3%)HPV 31 (3.8%)HPV 33 (2.5%)
Szarka 2009(Hungary)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) RFLP
65 47.7 (36.0-59.6) HPV 16 (27.7%)HPV 11 (6.2%)HPV 18 (6.2%)HPV 33 (3.1%)HPV 31 (1.5%)
Balaram 1995 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Sequencing
91 73.6 (63.7-81.6) HPV 18 (47.3%)HPV 16 (41.8%)HPV 11 (19.8%)HPV 6 (14.3%)
Bhattacharya2009 (India)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
193 62.2 (55.2-68.7) HPV 16 (60.1%)HPV 18 (5.2%)
Chaudhary 2010(India)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
222 32.4 (26.6-38.8) HPV 16 (32.4%)
D’Costa 1998 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11.16. 18. 33)
99 15.2 (9.4-23.5) HPV 16 (15.2%)
Herrero 2003 (In-dia)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
262 3.1 (1.6-5.9) HPV 16 (2.7%)HPV 18 (0.8%)HPV 35 (0.4%)
Laprise 2016 (In-dia)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40,42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
350 0.0 -9999 -
Mishra 2006 (In-dia)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
66 27.3 (18.0-39.0) HPV 16 (27.3%)
Sebastian 2014(India)
PCR, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,81, 82, 83, 84)
22 0.0 -9999 -
Saghravanian2011 (Iran)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers HPV E6/7 (16.18. 31. 33)
21 14.3 (5.0-34.6) HPV 16 (14.3%)HPV 18 (14.3%)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Herrero 2003 (Ire-land)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
30 10.0 (3.5-25.6) HPV 16 (10.0%)
Badaracco 2000(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (6.16) andhybridization with TS probes(11.16.18.31.45.56.57)
38 26.3 (15.0-42.0) HPV 18 (13.2%)HPV 6 (10.5%)HPV 16 (10.5%)HPV 11 (5.3%)HPV 56 (5.3%)
Badaracco 2007(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
53 11.3 (5.3-22.6) HPV 16 (7.5%)HPV 33 (1.9%)HPV 58 (1.9%)
Herrero 2003(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
53 3.8 (1.0-12.8) HPV 16 (3.8%)
Rittà 2009 (Italy) MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
25 36.0 (20.2-55.5) HPV 16 (36.0%)
Scapoli 2009(Italy)
RT-PCR for 16/18/31/45Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18. 31. 45)
247 1.2 (0.4-3.5) HPV 16 (1.2%)
Bhawal 2008(Japan)
TS-PCR E6 for 16Electrophoretic analysis usingSiHa DNA as positive control forHPV-16
28 35.7 (20.7-54.2) HPV 16 (35.7%)
Chiba 1996(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58Restriction enzyme digestion (6.11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
32 18.8 (8.9-35.3) HPV 16 (18.8%)
Deng 2013(Japan)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11,TS, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
31 32.3 (18.6-49.9) -
Higa 2003 (Japan) TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18Amplification with TS E6/E7primers (6. 11. 16. 18)
46 80.4 (66.8-89.3) HPV 16 (52.2%)HPV 18 (52.2%)HPV 6 (21.7%)HPV 11 (2.2%)
Kojima 2002(Japan)
TS-PCR L1 and E6 for 38Sequencing
53 66.0 (52.6-77.3) HPV 38 (66.0%)
Shima 2000(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 RFLP(16. 18)
46 73.9 (59.7-84.4) HPV 18 (54.3%)HPV 16 (19.6%)
Shimizu 2004(Japan)
TS-PCR L1 for16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/82Sequencing
24 16.7 (6.7-35.9) HPV 58 (4.2%)HPV 75 (4.2%)HPV 76 (4.2%)HPV 120 (4.2%)
Sugiyama 2003(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18Electrophoretic analysis usingSiHa DNA and Hela DNA aspositive controls for HPV-16 andHPV-18. respectively.
79 35.4 (25.8-46.4) HPV 16 (32.9%)HPV 18 (2.5%)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Tang 2003 (Japan) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33Sequencing
30 50.0 (33.2-66.8) HPV 18 (33.3%)HPV 16 (23.3%)
Tsuhako 2000(Japan)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6for 6/11 Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18)
72 56.9 (45.4-67.7) HPV 18 (38.9%)HPV 16 (31.9%)HPV 6 (13.9%)HPV 11 (1.4%)
Shin 2002 (Korea,Rep.)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33Amplification with TS primers(16. 18. 33)
76 14.5 (8.3-24.1) HPV 18 (10.5%)HPV 16 (5.3%)HPV 33 (2.6%)
Lim 2007(Malaysia)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
20 85.0 (64.0-94.8) HPV 18 (75.0%)HPV 16 (30.0%)
Anaya-Saavedra2008 (Mexico)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
62 43.5 (31.9-55.9) HPV 16 (24.2%)HPV 18 (8.1%)HPV 33 (3.2%)HPV 2 (1.6%)HPV 11 (1.6%)
Ibieta 2005 (Mex-ico)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
50 42.0 (29.4-55.8) HPV 16 (28.0%)
Braakhuis 2004(Netherlands)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCRRLBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33.34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61.66. 68.70.72.73. 82/MM4. 83. 84.82/IS39. 71/CP8061. 81/CP8304.89)
106 9.4 (5.2-16.5) HPV 16 (9.4%)
Cruz 1996(Netherlands)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers and hybridization withTS probes (2. 4. 6. 10. 11. 13.16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
35 54.3 (38.2-69.5) HPV 16 (42.9%)HPV 6 (2.9%)
van Monsjou 2012(Netherlands)
PCR, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82)
20 10.0 (2.8-30.1) -
Lingen 2013a
(Northern Amer-ica)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43,44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
409 5.9 (4.0-8.6) -
Mork 2001b
(Northern Eu-rope)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
91 7.7 (3.8-15.0) HPV 16 (4.4%)HPV 6 (1.1%)HPV 11 (1.1%)HPV 33 (1.1%)
Matzow 1998(Norway)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR for6/16/18/31/33 Amplification withTS primers (6. 16. 18. 31. 33)
30 0.0 -9999 -
Herrero 2003(Poland)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
83 0.0 -9999 -
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Snietura 2010(Poland)
Real-time High Risk HPV test(Abbott Molecular) using L1consensus primers Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18. 31. 33.35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 59. 66and 68 - the technique onlydifferentiates 16-18-other)
45 4.4 (1.2-14.8) HPV 16 (4.4%)
Kozomara 2005(Serbia)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4for 31 and E1 for 33Amplification with TS primers(16. 18. 31. 33)
50 64.0 (50.1-75.9) HPV 31 (32.0%)HPV 16 (26.0%)HPV 18 (26.0%)
Kansky 2003(Slovenia)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1) and WD72/76/66/67/154(E6) RFLP
55 5.5 (1.9-14.9) HPV 16 (1.8%)HPV 33 (1.8%)HPV 58 (1.8%)
Boy 2006 (SouthAfrica)
TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
59 11.9 (5.9-22.5) HPV 18 (11.9%)
Van Rensburg1996 (SouthAfrica)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes (4.16. 18)
146 1.4 (0.4-4.9) HPV 11 (0.7%)HPV 16 (0.7%)
García-de Marcos2014 (Spain)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, EIA, LiPA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58,59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 74)
61 26.2 (16.8-38.4) -
Herrero 2003(Spain)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
172 5.8 (3.2-10.4) HPV 16 (5.8%)
Llamas-Martínez2008 (Spain)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
33 42.4 (27.2-59.2) HPV 16 (33.3%)HPV 6 (30.3%)HPV 31 (9.1%)
Herrero 2003 (Su-dan)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
43 2.3 (0.4-12.1) HPV 16 (2.3%)
Dahlgren 2004(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
85 2.4 (0.6-8.2) HPV 16 (2.4%)
Sand 2000 (Swe-den)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (6b/11. 16. 18)
24 12.5 (4.3-31.0) HPV 16 (4.2%)HPV 18 (4.2%)
Chang 2003 (Tai-wan)
MY09 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)Sequencing
103 49.5 (40.1-59.0) HPV 16 (28.2%)HPV 18 (26.2%)HPV 6 (1.0%)HPV 11 (1.0%)HPV 32 (1.0%)
Chen 2002 (Tai-wan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)
29 93.1 (78.0-98.1) HPV 16 (82.8%)HPV 18 (75.9%)HPV 6 (10.3%)HPV 11 (3.4%)
Yang 2004 (Tai-wan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers(6.11.16.18.31.33.35.45.58)
37 10.8 (4.3-24.7) HPV 16 (8.1%)HPV 18 (5.4%)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Lopes 2011 (UK) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and qPCR for16/18 Hybridization with TSprobes (16. 18)
142 3.5 (1.5-8.0) HPV 16 (2.1%)HPV 18 (2.1%)
Snijders 1996(UK)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers and SBH withTS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33)
25 20.0 (8.9-39.1) HPV 16 (20.0%)
Yeudall 1991 (UK) TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16. E6 for 18and specific for 4 Hybridizationwith TS probes (4. 16. 18)
39 46.2 (31.6-61.4) HPV 16 (25.6%)HPV 18 (20.5%)
Chuang 2008(USA)
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Hybridization with TS probes(16)
21 0.0 -9999 -
Furniss 2007(USA)
TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
150 25.3 (19.0-32.8) HPV 16 (25.3%)
Ha 2002 (USA) RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Amplification with TS primers(16)
34 2.9 (0.5-14.9) HPV 16 (2.9%)
Harris 2011(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
25 8.0 (2.2-25.0) HPV 16 (8.0%)
Holladay 1993(USA)
L1 consensus primersHybridization with TS probes (6.11. 16. 18. 33)
39 17.9 (9.0-32.7) HPV 16 (17.9%)HPV 18 (2.6%)
Hooper 2015(USA)
HC2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 51,52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 82)
24 8.3 (2.3-25.8) -
Liang 2008 (USA) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
51 2.0 (0.3-10.3) HPV 16 (2.0%)
Lohavanichbutr2009 (USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
88 20.5 (13.3-30.0) HPV 16 (18.2%)HPV 32 (1.1%)HPV 53 (1.1%)
Paz 1997 (USA) MY09/MY11 (L1) and IU/IWDO(E1) Amplification with TSprimers (6. 16. 18)
53 13.2 (6.5-24.8) HPV 16 (9.4%)HPV 6 (1.9%)HPV 8 (1.9%)
Schlecht 2011(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01(L1) DBH (40 HPV typesincluding 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
36 13.9 (6.1-28.7) HPV 16 (11.1%)
Schwartz 1998(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRE6 for 6/11/16/18 Hybridizationwith TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18.31/33/35)
193 21.2 (16.1-27.5) HPV 16 (11.4%)HPV 6 (6.2%)HPV 11 (3.6%)HPV 18 (1.0%)
Smith 2004 (USA) MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01(L1) Sequencing
123 10.6 (6.3-17.2) HPV 16 (8.1%)HPV 33 (2.4%)
Walline 2013(USA)
PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 31,33, 35, 39, 58, 66)
108 25.9 (18.6-34.9) -
Zhao 2005 (USA) RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Hybridization with TS probes(16)
38 15.8 (7.4-30.4) HPV 16 (15.8%)
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( Table 27 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Miller 1994(Venezuela)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
27 66.7 (47.8-81.4) HPV 16 (59.3%)HPV 18 (25.9%)
Premoli-De-Percoco 2001(Venezuela)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes (6.11. 16. 18)
50 60.0 (46.2-72.4) HPV 16 (50.0%)HPV 18 (16.0%)
Ribeiro 2011c
(World)PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
132 0.0 -9999 -
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 31 Dec 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase ChainReaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;aIncludes cases from Canada and USAbIncludes cases from Norway, Sweden and FinlandcIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Romania and PolandData sources: See references in Section 9.
Table 28: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oropharyngeal cancerHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
MENLi 2007 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1).
CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct (L1).FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
21 14.3 (5.0-34.6) HPV 16 (14.3%)
Herrero 2003(Cuba)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
21 19.0 (7.7-40.0) HPV 16 (19.0%)
Rotnáglová 2011(Czech Rep.)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11.16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40.42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68. 70. 71.72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
90 64.4 (54.2-73.6) -
Charfi 2008(France)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for6/11/16/18/33 Amplification withTS primers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
36 55.6 (39.6-70.5) -
Hoffmann 2010(Germany)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11(L1) and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes -Multiplex luminex*
31 54.8 (37.8-70.8) HPV 16 (51.6%)HPV 35 (6.5%)
Krupar 2014 (Ger-many)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
34 50.0 (34.1-65.9) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Reimers 2007(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) andCP62/70-CP65/69a (L1)Sequencing
83 25.3 (17.2-35.6) -
Herrero 2003(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
30 23.3 (11.8-40.9) HPV 16 (20.0%)HPV 33 (3.3%)HPV 35 (3.3%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Hannisdal 2010(Norway)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 99 56.6 (46.7-65.9) -
Herrero 2003(Spain)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
40 5.0 (1.4-16.5) HPV 16 (5.0%)
Attner 2010 (Swe-den)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1)and TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33Amplification with TS primers(16. 33) and sequencing
65 75.4 (63.7-84.2) -
Dahlgren 2004(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
18 44.4 (24.6-66.3) -
Hammarstedt2006 (Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
145 48.3 (40.3-56.3) -
Näsman 2009(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
76 81.6 (71.4-88.7) -
Lindel 2001(Switzerland)
SPF10 (L1) Sequencing 75 8.0 (3.7-16.4) -
Al-Swiahb 2010(Taiwan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) In situ hybridization withTS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31) andRoche LBA
260 13.8 (10.2-18.6) -
Kuo 2008 (Tai-wan)
MY09 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)Hybridization with HPV genechip(6.11.16.18.26.31-33.35.37.39.42-45.51-56.58.59.61.62.66-70.72.74.82.CP8061.CP8304.L1AE5MM4.MM7.MM8)
79 70.9 (60.1-79.7) -
Chaturvedi 2011(USA)
SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16.18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45.51. 52. 53. 54. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68.69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
210 47.6 (41.0-54.4) -
Cohen 2008 (USA) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7for 16 Hybridization with TSprobes (16)
27 70.4 (51.5-84.1) HPV 16 (70.4%)
Ernster 2007(USA)
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
51 72.5 (59.1-82.9) HPV 16 (72.5%)
Lohavanichbutr2009 (USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
28 82.1 (64.4-92.1) -
Posner 2011(USA)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16Amplification with TS primers(16)
89 50.6 (40.4-60.7) HPV 16 (50.6%)
Tezal 2009 (USA) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
26 76.9 (57.9-89.0) HPV 16 (76.9%)
WOMEN
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Li 2007 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1).CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct (L1).FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
10 60.0 (31.3-83.2) HPV 16 (60.0%)
Herrero 2003(Cuba)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
5 0.0 -9999 -
Rotnáglová 2011(Czech Rep.)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11.16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40.42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68. 70. 71.72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
19 68.4 (46.0-84.6) -
Charfi 2008(France)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for6/11/16/18/33 Amplification withTS primers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
16 75.0 (50.5-89.8) -
Hoffmann 2010(Germany)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11(L1) and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes -Multiplex luminex*
8 50.0 (21.5-78.5) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Reimers 2007(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) andCP62/70-CP65/69a (L1)Sequencing
23 39.1 (22.2-59.2) -
Herrero 2003(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
6 0.0 -9999 -
Hannisdal 2010(Norway)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 38 39.5 (25.6-55.3) -
Herrero 2003(Spain)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
4 50.0 (15.0-85.0) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Attner 2010 (Swe-den)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1)and TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33Amplification with TS primers(16. 33) and sequencing
30 73.3 (55.6-85.8) -
Dahlgren 2004(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
7 28.6 (8.2-64.1) -
Hammarstedt2006 (Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
58 50.0 (37.5-62.5) -
Näsman 2009(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
22 95.5 (78.2-99.2) -
Lindel 2001(Switzerland)
SPF10 (L1) Sequencing 24 33.3 (18.0-53.3) -
Al-Swiahb 2010(Taiwan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) In situ hybridization withTS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31) andRoche LBA
14 64.3 (38.8-83.7) -
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Kuo 2008 (Tai-wan)
MY09 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)Hybridization with HPV genechip(6.11.16.18.26.31-33.35.37.39.42-45.51-56.58.59.61.62.66-70.72.74.82.CP8061.CP8304.L1AE5MM4.MM7.MM8)
13 100.0 (77.2-100.0) -
Chaturvedi 2011(USA)
SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16.18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45.51. 52. 53. 54. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68.69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
53 30.2 (19.5-43.5) -
Cohen 2008 (USA) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7for 16 Hybridization with TSprobes (16)
8 62.5 (30.6-86.3) HPV 16 (62.5%)
Ernster 2007(USA)
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
21 61.9 (40.9-79.2) HPV 16 (61.9%)
Lohavanichbutr2009 (USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
3 0.0 -9999 -
Posner 2011(USA)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16Amplification with TS primers(16)
22 50.0 (30.7-69.3) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Tezal 2009 (USA) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
4 25.0 (4.6-69.9) HPV 16 (25.0%)
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIEDHong 2010 (Aus-tralia)
E6-based MT-PCR Amplificationwith MT-PCR kit (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53.56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 70. 73. 82)
302 47.7 (42.1-53.3) HPV 16 (42.1%)HPV 18 (1.7%)HPV 35 (1.7%)HPV 39 (1.0%)HPV 33 (0.7%)
Hong 2013 (Aus-tralia)
PCR-E6, PCR- MULTIPLEX,Sequencing (HPV 16, 18, 35, 51,53)
647 57.3 (53.5-61.1) HPV 16 (54.7%)HPV 18 (1.4%)HPV 35 (0.3%)HPV 53 (0.3%)HPV 51 (0.2%)
Cortezzi 2004(Brazil)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 34. 39. 42. 45. 51. 52.54. 56)
21 14.3 (5.0-34.6) HPV 16 (14.3%)
Nichols 2013(Canada)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18, 31,33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59,67, 68)
95 52.6 (42.7-62.4) HPV 16 (47.4%)HPV 18 (2.1%)HPV 67 (2.1%)HPV 33 (1.1%)
Li 2007 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1).CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct (L1).FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
31 29.0 (16.1-46.6) HPV 16 (29.0%)
Herrero 2003(Cuba)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
26 15.4 (6.2-33.5) HPV 16 (15.4%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Klozar 2008(Czech Rep.)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RLBH (6. 11.16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40.42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68. 70. 71.72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
20 45.0 (25.8-65.8) HPV 16 (40.0%)HPV 33 (5.0%)
Rotnáglová 2011(Czech Rep.)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11.16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40.42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68. 70. 71.72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
109 65.1 (55.8-73.4) HPV 16 (60.6%)HPV 33 (1.8%)HPV 18 (0.9%)HPV 26 (0.9%)HPV 52 (0.9%)
Jouhi 2015 (Fin-land)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70,73, 82)
35 51.4 (35.6-67.0) HPV 16 (45.7%)HPV 18 (2.9%)HPV 45 (2.9%)
Charfi 2008(France)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for6/11/16/18/33 Amplification withTS primers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
52 61.5 (48.0-73.5) HPV 16 (51.9%)HPV 33 (1.9%)
Fonmarty 2015(France)
PCR, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51,52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69,70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
71 31.0 (21.4-42.5) HPV 16 (28.2%)HPV 33 (2.8%)HPV 6 (1.4%)
Fouret 1997(France)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/31/33/45Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
58 17.2 (9.6-28.9) HPV 16 (15.5%)
Andl 1998 (Ger-many)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes (6.11. 16. 18) and cycle sequencingsystem of BRL
21 52.4 (32.4-71.7) HPV 16 (38.1%)HPV 33 (4.8%)
Hoffmann 1998(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18/33 SBH (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 45)
23 26.1 (12.5-46.5) HPV 16 (8.7%)HPV 45 (8.7%)HPV 6 (4.3%)
Hoffmann 2010(Germany)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11(L1) and TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18Hybridization with TS probes -Multiplex luminex*
39 53.8 (38.6-68.4) HPV 16 (51.3%)HPV 35 (5.1%)
Holzinger 2012(Germany)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18, 33,35)
199 50.3 (43.4-57.1) HPV 16 (48.7%)HPV 18 (0.5%)HPV 33 (0.5%)HPV 35 (0.5%)
Klussmann 2001(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) andCP62/70-CP65/69a (L1)Sequencing
33 45.5 (29.8-62.0) HPV 16 (42.4%)HPV 5 (3.0%)HPV 33 (3.0%)HPV 96 (3.0%)
Krupar 2014 (Ger-many)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
34 50.0 (34.1-65.9) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Reimers 2007(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) andCP62/70-CP65/69a (L1)Sequencing
106 28.3 (20.6-37.5) HPV 16 (27.4%)HPV 33 (0.9%)
Weiss 2011 (Ger-many)
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Hybridization with TS probes(16)
86 38.4 (28.8-48.9) HPV 16 (38.4%)
Wittekindt 2005(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and (L1)Sequencing
34 52.9 (36.7-68.5) HPV 16 (50.0%)HPV 33 (2.9%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Romanitan 2008(Greece)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16Amplification with TS primers(16)
28 42.9 (26.5-60.9) HPV 16 (32.1%)
Bahl 2014 (India) PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, LBA (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 71, 72, 73, 82, 83, 84, 89)
105 22.9 (15.9-31.8) HPV 16 (18.1%)HPV 18 (2.9%)HPV 31 (1.0%)HPV 33 (1.0%)
Boscolo-Rizzo2009 (Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP* andamplification with TS primersE6/E2 for 16
22 18.2 (7.3-38.5) HPV 16 (18.2%)
Herrero 2003(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
36 19.4 (9.8-35.0) HPV 16 (16.7%)HPV 33 (2.8%)HPV 35 (2.8%)
Licitra 2006(Italy)
RT-PCR E1 for 16/18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
90 18.9 (12.1-28.2) HPV 16 (18.9%)
Rittà 2009 (Italy) MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
22 50.0 (30.7-69.3) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Deng 2013(Japan)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11,TS, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
48 50.0 (36.4-63.6) HPV 16 (37.5%)HPV 33 (4.2%)HPV 58 (4.2%)HPV 35 (2.1%)HPV 67 (2.1%)
Hama 2014(Japan)
HC2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7 (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58)
157 50.3 (42.6-58.0) HPV 16 (44.6%)HPV 18 (1.9%)HPV 58 (1.3%)HPV 31 (0.6%)HPV 33 (0.6%)
Hatakeyama 2014(Japan)
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59, 66)
79 29.1 (20.3-39.9) HPV 16 (25.3%)HPV 18 (2.5%)HPV 58 (1.3%)
Braakhuis 2004(Netherlands)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCRRLBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33.34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61.66. 68.70.72.73. 82/MM4. 83. 84.82/IS39. 71/CP8061. 81/CP8304.89)
37 37.8 (24.1-53.9) HPV 16 (37.8%)
Henneman 2015(Netherlands)
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58,59, 66, 68)
146 34.9 (27.7-43.0) HPV 16 (32.2%)HPV 33 (2.1%)HPV 35 (0.7%)
van Monsjou 2012(Netherlands)
PCR, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82)
20 65.0 (43.3-81.9) HPV 16 (60.0%)HPV 35 (5.0%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Hannisdal 2010(Norway)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 137 51.8 (43.5-60.0) HPV 16 (48.9%)HPV 31 (2.9%)HPV 18 (2.2%)HPV 33 (0.7%)HPV 67 (0.7%)
Snietura 2010(Poland)
Real-time High Risk HPV test(Abbott Molecular) using L1consensus primers Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18. 31. 33.35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 59. 66and 68 - the technique onlydifferentiates 16-18-other)
14 50.0 (26.8-73.2) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Szkaradkiewicz2002 (Poland)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
28 10.7 (3.7-27.2) -
Kim 2007 (Rep.Korea)
RT-PCR E2/E6 for 16Hybridization with HPVgenotyping DNA chip arrayed bymultiple oligonucleotide probes(6.11.16.18.31.33.34.35.39.40.42.43.44.45.51.52.56.58.59.66.68.69)
52 73.1 (59.7-83.2) HPV 16 (65.4%)HPV 18 (1.9%)HPV 33 (1.9%)HPV 35 (1.9%)HPV 58 (1.9%)
Oh 2004 (Rep. Ko-rea)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01(L1) Microarray hybridization (6.11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40.42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 54. 56. 58.59. 62. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 72)
39 64.1 (48.4-77.3) HPV 16 (59.0%)HPV 6 (2.6%)HPV 33 (2.6%)HPV 58 (2.6%)
Paquette 2013(South Africa)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33,52, 58)
55 74.5 (61.7-84.2) HPV 16 (61.8%)HPV 31 (21.8%)HPV 18 (7.3%)
Herrero 2003(Spain)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith EIA oligonucleotide probes(2. 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58.59. 66. 68)
44 9.1 (3.6-21.2) HPV 16 (9.1%)
Attner 2010 (Swe-den)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1)and TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33Amplification with TS primers(16. 33) and sequencing
95 74.7 (65.2-82.4) HPV 16 (64.2%)HPV 33 (7.4%)HPV 35 (2.1%)HPV 58 (1.1%)
Dahlgren 2004(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
25 40.0 (23.4-59.3) HPV 16 (28.0%)HPV 33 (4.0%)HPV 35 (4.0%)HPV 38 (4.0%)
Hammarstedt2006 (Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
203 48.8 (42.0-55.6) HPV 16 (42.9%)HPV 33 (1.5%)HPV 35 (0.5%)HPV 45 (0.5%)
Lindquist 2012(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPIIG(E1) Amplification with TSprimers (16) and MultiplexLuminex (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31.33. 35. 39. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.53. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 70. 73. 82)
56 64.3 (51.2-75.5) HPV 16 (64.3%)
Näsman 2009(Sweden)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG(E1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16Sequencing
98 84.7 (76.3-90.5) HPV 16 (78.6%)HPV 33 (1.0%)HPV 35 (1.0%)HPV 59 (1.0%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Lindel 2001(Switzerland)
SPF10 (L1) Sequencing 99 14.1 (8.6-22.3) HPV 16 (11.1%)HPV 33 (1.0%)HPV 35 (1.0%)HPV 45 (1.0%)
Al-Swiahb 2010(Taiwan)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) In situ hybridization withTS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31) andRoche LBA
274 16.4 (12.5-21.3) HPV 16 (14.2%)HPV 18 (2.6%)HPV 31 (0.7%)HPV 6 (0.4%)HPV 11 (0.4%)
Kuo 2008 (Tai-wan)
MY09 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)Hybridization with HPV genechip(6.11.16.18.26.31-33.35.37.39.42-45.51-56.58.59.61.62.66-70.72.74.82.CP8061.CP8304.L1AE5MM4.MM7.MM8)
92 75.0 (65.3-82.7) HPV 16 (63.0%)HPV 58 (3.3%)HPV 18 (2.2%)HPV 33 (2.2%)HPV 69 (2.2%)
Tural 2013(Turkey)
PCR-MY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51,52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 82, 85)
81 51.9 (41.1-62.4) HPV 16 (44.4%)HPV 18 (6.2%)HPV 33 (1.2%)
Anderson 2007(UK)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
36 22.2 (11.7-38.1) HPV 16 (19.4%)HPV 11 (2.8%)
Conway 2012(UK)
PCR-GP5+/6+, TS, Sequencing(HPV 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
20 40.0 (21.9-61.3) HPV 16 (40.0%)
Evans 2013 (UK) PCR-GP5+/6+, EIA (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
83 83.1 (73.7-89.7) HPV 16 (80.7%)HPV 18 (1.2%)HPV 33 (1.2%)HPV 56 (1.2%)
Schache 2011(UK)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
98 40.8 (31.6-50.7) HPV 16 (40.8%)
Thavaraj 2011(UK)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Luminex 200 IS(16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45.51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 73.82)
142 70.4 (62.5-77.3) HPV 16 (64.1%)HPV 33 (2.1%)HPV 18 (0.7%)HPV 35 (0.7%)
Wells 2015 (UK) PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18,35, 51, 82)
57 50.9 (38.3-63.4) HPV 16 (45.6%)HPV 18 (5.3%)HPV 35 (1.8%)HPV 51 (1.8%)HPV 82 (1.8%)
Agoston 2010(USA)
Generic L1 primers from AccessGenetics and TS-PCR E7 for 16RFLP
102 90.2 (82.9-94.6) HPV 16 (73.5%)HPV 58 (1.0%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Chaturvedi 2011(USA)
SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16.18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45.51. 52. 53. 54. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68.69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
263 44.1 (38.2-50.1) HPV 16 (38.8%)HPV 35 (1.5%)HPV 33 (1.1%)HPV 58 (1.1%)HPV 18 (0.8%)
Cohen 2008 (USA) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7for 16 Hybridization with TSprobes (16)
35 68.6 (52.0-81.4) HPV 16 (68.6%)
D’Souza 2007(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
60 63.3 (50.7-74.4) HPV 16 (58.3%)HPV 33 (6.7%)HPV 35 (1.7%)
D’Souza 2014(USA)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LiPA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
164 64.6 (57.1-71.5) HPV 16 (53.7%)HPV 52 (8.5%)HPV 33 (2.4%)HPV 73 (1.8%)HPV 51 (1.2%)
Ernster 2007(USA)
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
72 69.4 (58.0-78.9) HPV 16 (69.4%)
Furniss 2007(USA)
TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
43 34.9 (22.4-49.8) HPV 16 (34.9%)
Hooper 2015(USA)
HC2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 51,52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69,70, 73, 82)
44 75.0 (60.6-85.4) HPV 16 (70.5%)HPV 18 (2.3%)HPV 33 (2.3%)HPV 35 (2.3%)
Isayeva 2014(USA)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16,18)
102 62.7 (53.1-71.5) HPV 16 (65.7%)HPV 18 (14.7%)
Jordan 2012(USA)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43,44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82)
233 79.0 (73.3-83.7) HPV 16 (73.0%)HPV 18 (2.6%)HPV 33 (1.7%)HPV 6 (1.3%)HPV 11 (1.3%)
Kerr 2015 (USA) PCR, RFLP, TS (HPV 16, 33, 35,58)
28 89.3 (72.8-96.3) HPV 16 (71.4%)HPV 33 (3.6%)HPV 35 (3.6%)HPV 58 (3.6%)
Kingma 2010(USA)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6.11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 40. 43.44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 56. 58. 59.66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)
61 86.9 (76.2-93.2) HPV 16 (67.2%)HPV 18 (14.8%)HPV 33 (4.9%)HPV 45 (1.6%)HPV 82 (1.6%)
Kong 2009 (USA) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCRSequencing
49 67.3 (53.4-78.8) HPV 16 (65.3%)HPV 18 (2.0%)HPV 33 (2.0%)
Lohavanichbutr2009 (USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
31 74.2 (56.8-86.3) HPV 16 (67.7%)HPV 35 (3.2%)HPV 45 (3.2%)
Posner 2011(USA)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16Amplification with TS primers(16)
111 50.5 (41.3-59.6) HPV 16 (50.5%)
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( Table 28 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Schlecht 2011(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01(L1) DBH (40 HPV typesincluding 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
30 50.0 (33.2-66.8) HPV 16 (43.3%)HPV 35 (3.3%)
Schwartz 1998(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRE6 for 6/11/16/18 Hybridizationwith TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18.31/33/35)
55 41.8 (29.7-55.0) HPV 16 (34.5%)HPV 6 (12.7%)HPV 11 (3.6%)
Sethi 2012 (USA) PCR-SPF10, EIA, LiPA (HPV 6,11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42,43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58,59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 74)
81 50.6 (40.0-61.2) HPV 16 (45.7%)HPV 33 (2.5%)HPV 35 (1.2%)HPV 56 (1.2%)
Smith 2004 (USA) MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01(L1) Sequencing
62 40.3 (29.0-52.7) HPV 16 (37.1%)HPV 18 (1.6%)HPV 33 (1.6%)
Steinau 2014(USA)
PCR, LBA, LiPA (HPV 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52)
557 72.4 (68.5-75.9) HPV 16 (60.5%)HPV 33 (5.6%)HPV 18 (2.5%)HPV 35 (2.0%)HPV 39 (0.9%)
Strome 2002(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRE6 for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
52 46.2 (33.3-59.5) HPV 16 (40.4%)HPV 12 (3.8%)HPV 59 (1.9%)
Tezal 2009 (USA) TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
30 70.0 (52.1-83.3) HPV 16 (70.0%)
Walline 2013(USA)
PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18,33, 35, 39, 66)
208 88.0 (82.9-91.7) HPV 16 (78.8%)HPV 33 (1.9%)HPV 35 (1.9%)HPV 18 (1.0%)HPV 39 (0.5%)
Zhao 2005 (USA) RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Hybridization with TS probes(16)
26 57.7 (38.9-74.5) HPV 16 (57.7%)
Ribeiro 2011a
(World)PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
136 0.7 (0.1-4.0) HPV 16 (0.7%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 31 Dec 2015 / 31 Dec 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization; SPF: Short Primer Fragment;TS: Type Specific;aIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Romania and PolandData sources: See references in Section 9.
Table 29: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancerHPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
MENFliss 1994(Canada)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b/11. 16. 18)
28 46.4 (29.5-64.2) HPV 16 (32.1%)HPV 18 (32.1%)
Torrente 2005(Chile)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP 25 36.0 (20.2-55.5) -
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( Table 29 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Liu 2010 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCRE6/E7 for 16 and E6 for 18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
61 37.7 (26.6-50.3) -
Hoffmann 2006(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18/33 Hybridizationwith TS and consensus probesand further confirmation by SBHwith TS and consensus probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
17 23.5 (9.6-47.3) HPV 16 (23.5%)
Hoffmann 2009(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18 Hybridizationwith TS and consensus probesand further confirmation by SBHwith TS and consensus probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
21 33.3 (17.2-54.6) HPV 16 (19.0%)
Azzimonti 2004(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 23 56.5 (36.8-74.4) HPV 16 (43.5%)HPV 18 (13.0%)
Cattani 1998(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 33 Hybridization with TSprobes (6.11.16.18.31) andamplification with TS primer(33)
70 30.0 (20.5-41.5) -
Gallo 2009 (Italy) MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1.LCRF2. LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1.E7R2. E7R3. E7R4 (E6) andTS-PCR E1 for 6/11/16/18-31/33Sequencing
36 0.0 - -
Anwar 1993(Japan)
TS-PCR for 16/18/33Hybridization with TS probes (4.16. 18)
26 38.5 (22.4-57.5) HPV 18 (34.6%)HPV 16 (3.8%)HPV 33 (3.8%)
Shidara 1994(Japan)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18.31. 33. 42. 52. 58)
40 20.0 (10.5-34.8) HPV 16 (17.5%)HPV 18 (2.5%)
Lie 1996 (Norway) CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers(6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
38 7.9 (2.7-20.8) HPV 16 (2.6%)
Morshed 2008(Poland)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 78 34.6 (25.0-45.7) -
Bozdayi 2009(Turkey)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith GP5+/6+ and TS primersfor HPV16 positive; For HPV16negative cases. sequencing wasperformed
62 43.5 (31.9-55.9) -
Dönmez 2000(Turkey)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11.16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)
55 12.7 (6.3-24.0) HPV 11 (7.3%)HPV 6 (5.5%)
WOMENFliss 1994(Canada)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b/11. 16. 18)
1 0.0 - -
Torrente 2005(Chile)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP 6 16.7 (3.0-56.4) -
Liu 2010 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCRE6/E7 for 16 and E6 for 18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
23 34.8 (18.8-55.1) -
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( Table 29 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Hoffmann 2006(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18/33 Hybridizationwith TS and consensus probesand further confirmation by SBHwith TS and consensus probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
3 33.3 (6.1-79.2) HPV 16 (33.3%)
Hoffmann 2009(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18 Hybridizationwith TS and consensus probesand further confirmation by SBHwith TS and consensus probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
6 16.7 (3.0-56.4) -
Azzimonti 2004(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 2 50.0 (9.5-90.5) HPV 16 (50.0%)
Cattani 1998(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 33 Hybridization with TSprobes (6.11.16.18.31) andamplification with TS primer(33)
28 21.4 (10.2-39.5) HPV 16 (21.4%)
Gallo 2009 (Italy) MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1.LCRF2. LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1.E7R2. E7R3. E7R4 (E6) andTS-PCR E1 for 6/11/16/18-31/33Sequencing
4 0.0 - -
Anwar 1993(Japan)
TS-PCR for 16/18/33Hybridization with TS probes (4.16. 18)
4 25.0 (4.6-69.9) HPV 18 (25.0%)
Shidara 1994(Japan)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18.31. 33. 42. 52. 58)
5 60.0 (23.1-88.2) HPV 16 (40.0%)HPV 18 (20.0%)
Lie 1996 (Norway) CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers(6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
10 0.0 - -
Morshed 2008(Poland)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 15 40.0 (19.8-64.3) -
Bozdayi 2009(Turkey)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith GP5+/6+ and TS primersfor HPV16 positive; For HPV16negative cases. sequencing wasperformed
3 0.0 - -
Dönmez 2000(Turkey)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11.16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)
0 - - -
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIEDGudleviciene 2014(Belarus)
PCR-GP5+/6+,PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82)
34 5.9 (1.6-19.1) HPV 6 (2.9%)HPV 16 (2.9%)
Duray 2011 (Bel-gium)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and RT-PCRE6/E7 for 6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 59.66. 67-L1. 68 TS real-time andconsensus PCR E6/E7 (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53.56. 58. 59. 66. 67-L1. 68)
59 79.7 (67.7-88.0) HPV 16 (62.7%)HPV 18 (16.9%)HPV 51 (8.5%)HPV 33 (5.1%)HPV 66 (5.1%)
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( Table 29 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Miranda 2009(Brazil)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18. 33) andsequencing
27 7.4 (2.1-23.4) HPV 16 (7.4%)HPV 6 (3.7%)
Fliss 1994(Canada)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b/11. 16. 18)
29 44.8 (28.4-62.5) HPV 16 (31.0%)HPV 18 (31.0%)
Gheit 2014 (Chile) PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39,45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,70, 73, 82)
32 12.5 (5.0-28.1) HPV 31 (6.3%)HPV 11 (3.1%)HPV 59 (3.1%)
Torrente 2005(Chile)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP 31 32.3 (18.6-49.9) HPV 16 (9.7%)HPV 58 (6.5%)HPV 38 (3.2%)HPV 39 (3.2%)HPV 45 (3.2%)
Liu 2010 (China) GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCRE6/E7 for 16 and E6 for 18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
84 36.9 (27.4-47.6) HPV 16 (34.5%)HPV 18 (7.1%)
Ma 1998 (China) TS-PCR E6/E7 for6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58 SBH (6.11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
102 58.8 (49.1-67.9) HPV 16 (29.4%)HPV 6 (24.5%)HPV 18 (21.6%)HPV 11 (2.0%)HPV 33 (1.0%)
García-Milián1998 (Cuba)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRE6 for 6/11/16/18 SBH (6. 11. 16.18)
33 48.5 (32.5-64.8) HPV 16 (45.5%)HPV 6 (3.0%)HPV 18 (3.0%)
Lindeberg 1999(Denmark)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1) and CPII/II (L1)Hybridization with TS probes(6.11.16.18.30.31.33.35)
30 3.3 (0.6-16.7) -
Koskinen 2003(Finland)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 28 50.0 (32.6-67.4) HPV 16 (46.4%)HPV 33 (14.3%)HPV 6 (10.7%)HPV 11 (3.6%)HPV 51 (3.6%)
Fouret 1997(France)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/31/33/45Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
103 6.8 (3.3-13.4) HPV 16 (6.8%)
Fischer 2003 (Ger-many)
L1-CP65F. 66F. 69F. 70FSequencing
47 34.0 (22.2-48.3) HPV 73 (4.3%)HPV 21 (2.1%)HPV 22 (2.1%)HPV 38 (2.1%)HPV 41 (2.1%)
Hoffmann 1998(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18/33 SBH (6. 11. 16.18. 31. 33. 45)
51 21.6 (12.5-34.6) HPV 16 (3.9%)HPV 18 (2.0%)HPV 45 (2.0%)
Hoffmann 2006(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18/33 Hybridizationwith TS and consensus probesand further confirmation by SBHwith TS and consensus probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
20 25.0 (11.2-46.9) HPV 16 (25.0%)
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( Table 29 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Hoffmann 2009(Germany)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 6/11/16/18 Hybridizationwith TS and consensus probesand further confirmation by SBHwith TS and consensus probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 45)
27 29.6 (15.9-48.5) HPV 16 (14.8%)
Kleist 2000 (Ger-many)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
35 20.0 (10.0-35.9) HPV 16 (8.6%)HPV 18 (8.6%)
Klussmann 2001(Germany)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) andCP62/70-CP65/69a (L1)Sequencing
30 16.7 (7.3-33.6) HPV 16 (13.3%)HPV 19 (3.3%)
Krupar 2014 (Ger-many)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR-MULTIPLEX (HPV 11, 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
49 0.0 - -
Gorgoulis 1999(Greece)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.35) and confirmation by DBHwith TS probes (6.11.16.18.31.33.35).
91 20.9 (13.8-30.3) HPV 16 (14.3%)HPV 6 (3.3%)HPV 18 (3.3%)HPV 33 (3.3%)
Vlachtsis 2005(Greece)
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplificationwith TS primers (16. 18)
90 40.0 (30.5-50.3) HPV 16 (34.4%)HPV 18 (6.7%)
Major 2005 (Hun-gary)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) RFLP (6. 11.16. 18)
22 54.5 (34.7-73.1) HPV 11 (18.2%)HPV 6 (13.6%)HPV 16 (13.6%)
Jacob 2002 (India) TS-PCR E1 for 6/11/18 and L1for 16 SBH with TS probes (6.11. 16. 18)
44 34.1 (21.9-48.9) HPV 16 (34.1%)
Azzimonti 2004(Italy)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing 25 56.0 (37.1-73.3) HPV 16 (44.0%)HPV 18 (12.0%)
Badaracco 2000(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (6.16) andhybridization with TS probes(11.16.18.31.45.56.57)
22 50.0 (30.7-69.3) HPV 16 (27.3%)HPV 6 (18.2%)HPV 45 (4.5%)
Badaracco 2007(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
30 16.7 (7.3-33.6) HPV 16 (10.0%)HPV 6 (6.7%)
Boscolo-Rizzo2009 (Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP* andamplification with TS primersE6/E2 for 16
45 4.4 (1.2-14.8) HPV 16 (4.4%)
Cattani 1998(Italy)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRfor 33 Hybridization with TSprobes (6.11.16.18.31) andamplification with TS primer(33)
75 29.3 (20.2-40.4) HPV 16 (12.0%)HPV 18 (10.7%)HPV 33 (1.3%)
Gallo 2009 (Italy) MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1.LCRF2. LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1.E7R2. E7R3. E7R4 (E6) andTS-PCR E1 for 6/11/16/18-31/33Sequencing
40 0.0 - -
Anwar 1993(Japan)
TS-PCR for 16/18/33Hybridization with TS probes (4.16. 18)
30 36.7 (21.9-54.5) HPV 18 (33.3%)HPV 16 (3.3%)HPV 33 (3.3%)
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( Table 29 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Deng 2013(Japan)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11,TS, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
26 15.4 (6.2-33.5) HPV 16 (11.5%)HPV 33 (3.8%)
Mineta 1998(Japan)
TS-PCR E7 for 16/18Amplification with TS primers(16. 18)
42 31.0 (19.1-46.0) HPV 16 (26.2%)HPV 18 (4.8%)
Ogura 1991(Japan)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18Hybridization with TS probes(16. 18)
28 10.7 (3.7-27.2) HPV 16 (10.7%)HPV 18 (3.6%)
Shidara 1994(Japan)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18.31. 33. 42. 52. 58)
45 24.4 (14.2-38.7) HPV 16 (20.0%)HPV 18 (4.4%)
Gudleviciene 2009(Lithuania)
Consensus primers from MasterMix Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
25 32.0 (17.2-51.6) HPV 16 (12.0%)
Gudleviciene 2014(Lithuania)
PCR-GP5+/6+,PCR-PGMY09/11, PCRL1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6,PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82)
53 20.8 (12.0-33.5) HPV 6 (1.9%)HPV 16 (1.9%)HPV 31 (1.9%)HPV 39 (1.9%)HPV 58 (1.9%)
Koskinen 2007a
(Northern Eu-rope)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1) and SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
69 4.3 (1.5-12.0) HPV 16 (1.4%)
Mork 2001a
(Northern Eu-rope)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII(L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
40 2.5 (0.4-12.9) HPV 16 (2.5%)
Lie 1996 (Norway) CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers(6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
39 7.7 (2.7-20.3) HPV 16 (2.6%)
Morshed 2008(Poland)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25 93 35.5 (26.5-45.6) HPV 16 (30.1%)HPV 18 (6.5%)HPV 33 (5.4%)
Snietura 2011(Poland)
Real-time High Risk HPV test(Abbott Molecular) using L1consensus primers RT-PCR (16.18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56.58. 59. 66. 68)
65 0.0 - -
Poljak 1997(Slovenia)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1) and WD72/76/66/67/154(E6) Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18.31.33.51)
30 3.3 (0.6-16.7) HPV 16 (3.3%)
Alvarez Alvarez1997 (Spain)
TS-PCR E6 and L1 for 6b/16/18Amplification with TS primers(6b. 16. 18)
35 25.7 (14.2-42.1) HPV 6 (22.9%)HPV 16 (5.7%)
Pérez-Ayala 1990(Spain)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11Hybridization with TS probes(11.16)
51 56.9 (43.3-69.5) HPV 16 (56.9%)
Adams 1999(Switzerland)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP(6.11.16.18.31.33.35.51.53.56)
36 16.7 (7.9-31.9) HPV 16 (16.7%)
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( Table 29 – continued from previous page)HPV detection Prevalence of 5 most
method and targeted HPV prevalence frequent HPVsStudy HPV types No. Tested % (95% CI) HPV type (%)
Bozdayi 2009(Turkey)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplificationwith GP5+/6+ and TS primersfor HPV16 positive; For HPV16negative cases. sequencing wasperformed
65 41.5 (30.4-53.7) HPV 16 (40.0%)HPV 6 (1.5%)
Dönmez 2000(Turkey)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11.16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)
55 12.7 (6.3-24.0) HPV 11 (7.3%)HPV 6 (5.5%)
Gungor 2007(Turkey)
SP10296 (L1) Amplification withmPCR kit (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.52. 58)
95 7.4 (3.6-14.4) HPV 11 (7.4%)HPV 6 (2.1%)HPV 16 (1.1%)
Anderson 2007(UK)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridizationwith Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18.26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51.52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62.64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
64 0.0 - -
Conway 2012(UK)
PCR-GP5+/6+, TS, Sequencing(HPV 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
12 0.0 - -
Salam 1995 (UK) MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11.16. 18. 33)
36 22.2 (11.7-38.1) HPV 6 (8.3%)HPV 16 (5.6%)HPV 11 (2.8%)
Snijders 1996(UK)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers and SBH withTS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33)
31 19.4 (9.2-36.3) HPV 16 (19.4%)
Brandwein 1993(USA)
Perkin Census L1 consensusprimers Hybridization with TSprobes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 35. 51)
40 7.5 (2.6-19.9) HPV 16 (2.5%)
Chernock 2013(USA)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 16, 18,31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56,58, 59, 66, 68)
76 17.1 (10.3-27.1) HPV 16 (13.2%)HPV 31 (10.5%)HPV 53 (9.2%)
Furniss 2007(USA)
TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
63 31.7 (21.6-44.0) HPV 16 (31.7%)
Paz 1997 (USA) MY09/MY11 (L1) and IU/IWDO(E1) Amplification with TSprimers (6. 16. 18)
43 4.7 (1.3-15.5) HPV 16 (2.3%)
Schlecht 2011(USA)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01(L1) DBH (40 HPV typesincluding 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39.45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
40 27.5 (16.1-42.8) HPV 16 (27.5%)
Shen 1996 (USA) MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCRE7 for 16/18 RFLP*
32 9.4 (3.2-24.2) HPV 6 (3.1%)HPV 11 (3.1%)HPV 18 (3.1%)
Zhao 2005 (USA) RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16Hybridization with TS probes(16)
22 18.2 (7.3-38.5) HPV 16 (18.2%)
Ribeiro 2011b
(World)PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplificationwith TS primers (16)
239 0.8 (0.2-3.0) HPV 16 (0.8%)
Data updated on 11 Jun 2019 (data as of 31 Dec 2015).95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval;DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RT-PCR: Real TimePolymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;aIncludes cases from Norway, Sweden and FinlandbIncludes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Romania and PolandData sources: See references in Section 9.
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5 Factors contributing to cervical cancer
HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, but it is not a sufficient cause. Other cofactors are necessaryfor progression from cervical HPV infection to cancer. Tobacco smoking, high parity, long-term hormonalcontraceptive use, and co-infection with HIV have been identified as established cofactors. Co-infectionwith Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type-2, immunosuppression, and certain dietarydeficiencies are other probable cofactors. Genetic and immunological host factors and viral factors otherthan type, such as variants of type, viral load and viral integration, are likely to be important but havenot been clearly identified. (Muñoz N, Vaccine 2006; 24(S3): 1-10). In this section, the prevalence ofsmoking, parity (fertility), oral contraceptive use, and HIV in the World are presented.
Figure 123: Female smoking prevalence
Data accessed on 22 Mar 2017.Adjusted and age-standardized prevalence estimates of tobacco use by country, for the year 2013. These rates are constructed solely for the purpose of comparing tobacco use prevalenceestimates across countries, and should not be used to estimate the number of smokers in the population.Data sources: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2015: The MPOWER package. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2015. Available at http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/index.html
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Figure 124: Total fertility rates
Data accessed on 22 Mar 2017.For Aruba, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Brunei, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Germany, Fiji, United Kingdom, Georgia, Grenada, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iran,Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Libya, St Lucia, Macao SAR, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Sweden, Trinidad& Tobago, St Vincent & The Grenadines: The number of women by age is estimated by the United Nations Population Division and published in World Population Prospects: the 2015Revision.Data sources:For Channel Islands, Aruba, Afghanistan, Angola, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Bahamas, Bosnia &Herzegovina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Barbados, Brunei, Bhutan, Botswana, Central African Republic, Canada, Chile, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, DR Congo, Congo, Colombia, Comoros,Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Algeria, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Western Sahara, Ethiopia, Fiji, FS Micronesia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guadeloupe,Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guam, Guyana, Hong Kong SAR, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan,Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Kiribati, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, St Lucia, Sri Lanka, Lesotho, Macao SAR, Morocco, Republic ofMoldova, Madagascar, Maldives, Mexico, Mali, Myanmar, Mongolia, Mozambique, Mauritania, Martinique, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Mayotte, Namibia, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria,Nicaragua, Nepal, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, DPR Korea, Paraguay, Palestine, French Polynesia, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda,Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, South Sudan, Sao Tome & Principe, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Chad, Togo, Thailand,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan, St Vincent & The Grenadines, Venezuela, US VirginIslands, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Samoa, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World FertilityData 2015 (POP/DB/Fert/Rev2015). Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/fertility/wfd2015.shtml. [Accessed on March22, 2017].Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Switzerland, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Georgia, Greece,Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, RussianFederation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine: Eurostat - Statistical office of the European Comission [web site]. Luxembourg: European Commission; 2015. Availableat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdde220&plugin=1. [Accessed on March 22, 2017].
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5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER - 245 -
Figure 125: World prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use
Data accessed on 22 Mar 2017.Proportion (%) of women using hormonal contraception (pill, injectable or implant), among those of reproductive age who are married or in union.For Anguilla, Argentina, Botswana, Cook Islands, Guadeloupe, Croatia, N Mariana Islands, Martinique, Palau, Reunion: Data pertain to all women of reproductive age, irrespective ofmarital status.For United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia: Data pertain to nationals of the country.For Belgium, Puerto Rico: Data pertain to sexually active women of reproductive age.For Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania: Data pertain to women with co-resident male partner.For Canada: Data pertain to women who have ever had sex. Data pertain to all women of reproductive age, irrespective of marital status. Data pertain to sexually active, non-pregnantwomen.For Chile: Data pertain to men and women of reproductive age.For Czech Republic, Russian Federation: Data pertain to women with a partner.For Denmark: Data pertain to women in a steady sexual relationship.For United Kingdom: Excluding Northern Ireland.For Greece, Poland: Data pertain to women who were sexually active during the month prior to the interview.For Guam: Data pertain to sexually active, non-pregnant women.For Israel: Data pertain to the Jewish population.For Kuwait: Data pertain to nationals of the country. Data pertain to non-pregnant women.For Sri Lanka: Excluding the Northern Province.For Malta: Data pertain to married women who visited a practitioner belonging to the Malta College of Family Doctors.For Myanmar: Data pertain to ever-married women of reproductive age.For Norway: Data pertain to women who were sexually active during the three months prior to the interview.For Portugal: Data pertain to non-pregnant women.For Slovakia, US Virgin Islands: Data pertain to women exposed to the risk of pregnancy.For Sweden: Data pertain to women who have ever had sex.For Chad: Includes sexually active unmarried womenFor Uruguay: Data pertain to men and women of reproductive age who are married or in a union.Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2016). World Contraceptive Use 2016 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2016). http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2016.shtml. Available at: [Accessed on March 22, 2017].
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5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER - 246 -
Figure 126: World HIV prevalence
Data accessed on 22 Mar 2017.Estimates include all people with HIV infection, regardless of whether they have developed symptoms of AIDS.For Armenia, Barbados, Chile, Lebanon, Mauritius, Tunisia: Child estimates not published due to small numbersFor Benin: PMTCT numerator for 2015 was unavailable at the time of development of projectionFor Colombia, Greece, Italy: Antiretroviral therapy data was not available at the time of publicationFor Kyrgyzstan: Approximately 400 children (01-14)For Cambodia: Child estimates not publishedData sources: UNAIDS database [internet]. Available at: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ [Accessed on March 22, 2017]
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
6 SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDICATORS - 247 -
6 Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators
Sexual intercourse is the primary route of transmission of genital HPV infection. Information aboutsexual and reproductive health behaviours is essential to the design of effective preventive strategiesagainst anogenital cancers. In this section, we describe sexual and reproductive health indicators thatmay be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection and anogenital cancers. Several studieshave reported that earlier sexual debut is a risk factor for HPV infection, although the reason for thisrelationship is still unclear. In this section, information on sexual and reproductive health behaviour inthe World is presented.
Figure 127: Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse
Data accessed on 16 Mar 2017.For Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom, United Kingdom,United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Republic of Moldova, Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: Fifteen-year-olds teenagers only were asked whether they had ever had sexual intercourse.For Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Spain, France, Greece, Croatia, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Latvia, Republic of Moldova, Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation,Slovenia, Ukraine: Indicates a significant gender difference (at p<0.05).For Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Switzerland, DR Congo, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom,United Kingdom, United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Republic of Moldova, Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: Year of estimation: 2013-2014For Australia, Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba, Bolivia, Brazil, Central African Republic, Kazakhstan, Chad, Togo, Viet Nam: The main sources of data were surveys by the MEASURE DHS(Demographic and Health Surveys) project and published estimates from Reproductive National Health Surveys.For Australia, Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba, Bolivia, Brazil, Central African Republic, Kazakhstan, Chad, Togo, Viet Nam: Year of estimation: not reportedFor Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, DR Congo, Colombia, Comoros, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Gambia, Honduras, Haiti, India, Jordan,Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sao Tome & Principe, Tajikistan, Tanzania, USA: Percentageof all 15- to 19-year-olds who report having had sex before the age of 15 years.For Azerbaijan: Year of estimation: 2006For Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: Percentage of all 15- to 19-year-olds who report havinghad sex before the age of 15 years in MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys), STATcompiler (http://www.statcompiler.com/) or HIV/AIDS Survey Indicator database(http://www.measuredhs.com/hivdata/).For Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: Year of estimation: 2005-2010For Burkina Faso, Colombia: Year of estimation: 2010For Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Cambodia: Year of estimation: 2014For Chile: Year of estimation: 2000For China: Year of estimation: 1997For Côte d’Ivoire, Honduras: Year of estimation: 2011-2012For Cameroon, Mozambique, Nepal: Year of estimation: 2011For Comoros, Gabon, Haiti, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Peru, Tajikistan: Year of estimation: 2012For Dominican Republic, Gambia, Namibia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone: Year of estimation: 2013For India: Year of estimation: 2005-2006For Mali: Year of estimation: 2012-2013For Malawi, Tanzania: Year of estimation: 2015-2016For Rwanda: Year of estimation: 2014-2015For Sao Tome & Principe: Year of estimation: 2008-2009For USA: Year of estimation: 2011-2013Data sources:For Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom, United Kingdom,United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Republic of Moldova, Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine: Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people’s health and well-being. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2013/2014 survey. Inchley J, Currie D, Young T, et al. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016 (Health Policy forChildren and Adolescents, No. 7). Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/303438/HSBC-No.7-Growing-up-unequal-Full-Report.pdf?ua=1Australia, Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba, Bolivia, Brazil, Central African Republic, Kazakhstan, Chad, Togo, Viet Nam: Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Wellings K,Collumbien M, Slaymaker E, et al. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1706-28. Review. Erratum in: Lancet. 2007 Jan 27;369(9558):274. PMID:17098090.Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, DR Congo, Colombia, Comoros, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Gambia, Honduras, Haiti, India, Jordan, Kenya,Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sao Tome & Principe, Tajikistan, Tanzania: ICF International, 2015.The DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) Program STATcompiler. Funded by USAID. http://www.statcompiler.com. Accessed on March 16 2017.Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe: The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa:patterns and trends from national surveys. Doyle AM, Mavedzenge SN, Plummer ML, Ross DA.Trop Med Int Health. 2012 Jul;17(7):796-807. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03005.x.Review. PMID:22594660.USA: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013. Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing of Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States. NCHS Data BriefNo. 209, July 2015. Martinez G, Abma J. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db209.htm
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre
7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 248 -
7 HPV preventive strategies
It is established that well-organised cervical screening programmes or widespread good quality cytologycan reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The introduction of HPV vaccination could alsoeffectively reduce the burden of cervical cancer in the coming decades. This section presents indicatorson basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening, status of HPV vaccine licensureand introduction in the World.
7.1 Cervical cancer screening practices
Screening strategies differ between countries. Some countries have population-based programmes,where in each round of screening women in the target population are individually identified and in-vited to attend screening. This type of programme can be implemented nationwide or only in specificregions of the country. In opportunistic screening, invitations depend on the individual’s decision oron encounters with health-care providers. The most frequent method for cervical cancer screening iscytology, and there are alternative methods such as HPV DNA tests and visual inspection with aceticacid (VIA). VIA is an alternative to cytology-based screening in low-resource settings (the ’see and treat’approach). HPV DNA testing is being introduced into some countries as an adjunct to cytology screen-ing (’co-testing’) or as the primary screening test to be followed by a secondary, more specific test, suchas cytology.
Figure 128: Worldwide status of cervical cancer screening programmes
Data accessed on 31 Dec 2016.Availability of a cervical cancer screening program: Public national cervical cancer screening program in place (Cytology/VIA/HPV testing). Countries may have clinical guidelines orprotocols, and cervical cancer screening services in a private sector but without a public national program. Publicly mandated programs have a law, official regulation, decision, directive orrecommendation that provides the public mandate to implement the program with an authorised screening test, examination interval, target group and funding and co-payment determined.
Self-reported quality assurance: Organised programs provide for a national or regional team responsible for implementation and require providers to follow guidelines, rules, or standardoperating procedures. They also define a quality assurance structure and mandate supervision and monitoring of the screening process. To evaluate impact, organised programs also requireascertainment of the population disease burden. Quality assurance consists of the management and coordination of the program throughout all levels of the screening process (invitation,testing, diagnosis and follow-up of screen-positives) to assure that the program performs adequately and provides services that are effective and in-line with program standards. The qualityassurance structure is self-reported as part of the national cancer programs or plans. For some countries when less than 50% of its regions haven’t had a quality assurance plan, the countryis categorised as not having quality assurance.
Note: For more detail information, please read the country report.
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 249 -
Table 30: Cervical cancer screening policies
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Africa - - - - - - -
Algeria Yes Yes No Cytology 25/30-60/65 3 Years
Angola No - - - VIA - -
Benin Yes No No Cytology VIA - -
Botswana Yes No No VIA 30-49 5 years
Burkina Faso Yes No No Cytology VIA - -
Burundi No - - - - -
Cameroon Yes No No Cytology/VIA - -
Cape Verde Yes No No Cytology/VIA 20-49 -
CAR No - - - - -
Chad No - - - - -
Comoros No - - - - -
Congo No - - - VIA - -
Côte d’Ivoire Yes No No Cytology/VIA 30-50 (VIA),unknown(cytology)
-
Djibouti No - - - - -
DR Congo No - - - - -
Egypt Yes No No Cytology 20-50 -
Eq. Guinea No - - - - -
Eritrea No - - - - -
Ethiopia No - - - VIA - -
Gabon Yes Yes No VIA Above 25 3 years
Gambia Yes No No - VIA - -
Ghana Yes No No VIA/Cytology 25 to 45(VIA)/Above
45(cytology)
3-5 years
Guinea No - - - VIA pilotprogram inKhorira and
Conakry (2003)and FaranahKankan and
Siguiri (2005)
- -
Guinea-Bissau No - - - - -
Kenya Yes No No VIA/Cytology 25-49 5 years
Lesotho Yes - - VIA - -
Liberia No - - - - -
Libya No - - - - -
Madagascar Yes No No VIA 30-50 3-5 years
Malawi Yes No No VIA 30-50 3-5 years
Mali No - - - VIA pilotprogram forwomen ages
30-59 (interval3-5 years)
- -
Mauritania No - - - VIA - -
Mauritius Yes No No VIA 35-55/60 5 years
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 250 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Morocco Yes Yes No VIA 30-50 3 years
Mozambique Yes - - VIA 30-55 -
Namibia Yes No No Cytology VIA 21-64(cytology)
1 year
Niger Yes - - VIA - -
Nigeria No - - - VIA pilotprogram for
women between30-50 years(interval 3-5
years)
- -
Rwanda Yes - - HPVtest/VIA (if
positiveHPV test)
- 35-45 7 years
S.Tome & Prin. No - - - - -
Senegal Yes No No Cytology VIA 25-65(cytology)
2 year
Seychelles Yes - - Cytology Sexuallyactive (notspecified
age)
2 years
Sierra Leone No - - - VIA - -
Somalia No - - - - -
South Africa Yes No No Cytology VIA Above 30 10 years
South Sudan No - - - - -
Sudan No - - - VIA pilotprogram inKhartoum
(2009-2010)
- -
Swaziland Yes - No VIA/Cytology 25-45 2 years
Tanzania Yes No No VIA 30-50 3 years
Togo Yes No No Cytology VIA 35-65(cytology)
-
Tunisia Yes Yes No Cytology 35-65 5 Years
Uganda Yes No No VIA/Cytology HPV test 25-65(cytology),
25-49 (VIA)
3 years
Zambia Yes No No VIA 25-49 3-5 years
Zimbabwe Yes No No VIA 25-59 3 years
Americas - - - - - - -
Antigua & Bar. Yes No No Cytology HPV test 21-65(cytology),
over 30(HPV test)
5 years(cytology)
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 251 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Argentina Yes Yes Yes Cytology/HPVtest
35-64(cytology),above 30
(HPV test)
Cytologyevery 3
years, after2
consecutiveannual
negativetests. HPVtest every 3
yearsBahamas Yes No No Cytology Above 21-59 1 year
Barbados Yes No No Cytology 21-65 3 years(ages
21-49), 5years (ages
50-65)Belize Yes No No Cytology 21-55 3 years,
after 3consecutive
annualnegative
testsBolivia Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA 25-64 3 years,
after 2consecutive
annualnegative
testsBrazil Yes Yes No Cytology 25-64 3 years,
after 2consecutive
annualnegative
tests
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 252 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Canada Yes Yes, variesamongregions
No, variesamongregions
Cytology HPV test 21-65/69/70varies by
region
Variesamongregions:
Manitoba,Ontario,Québec,
NovaScotia:every 3
years (ages21- 65/69).
PrinceEdwardisland:every 2
years (ages21-65 ).Other
regionsevery 2-3
years (ages21-70) after
3consecutive
annualnegative
testsChile Yes Yes No Cytology 25-64 3 years
Colombia Yes No No Cytology/VIA/HPVtest
25-69(cytology),
30-50 (VIA),30-69 (HPV
test)
Cytologyevery 3
years, after2
consecutiveannual
negativetests. VIA
every 3years. HPVtest every 5
yearsCosta Rica Yes No No Cytology Above 20 1 year
Cuba Yes No No Cytology 25-64 3 years
Dominica Yes No No Cytology 18-65 -
Dominican Rep. Yes No No Cytology/HPVtest
35-64 Cytologyevery 1 year
Ecuador Yes No No Cytology 35-64 5 years
El Salvador Yes No No Cytology/VIA HPV test 30-59 2 years
Grenada Yes - - Cytology VIA 21 (or 3years after
sexuallydebut)
3 years,after 3
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Guatemala Yes No No Cytology/VIA 25-54 3 years
Guyana Yes No No VIA/cytology 30-49 -
(Continued on next page)
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 253 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Haiti Yes No No VIA >=35 -
Honduras Yes Yes No Cytology VIA 30-59(cytology)
3 years,after 2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Jamaica Yes No No Cytology 25-54 3 years,after 2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Mexico Yes Yes No Cytology/HPVtest
25-64 Cytologyevery 3
years, after2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Nicaragua Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA HPV test 25-64(cytology),
30-50 (VIA)
Cytology/VIAevery 3
years, after3
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Panama Yes No No Cytology/VIA 25-59 3 years,after 3
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Paraguay Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA HPV test 25-49 Cytology/VIAevery 3
years, after3
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Peru Yes Yes Yes Cytology/VIA HPV test PAP/VIA:30-49
Cytology/VIAevery 3years
St Kitts & Nev. Yes No No Cytology 18-55 3 years,after 2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
St Lucia Yes - - Cytology VIA 18-55 1 year
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 254 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
St Vincent Yes No No Cytology 20-65 3 yearsafter 2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Suriname Yes No No Cytology/VIA 23-55 2 years
Trinidad & Tob. Yes No No Cytology Sexuallyactive (notspecified
age)
1 year
Uruguay Yes Yes No Cytology 21-69 3 years,after 2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
USA Yes Yes only inNBCCEDProgram
No Cytology/HPVtest
21-65(cytology),
over 30(HPV test)
3 years(cytology), 5years (HPV
test)Venezuela Yes No No Cytology 25-64 3 years
Asia - - - - - - -
Afghanistan Yes No No Cytology VIA 15-49 5 years
Armenia Yes No No Cytology 30-60 3 years
Azerbaijan No - - - - -
Bahrain Yes No No Cytology 30-65 3 yearsafter 2-3consecu-
tives annualnegative
testsBangladesh Yes No No VIA Above 30 -
Bhutan No - - - VIA - -
Brunei Yes No Yes Cytology 22-65 3 years
Cambodia Yes No No VIA 30-49 5 years
China Yes No No Cytology/VIA
HPV test 30-59 Cytologyevery 3
years (ages35-59). VIA
in ruralwomen
(ages 30-54)DPR Korea Yes No No Cytology 30-60 1 year
Georgia Yes No No Cytology HPV test 25-60 3 years
India Yes No No Cytology VIA/HPV test 35-64(cytology)
3 years
Indonesia Yes Yes No VIA 30-50 5 years
Iran Yes No No Cytology Married 3 yearsafter 3
consecutiveannual
negativetests
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 255 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Iraq Yes - - - Above 20 -
Israel Yes No No Cytology 35-54 3 years
Japan Yes Yes Yes Cytology Above 20 2 years
Jordan Yes No No Cytology 25-35 -
Kazakhstan Yes No No Cytology 30-60 5 years
Kuwait Yes No No Cytology Married 5 years
Kyrgyzstan Yes No No Cytology - 5 year
Laos No - - - - -
Lebanon Yes No No Cytology 3 yearsafter
becomingsexuallyactive
2-3 years
Malaysia Yes No No Cytology 20-65 3 years
Maldives Yes - - VIA 30-50 5 years
Mongolia Yes No No VIA 30-60 3 years
Myanmar No - - - VIA - -
Nepal Yes No No VIA 30-60 5 years
Oman Yes No No Cytology 20-69 3 Years
Pakistan Yes No No VIA 30-60 5 years
Philippines Yes No No VIA 25-55 5-7 years
Qatar Yes No No Cytology 21-65 1 year
Rep. Korea Yes No No Cytology Above 30 2 years
Saudi Arabia Yes No No Cytology 21-65(marriedwomen)
3 Years
Singapore Yes No No Cytology 25-69 3 years
Sri Lanka Yes No No Cytology 30-65 5 years
Syria Yes No No Cytology 15-55 -
Tajikistan Yes No No Cytology Above 20 -
Thailand Yes Yes No Cytology/VIA 30-65 5 years
Timor-Leste No - - - - -
Turkey Yes Yes Yes Cytology VIA 30-65(cytology)
5 Years
Turkmenistan Yes No No Cytology Above 20 1 year
UAE Yes No No Cytology 30-64 3 years
Uzbekistan Yes No No Cytology 25-49 -
Viet Nam Yes - No Cytology/VIA - -
Yemen No - - - - -
Europe - - - - - - -
Albania Yes No No Cytology Above 20 2-3 Years
Andorra Yes No No Cytology - -
Austria Yes No No Cytology Above 18 1 year
Belarus Yes No No Cytology Above 18 1 year
Belgium Yes No. Variesby regionA
No Cytology 25-64 3 years
Bosnia & H. Yes Yes No Cytology 21-70 1 year
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( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Bulgaria Yes No No Cytology 30-59 3 years
Croatia Yes YesA No Cytology 25-64 3 years
Cyprus Yes No No Cytology 24-65 -
Czech Rep. Yes Yes No Cytology 25-60 1 year
Denmark Yes YesA Yes Cytology 23-65 3 years(ages
23-49), 5years (ages
50-65)Estonia Yes YesA Yes Cytology 30-59 5 years
Finland Yes YesA Yes Cytology 30-60 5 years
France Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-65 3 years
Germany Yes No No Cytology HPV test Above 20 1 year
Greece Yes No No Cytology Above 20 1 year
Hungary Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-65 3 years
Iceland Yes Yes Yes Cytology 20-69 2 years(ages
20-39), 4years (ages
40-69)Ireland Yes Yes Yes Cytology 25-60 3 years
(ages25-44), 5
years (ages45-60)
Italy Yes YesA Yes Cytology/HPVtest
25-64 3 years(Cytology),
5 years(HPV test)
Latvia Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-70 3 years
Lithuania Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-60 3 years
Luxembourg Yes No No Cytology Above 15 1 year
Macedonia Yes No No Cytology 30-55 3 years
Malta Yes Yes Yes Cytology/HPVtest
Above 25(cytology),Above 30
(HPV test)
Cytologyevery 3
years (ages25-50), VIA
every 5years (above
50 yearsold). HPV
test every 5years
Moldova Yes No No Cytology Above 20 2 years
Monaco Yes - No Cytology 21-65 3 yearsafter 2
consecutiveannual
negativetests
Montenegro Yes Yes No Cytology 25-64 3 years
Netherlands Yes YesA Yes Cytology/HPVtest
30-60 5 years
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( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Norway Yes Yes Yes Cytology 25-69 3 years
Poland Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-59 3 years
Portugal Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-64 3 years
Romania Yes YesA Yes Cytology 25-64 5 years
Russia Yes No No Cytology Above 18 1 year
San Marino Yes - Yes Cytology/HPVtest
25-30(cytology),
30-65 (HPVtest)
3 years(cytology), 5years (HPV
test)Serbia Yes Yes Yes Cytology 25-65 3 years
Slovakia Yes No No Cytology 23-64 3 years
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes Cytology 20-64 3 years
Spain Yes No. Variesby region
No. Variesby region
Cytology/HPVtest
25-65(cytology),
30-65 (HPVtest)
3 years(cytology), 5years (HPV
test)Sweden Yes YesA Yes Cytology 23-60 3 years
(ages23-50), 5
years (ages50-60)
Switzerland Yes No No Cytology Above 20 3 years
UK Yes YesA Yes Cytology/HPVtest
25-64 3 years(ages
25-49), 5years (ages
50-64)Ukraine Yes No No Cytology 18-65 1 year
Oceania - - - - - - -
Australia Yes Yes Yes Cytology HPV test 18-69(cytology),
25-74 (HPVtest)
2 years(cytology), 5years (HPV
test)Fiji Yes No No Cytology VIA 25-60
(cytology),30-49 (VIA)
3 Years
FS Micronesia Yes No No Cytology/VIA 25-49 5 years
Kiribati Yes - - Cytology/VIA - -
Marshall Is. Yes - - VIA/Cytology 21-50 (VIA),50-60
(cytology)
2 years(VIA)
Nauru Yes No No Cytology - -
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes Cytology/HPVtest
20-70(cytology),
25-69 (HPVtest)
3 years(cytology), 5years (HPV
test)Palau Yes No No Cytology/HPV
test21-65
(cytology),over 30
(HPV test)
3 years(cytology), 5years (HPV
test)Papua N. Guinea Yes No No - - -
Samoa No - - - - -
Solomon Is. No - - - - -
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 258 -
( Table 30 – continued from previous page)
Country Availabilityof cervical
cancerscreening
programmeα
Qualityassurancestructure
andmandate
tosupervise
and tomonitor
thescreeningprocessβ
Activeinvitation
toscreeningγ
Mainscreeningtest used
forprimary
screening
Demonstrationprojects
Screeningages
(years)
Screeninginterval orfrequency
ofscreenings
Tonga No - - - - -
Tuvalu No - - - - -
Vanuatu No - - - VIA - -
Data accessed on 31 Dec 2016.A Information about performance indicators in organized and population-based cervical cancer screening programmes in European countries is found in the following document "CancerScreening in the European Union (2017). Report on the implementation of the Council: Recommendation on cancer screening. International Agency for Research on Cancer. European Com-mission. January 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/major_chronic_diseases/docs/2017_cancerscreening_2ndreportimplementation_en.pdf."αPublic national cervical cancer screening program in place (Cytology/VIA/HPV testing). Countries may have clinical guidelines or protocols, and cervical cancer screening services in aprivate sector but without a public national program. Publicly mandatβSelf-reported quality assurance: Organised programmes provide for a national or regional team responsible for implementation and require providers to follow guidelines, rules, or standardoperating procedures. They also define a quality assurance structurγSelf-reported active invitation or recruitment, as organised population-based programmes, identify and personally invite each eligible person in the target population to attend a givenround of screening.Data sources:Data sources are detailed at the country-specific report
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7 HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - 259 -
7.2 HPV vaccination7.2.1 HPV vaccine licensure and introduction
Figure 129: Worldwide status of HPV vaccination programmes
Data accessed on 31 Dec 2016.Data sources: Adapted from Bruni L, Diaz M, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Herrero R, Bray F, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X. Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccinationcoverage by region and income level: a pooled analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016 Jul;4(7):e453-63
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Table 31: HPV vaccination policies for the female population in the WorldRoutine Immunization
Country HPV vaccination programme Date of startAfghanistan No program -
Albania No program -
Algeria No program -
Andorra National program 2014
Angola Announced -
Antigua and Barbuda National program 2016
Argentina National program 2011
Armenia No program -
Australia National program 2007
Austria National program 2014
Azerbaijan No program -
Bahamas National program 2015
Bahrain No program -
Bangladesh No program -
Barbados National program 2014
Belarus No program -
Belgium National program 2007
Belize National program 2016
Benin Pilot -
Bhutan National program 2010
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Announced -
Bosnia and Herzegovina No program -
Botswana National program 2015
Brazil National program 2014
Brunei Darussalam National program 2012
Bulgaria National program 2012
Burkina Faso Pilot -
Burundi Pilot -
Cambodia Pilot -
Cameroon Announced -
Canada National program 2007
Cape Verde No program -
Central African Republic No program -
Chad No program -
Chile National program 2014
China No program -
Colombia National program 2012
Comoros No program -
Congo No program -
Costa Rica Pilot -
Côte d’Ivoire Pilot -
Croatia National program 2016
Cuba No program -
Cyprus National program 2016
Czech Republic National program 2012
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea No program -
Democratic Republic of the Congo No program -
Denmark National program 2009
Djibouti No program -
Dominica No program -
Dominican Republic Announced -
Ecuador National program 2015
Egypt No program -
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( Table 31 – continued from previous page)Routine Immunization
Country HPV vaccination programme Date of startEl Salvador No program -
Equatorial Guinea No program -
Eritrea No program -
Estonia No program -
Ethiopia Pilot -
Fiji National program 2013
Finland National program 2013
France National program 2007
Gabon No program -
Gambia Pilot -
Georgia Pilot -
Germany National program 2007
Ghana Pilot -
Greece National program 2008
Grenada No program -
Guatemala No program -
Guinea No program -
Guinea-Bissau No program -
Guyana National program 2011
Haiti Pilot -
Honduras National program 2016
Hungary National program 2014
Iceland National program 2011
India Pilot -
Indonesia Pilot -
Iran (Islamic Republic of) No program -
Iraq No program -
Ireland National program 2010
Israel National program 2013
Italy National program 2007
Jamaica No program -
Japan National program 2011
Jordan No program -
Kazakhstan Partial program 2013
Kenya Announced -
Kiribati National program 2011
Kuwait No program -
Kyrgyzstan No program -
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Pilot -
Latvia National program 2010
Lebanon No program -
Lesotho National program 2012
Liberia Pilot -
Libya National program 2013
Liechtenstein National program 2008
Lithuania National program 2016
Luxembourg National program 2008
Madagascar Pilot -
Malawi Announced -
Malaysia National program 2010
Maldives No program -
Mali Pilot -
Malta National program 2012
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( Table 31 – continued from previous page)Routine Immunization
Country HPV vaccination programme Date of startMarshall Islands National program 2008
Mauritania Pilot -
Mauritius No program -
Mexico National program 2012
Micronesia (Federated States of) National program 2009
Monaco National program 2011
Mongolia Pilot -
Montenegro No program -
Morocco No program -
Mozambique Pilot -
Myanmar No program -
Namibia No program -
Nauru No program -
Nepal Pilot -
Netherlands National program 2010
New Zealand National program 2008
Nicaragua No program -
Niger Pilot -
Nigeria Pilot -
Norway National program 2009
Oman No program -
Pakistan No program -
Palau National program 2009
Panama National program 2008
Papua New Guinea Pilot -
Paraguay National program 2013
Peru National program 2011
Philippines National program 2016
Poland No program -
Portugal National program 2008
Qatar No program -
Republic of Korea National program 2016
Republic of Moldova Pilot -
Romania No program -
Russian Federation Partial program 2009
Rwanda National program 2011
Saint Kitts and Nevis No program -
Saint Lucia No program -
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No program -
Samoa No program -
San Marino National program 2008
Sao Tome and Principe National program 2016
Saudi Arabia No program -
Senegal National program 2016
Serbia No program -
Seychelles National program 2014
Sierra Leone Announced -
Singapore National program 2010
Slovakia National program 2014
Slovenia National program 2009
Solomon Islands Pilot -
Somalia No program -
South Africa National program 2014
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( Table 31 – continued from previous page)Routine Immunization
Country HPV vaccination programme Date of startSouth Sudan No program -
Spain National program 2007
Sri Lanka No program -
State of Palestine No program -
Sudan No program -
Suriname National program 2013
Swaziland No program -
Sweden National program 2010
Switzerland National program 2008
Syrian Arab Republic No program -
Taiwan No program -
Tajikistan No program -
Thailand Pilot -
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia National program 2009
Timor-Leste No program -
Togo Pilot -
Tonga No program -
Trinidad and Tobago National program 2013
Tunisia No program -
Turkey No program -
Turkmenistan National program 2016
Tuvalu No program -
Uganda National program 2012
Ukraine No program -
United Arab Emirates Partial program 2008
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland National program 2008
United Republic of Tanzania Pilot -
United States of America National program 2006
Uruguay National program 2013
Uzbekistan Announced -
Vanuatu National program 2015
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) No program -
Viet Nam Pilot -
Western Sahara No program -
Yemen No program -
Zambia Pilot -
Zimbabwe Pilot -
Data accessed on 31 Dec 2016.Data sources:Adapted from Bruni L, Diaz M, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Herrero R, Bray F, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X. Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by regionand income level: a pooled analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016 Jul;4(7):e453-63
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8 Protective factors for cervical cancerMale circumcision and the use of condoms have shown a significant protective effect against HPV transmission.
Figure 130: Worldwide prevalence of male circumcision
Data accessed on 31 Aug 2015.Data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other publications to categorise the country-wide prevalence of male circumcision as <20%, 20-80%, or >80%.Please refer to country-specific reference(s) for full methodologies.Data sources: Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until August 2015. Reference publication: Albero G,Sex Transm Dis. 2012 Feb;39(2):104-13.For Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Belize, Bolivia, Bhutan, Cape Verde, Algeria, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, FS Micronesia, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran,Jordan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Maldives, Macedonia, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mongolia, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru,Papua New Guinea, DPR Korea, Paraguay, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, El Salvador, Serbia, Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Turkey,Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Samoa, Yemen: Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptabilityAngola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritania, Sudan, Somalia: Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Albania, Madagascar: 2008 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants ofprevalence, safety and acceptabilityUnited Arab Emirates, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Brunei, Switzerland, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary,Iceland, Israel, Italy, Kuwait, Lithuania, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Slovakia, Sweden, Trinidad & Tobago, Taiwan, Uruguay: WHO 2007: Male circumcision:Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityAustralia: Donovan B, Genitourin Med 1994; 70: 317 | Ferris JA, Aust N Z J Public Health 2010; 34: 160 | Parker SW, Med J Aust 1983; 2: 288 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Globaltrends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityAzerbaijan, Haiti, India: 2006 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants ofprevalence, safety and acceptabilityBurundi, Burkina Faso, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe: 2010 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision:Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Belgium: Bronselaer GA, BJU Int 2013; 111: 820 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityBenin: 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Auvert B, AIDS 2001; 15 Suppl 4: S31 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends anddeterminants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Bangladesh: Ashraf H, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 208 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptabilityBrazil: Castellsagué X, Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 907 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | WHO 2007: Malecircumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityCanada: Ogilvie GS, Sex Transm Infect 2009; 85: 221 | Quayle SS, J Urol 2003; 170: 1533 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptabilityChina: Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Wan S, Pediatrics 2014; 133: e624 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability| Zeng Y, Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 498987Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Mali: 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants ofprevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Cameroon: 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Auvert B, AIDS 2001; 15 Suppl 4: S31 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trendsand determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262DR Congo: 2007 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique: 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants ofprevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Colombia, Philippines, Thailand: Castellsagué X, Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 907 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinantsof prevalence, safety and acceptabilityComoros: 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptabilityGermany: Hoschke B, Urologe A 2013; 52: 562 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityDenmark: Frisch M, BMJ 1995; 311: 1471 | Frisch M, J R Soc Med 2015; 108: 297 | Svare EI, Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 215 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends anddeterminants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityDominican Republic: 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence,safety and acceptabilitySpain: Canadas MP, Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: 611 | Castellsagué X, Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 907 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence,safety and acceptabilityUnited Kingdom: Cathcart P, Br J Surg 2006; 93: 885 | Dave SS, Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 499 | Doerner R, Arch Sex Behav 2013; 42: 1319 | Oriel JD, Br J Vener Dis 1971; 47: 1 |Rickwood AM, BMJ 2000; 321: 792 | Thornton AC, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 928 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityGhana: 2008 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Guinea, Senegal: 2005 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence,safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Guyana: 2009 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptabilityIreland: Groves H, Ulster Med J 2010; 79: 80 | Ryan C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72: 978 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptabilityIraq: Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Naji H, Front Med 2013; 7: 122 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityJamaica: Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Figueroa JP, West Indian Med J 2010; 59: 351 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptability
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( Figure 130 – continued from previous page)Japan: WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Yamagishi T, Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88: 534Kenya: 2008 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Auvert B, AIDS 2001; 15 Suppl 4: S31 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Lavreys L, J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 330 | Ng’ayoMO, Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 62 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Kyrgyzstan: 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityCambodia, Republic of Moldova: 2005 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinantsof prevalence, safety and acceptabilityRepublic of Korea: Ku JH, Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 65 | Shin HR, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 468 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptabilityLiberia, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo: 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends anddeterminants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Lesotho: 2009 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Mexico: Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Lajous M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1710 | Vaccarella S, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2006; 15: 326 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityMalaysia: Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Tang WS, J Sex Med 2011; 8: 2071 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptabilityNiger, Swaziland: 2006 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence,safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262New Zealand: Dickson N, Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 517 | Fergusson DM, Pediatrics 2006; 118: 1971 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptabilitySlovenia: Klavs I, Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 49 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityChad: 2004 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Timor-Leste: 2009 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilityUganda: 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | Tobian AA, N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1298 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Globaltrends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Ukraine: 2007 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safetyand acceptabilityUSA: Baldwin SB, Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 601 | Cook LS, Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 197 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Hernandez BY, J InfectDis 2008; 197: 787 | Lu B, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 362 | McKinney CM, Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 814 | Nelson CP, J Urol 2005; 173: 978 | Nielson CM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2007; 16: 1107 | Partridge JM, J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1128 | Ryan C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72: 978 | Weaver BA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 677 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Globaltrends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptabilitySouth Africa: Auvert B, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 14 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety andacceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262Zambia: 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) | Auvert B, AIDS 2001; 15 Suppl 4: S31 | Drain PK, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 172 | WHO 2007: Male circumcision: Global trendsand determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | Williams BG, PLoS Med 2006; 3: e262
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Figure 131: Worldwide prevalence of condom use
Data accessed on 21 Mar 2017.Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.Condom use: Proportion of male partners who are using condoms with their female partners of reproductive age (15-49 years) to whom they are married or in union by country.For Argentina: Data pertain to urban centers with 2,000 or more people.For United Kingdom: Excluding Northern Ireland.For Sri Lanka: Excluding the Northern Province.Data sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2016). World Contraceptive Use 2016 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2016). http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2016.shtml. Available at: [Accessed on March 22, 2017].For Afghanistan: Afghanistan 2010-2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyAngola: Angola 2008-2009 Inquerito Integrado Sobre o Bem-estar da Populacio (IBEP)Anguilla: Anguilla 2003 Reproductive Health SurveyAlbania: Albania 2008-2009 Demographic and Health SurveyUnited Arab Emirates: United Arab Emirates 1995 Family Health SurveyArgentina: Argentina 2013 Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud Sexual y ReproductivaArmenia: Armenia 2010 Demographic and Health SurveyAntigua & Barbuda: Antigua and Barbuda 1988 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey in AntiguaAustralia: Australia 2011-2012 HILDAAustria: Austria 2012-2013 Generations and Gender SurveyAzerbaijan: Azerbaijan 2006 Demographic and Health SurveyBurundi: Burundi 2012 Enquête ménages pour le suivi et l’évaluation de l’impact de l’appui au système de remboursement du Paquet Minimum des Services de santéBelgium: Belgium 2008-2010 Generations and Gender SurveyBenin: Benin 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyBurkina Faso: Burkina Faso 2015 PMA2020Bangladesh: Bangladesh 2014 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)Bulgaria: Bulgaria 2007 Generations and Gender Survey Wave 2Bahrain: Bahrain 1995 Family Health SurveyBahamas: Bahamas 1988 IPPF-WHR Caribbean Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyBosnia & Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011-2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyBelarus: Belarus 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyBelize: Belize 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyBolivia: Bolivia 2008 Demographic and Health SurveyBrazil: Brazil 2006-2007 Demographic and Health SurveyBarbados: Barbados 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyBhutan: Bhutan 2010 Multiple Indicator SurveyBotswana: Botswana 2007 Family Health Survey - Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCentral African Republic: Central African Republic 2010 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCanada: Canada 2006 Contraceptive StudiesSwitzerland: Switzerland 2012 Health SurveyChile: Chile 2006 Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida y SaludChina: China 2006 National Family Planning and Reproductive Health SurveyCôte d’Ivoire: Côte d’Ivoire 2011-2012 Demographic and Health SurveyCameroon: Cameroon 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyDR Congo: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2013-2014 Demographic and Health SurveyCongo: Congo 2014-2015 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCook Islands: Cook Islands 1999 Reproductive Health Knowledge and ServicesColombia: Colombia 2010 Demographic and Health SurveyComoros: Comoros 2012 Demographic and Health Survey and Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCape Verde: Cape Verde 2005 Demographic and Reproductive Health SurveyCosta Rica: Costa Rica 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCuba: Cuba 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCzech Republic: Czech Republic 2008 Generations and Gender SurveyGermany: Germany 2005 Generations and Gender SurveyDjibouti: Djibouti 2012 Family Health SurveyDominica: Dominica 1987 IPPF/WHR Caribbean Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyDenmark: Denmark 1991-1993 Infertility SurveyDominican Republic: Dominican Republic 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyAlgeria: Algeria 2012-2013 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyEcuador: Ecuador 2012 Encuesta Nacional de Salud y NutriciónEgypt: Egypt 2014 Demographic and Health SurveyEritrea: Eritrea 2010 Population and Health SurveySpain: Spain 2006 Fertility and Values SurveyEstonia: Estonia 2005 Gender and Generation SurveyEthiopia: Ethiopia 2015 PMA2020 Round 3Finland: Finland 1989-1990 Fertility and Family SurveyFiji: Fiji 1974 World Fertility SurveyFrance: France 2010 Enquête FecondGabon: Gabon 2012 Demographic and Health Survey
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( Figure 131 – continued from previous page)United Kingdom: United Kingdom 2008-2009 National Statistics Opinions SurveyGeorgia: Georgia 2010 Reproductive Health SurveyGhana: Ghana 2015 PMA2020 Round 4Guinea: Guinea 2012 Demographic and Health SurveyGuadeloupe: Guadeloupe 1976 Fertility SurveyGambia: Gambia 2013 DHSGuinea-Bissau: Guinea-Bissau 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyEquatorial Guinea: Equatorial Guinea 2011 Demographic and Health SurveyGreece: Greece 2001 Family planning surveyGrenada: Grenada 1990 IPPF/WHR Caribbean Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyGuatemala: Guatemala 2014-2015 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)Guam: Guam 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemGuyana: Guyana 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyHong Kong SAR: China, Hong Kong (SAR) 2012 Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and PracticeHonduras: Honduras 2011-2012 Demographic and Health SurveyCroatia: Croatia 1970 Yugoslavia Fertility SurveyHaiti: Haiti 2012 Demographic and Health SurveyHungary: Hungary 1992-1993 Fertility and Family SurveyIndonesia: Indonesia 2015 PMA2020 Round 1India: India 2007-2008 District Level Household SurveyIreland: Ireland 2004-2005 SSHRIran: Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2010 Multiple-Indicator Demographic and Health SurveyIraq: Iraq 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyIsrael: Israel 1987-1988 Study of Fertility and Family Formation SurveyItaly: Italy 1995-1996 Fertility and Family SurveyJamaica: Jamaica 2008 Reproductive and Health SurveyJordan: Jordan 2012 Demographic and Health SurveyJapan: Japan 2005 13th National Fertility SurveyKazakhstan: Kazakhstan 2010-2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyKenya: Kenya 2015 PMA Round 4Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyzstan 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyCambodia: Cambodia 2014 Demographic and Health SurveyKiribati: Kiribati 2009 Demographic and Health SurveySt Kitts & Nevis: Saint Kitts and Nevis 1984 Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyRepublic of Korea: Republic of Korea 2009 National Fertility and Family Health SurveyKuwait: Kuwait 1999 Desired Fertility and Contraceptive UseLaos: Lao People’s Democratic Republic 2011-2012 Social Indicator Survey (MICS/DHS)Lebanon: Lebanon 2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyLiberia: Liberia 2013 Demographic and Health SurveyLibya: Libya 2007 Family Health SurveySt Lucia: Saint Lucia 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySri Lanka: Sri Lanka 2006-2007 Demographic and Health SurveyLesotho: Lesotho 2014 Demographic and Health SurveyLithuania: Lithuania 2006 Generations and Gender SurveyLatvia: Latvia 1995 Fertility and Family SurveyMorocco: Morocco 2011 Enquête Nationale sur la Population et la Santé FamilialeRepublic of Moldova: Moldova 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMadagascar: Madagascar 2008-2009 Demographic and Health SurveyMaldives: Maldives 2009 Demographic and Health SurveyMexico: Mexico 2014 Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica DemográficaMarshall Islands: Marshall Islands 2007 Demographic Health Survey (national)Macedonia: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMali: Mali 2012-2013 Demographic and Health SurveyMalta: Malta 1993 Survey of Family PlanningMyanmar: Myanmar 2009-2010 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMontenegro: Montenegro 2013 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMongolia: Mongolia 2013 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyN Mariana Islands: Northern Mariana Islands 1970 KAP Survey Trust TerritoryMozambique: Mozambique 2011 Demographic and Health SurveyMauritania: Mauritania 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMontserrat: Montserrat 1984 IPPF-WHR Caribbean Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyMartinique: Martinique 1976 Fertility SurveyMauritius: Mauritius 2014 Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyMalawi: Malawi 2013-2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMalaysia: Malaysia 2014 Population and Family SurveyNamibia: Namibia 2013 Demographic and Health SurveyNiger: Niger 2012 Demographic and Health SurveyNigeria: Nigeria 2013 Demographic and Health SurveyNicaragua: Nicaragua 2011-2012 Demographic and Health SurveyNetherlands: Netherlands 2013 Family Formation SurveyNorway: Norway 2005 Survey on Contraceptive UseNepal: Nepal 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyNauru: Nauru 2007 Demographic Health Survey (national)New Zealand: New Zealand 1995 Fertility and Family SurveyOman: Oman 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyPakistan: Pakistan 2012-2013 Demographic and Health SurveyPanama: Panama 2013 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyPeru: Peru 2014 Demographic and Health Survey (Continuous)Philippines: Philippines 2013 Demographic and Health SurveyPalau: Palau 2003 Population, Environment and Labor Force SurveyPapua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea 2006 Demographic and Health Survey (national)Poland: Poland 1991 Fertility and Family SurveyPuerto Rico: Puerto Rico 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemDPR Korea: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 2010 Reproductive Health SurveyPortugal: Portugal 2014 Health SurveyParaguay: Paraguay 2008 Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud Sexual y ReproductivaPalestine: State of Palestine 2014 MICSQatar: Qatar 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyReunion: Reunion 1997 Enquête DEMO97, volet FamilleRomania: Romania 2005 Generations and Gender SurveyRussian Federation: Russian Federation 2011 Reproductive Health SurveyRwanda: Rwanda 2014-2015 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia 2007 Demographic SurveySudan: Sudan 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySenegal: Senegal 2015 Demographic and Health SurveySingapore: Singapore 1997 National Family Planning and Population SurveySolomon Islands: Solomon Islands 2006-2007 Demographic and Health SurveySierra Leone: Sierra Leone 2013 Demographic and Health SurveyEl Salvador: El Salvador 2014 MICS
(Continued on next page)
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( Figure 131 – continued from previous page)Somalia: Somalia 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySerbia: Serbia 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySouth Sudan: South Sudan 2010 Household Health Survey Second RoundSao Tome & Principe: Sao Tome and Principe 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySuriname: Suriname 2010 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySlovakia: Slovakia 1997 Reproductive Practices of Slovak WomenSlovenia: Slovenia 1994-1995 Fertility and Family SurveySweden: Sweden 1996 National Survey on Sexual BehaviorSwaziland: Swaziland 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySyria: Syrian Arab Republic 2009-2010 Family Health SurveyChad: Chad 2014-2015 Demographic and Health Survey and MICSTogo: Togo 2013-2014 Demographic and Health Survey and MICSThailand: Thailand 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyTajikistan: Tajikistan 2012 Demographic and Health SurveyTurkmenistan: Turkmenistan 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyTimor-Leste: Timor-Leste 2009-2010 Demographic and Health SurveyTonga: Tonga 2012 Demographic Health Survey (national)Trinidad & Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyTunisia: Tunisia 2011-2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyTurkey: Turkey 2013 Demographic and Health SurveyTuvalu: Tuvalu 2007 Demographic Health Survey (national)Tanzania: United Republic of Tanzania 2010 Demographic and Health SurveyUganda: Uganda 2015 PMA Round 3Ukraine: Ukraine 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyUruguay: Uruguay 2004 Encuesta Nacional sobre Reproducción Biologica y Social de la PoblacionUSA: United States of America 2011-2013 National Survey of Family GrowthUzbekistan: Uzbekistan 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveySt Vincent & The Grenadines: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1988 IPPF-WHR Caribbean Contraceptive Prevalence SurveyVenezuela: Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1998 Encuesta Nacional de Poblacion y FamiliaUS Virgin Islands: United States Virgin Islands 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemViet Nam: Viet Nam 2013-2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyVanuatu: Vanuatu 2013 DHS-MICSSamoa: Samoa 2014 Demographic and Health Survey (national)Yemen: Yemen 2013 Demographic and Health SurveySouth Africa: South Africa 2003 Demographic and Health SurveyZambia: Zambia 2013-2014 Demographic and Health SurveyZimbabwe: Zimbabwe 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
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9 ReferencesHPV-related statistics were gathered from specific databases created at the Institut Català d’Oncologia and the International Agency forResearch on Cancer.
Systematic collection of published literature from peer-reviewed journals is stored in these databases. Data correspond to results fromthe following reference papers as well as updated results from continuous monitoring of the literature by the HPV Information Centre:
Table 32: References of studies includedCountry StudyHPV prevalence and HPV type distribution for cytologically normal womenGeneral sources Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. The ICO
HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Referencepublications: 1) Bruni L, J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1789. 2) De Sanjosé S, LancetInfect Dis 2007; 7: 453
AfricaBenin Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514Côte d’Ivoire Adjorlolo-Johnson G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242 | La Ruche G, Int J Cancer
1998; 76: 480Cameroon Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911Congo Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957 | Sangwa-Lugoma G, Sex Transm Dis
2011; 38: 308Algeria Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011;
128: 2224Egypt Abdel Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43Ethiopia Leyh-Bannurah SR, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 33 | Ruland R, Eur J
Epidemiol 2006; 21: 727Gabon Si-Mohamed A, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 430Guinea Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202Gambia Wall SR, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 1068Kenya De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm
Dis 2003; 30: 137 | Maranga IO, Open Virol J 2013; 7: 19 | Temmerman M, IntJ Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 65: 171 | Yamada R, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 847
Morocco Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 | Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27:286 | Bennani B, J Infect Dev Ctries 2012; 6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer1998; 75: 546
Mali Schluterman NH, BMC Womens Health 2013; 13: 4 | Tracy JK, Trop Med IntHealth 2011; 16: 1432
Mozambique Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429 | Naucler P, J Gen Virol 2011; 92: 2784Nigeria Akarolo-Anthony SN, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 521 | Gage JC, Int J Cancer
2012; 130: 2111 | Pimentel VM, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 203 | ThomasJO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638
Rwanda Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851 | Veldhuijzen NJ, Sex Transm Dis 2012;39: 128
Senegal Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Hanisch RA, J Clin Virol 2013; 58: 696 |Hawes SE, J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 555 | Mbaye el HS, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 248| Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803
Tunisia Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143Tanzania Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Vidal AC, Infect Agents Cancer 2011;
6: 20 | Watson-Jones D, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 358Uganda Asiimwe S, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 605 | Banura C, J Infect Dis 2008; 197:
555 | Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576 | Odida M, Infect AgentsCancer 2011; 6: 8 | Safaeian M, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 429 | Taube JM,Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 555
(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudySouth Africa Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Denny L, JAMA 2005; 294: 2173 |
Jones HE, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1679 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91:3023 | McDonald AC, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e44332 | Richter K, S Afr Med J 2013;103: 313 | Wright TC, JAMA 2000; 283: 81
Zimbabwe Baay MF, J Med Virol 2004; 73: 481 | Fukuchi E, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 305| Nowak RG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 1182 | Womack SD, Int J Cancer 2000; 85:206
AmericasArgentina Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol
2011; 43: 263 | Chouhy D, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis2003; 30: 593
Belize Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942Bolivia Cervantes J, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003; 45: 131Brazil Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2014; 22: 100 | Carestiato FN, Braz J
Infect Dis 2006; 10: 331 | Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 360 | Coser J,Genet Mol Res 2013; 12: 4276 | da Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:1015 | de Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149 | de Oliveira GR, RevBras Ginecol Obstet 2013; 35: 226 | Entiauspe LG, Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:689 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Figueiredo Alves RR,BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1041 | Franco EL, J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 756 |Girianelli VR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 39 | Lippman SA, Int J STDAIDS 2010; 21: 105 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | LorenziAT, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131: 131 | Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752| Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL, DST J Bras DoençasSex Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Oliveira FA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102: 751| Oliveira LH, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43: 4 | Pinto Dda S, Cad SaudePublica 2011; 27: 769 | Rocha DA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013: 514859| Roteli-Martins CM, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 173 | Silva KC, Mem InstOswaldo Cruz 2009; 104: 885 | Tamegão-Lopes BP, Infect Agents Cancer 2014;9: 25 | Trottier H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1274
Canada Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y, Infect Agents Cancer2013; 8: 25 | Kapala J, J Virol Methods 2007; 142: 223 | Louvanto K, Am JObstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 474.e1 | Mayrand MH, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 615 |Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Ogilvie GS, Vaccine 2013; 31:1129 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485 |Roteli-Martins CM, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 173 | Sellors JW, CMAJ2000; 163: 503 | Young TK, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 293
Chile Ferreccio C, BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 78 | Ferreccio C, Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271 | Ferreccio C, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 916 |Montalvo MT, Oncol Lett 2011; 2: 701
Colombia Leon S, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 290 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 324 |Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Soto-De Leon S, PLoS ONE 2011; 6:e14705
Costa Rica Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796 | Safaeian M, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1447
Cuba Soto Y, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210Ecuador Brown CR, Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42: 629Guatemala Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161Guyana Kightlinger RS, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 626.e1Honduras Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73:
50 | Tábora N, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1663Jamaica Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 159 | Watt A, Infect Agents
Cancer 2009; 4 Suppl 1: S11(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyMexico Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Giuliano AR, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005;16: 247 | Hernández-Avila M, Arch Med Res 1997; 28: 265 | Hernández-GirónC, Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 613 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009;32: 300 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce E,Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1693 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91:412 | López Rivera MG, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012: 384758 | MonroyOL, J Clin Virol 2010; 47: 43 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex 2008; 76: 9 | Salmerón J, CancerCauses Control 2003; 14: 505 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:27 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41: 749
Nicaragua Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576Peru Almonte M, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 796 | García PJ, Bull World Health Organ
2004; 82: 483 | Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br JCancer 2001; 85: 966 | Silva-Caso W, Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7S1: S121
Paraguay Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486| Torres LM, Braz J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 203
Trinidad & Tobago Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007; 12: 510Uruguay Berois N, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845USA Castle PE, J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 3044 | Castle PE, Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880
| Castle PE, Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 595 | Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005;75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med2008; 148: 493 | Dunne EF, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 403 | Dunne EF,JAMA 2007; 297: 813 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano AR,Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 615 | Giuliano AR, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68:8813 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Insinga RP, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 709 | Kahn JA, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111:1103 | Khanna N, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 615 | Kotloff KL, Sex TransmDis 1998; 25: 243 | Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 1398 | Sherman ME, J Natl Cancer Inst2003; 95: 46 | Smith EM, Cancer Detect Prev 2003; 27: 472 | Smith EM, Int JGynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 |Tarkowski TA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 46 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132:198 | Winer RL, Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 218 | Zhao C, Cancer 2007; 111: 292
Venezuela Michelli E, Invest Clin 2011; 52: 344AsiaBangladesh Nahar Q, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e107675Bahrain Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J 2006; 27: 487Bhutan Tshomo U, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyChina Belinson J, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83: 439 | Belinson JL, Am J Clin Pathol 2011;
135: 790 | Belinson JL, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13: 819 | Bian ML, ExpTher Med 2013; 6: 1332 | Chan PK, J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 28 | Chan PK, JMed Virol 2009; 81: 1635 | Chen Q, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e32149 | Chen Z, ExpTher Med 2013; 6: 85 | Chui SH, Public Health 2012; 126: 600 | Dai M, Br JCancer 2006; 95: 96 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | DU H, Zhonghua LiuXing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2012; 33: 799 | He X, Eur J Epidemiol 2008; 23: 403 | HuSY, Chin J Cancer Res 2011; 23: 25 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li C,Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2655 | Li H, Eur J Obstet GynecolReprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li LK, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 1593 | Lin M, Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48: 189 | Mai RQ, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4945 | Moy LM, Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 646 | Sui S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev2013; 14: 5861 | Sun LL, Virol J 2012; 9: 153 | Sun ZR, Int J Gynaecol Obstet2010; 109: 105 | Wang S, BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 160 | Wang X, Int J GynaecolObstet 2013; 120: 37 | Wang YY, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 7483 | WeiH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 126: 28 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol ReprodBiol 2010; 151: 86 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Wu R, Int JGynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 1411 | Wu RF, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1306 | Ye J, IntJ Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 1374 | Ye J, Virol J 2010; 7: 66 | Yeoh GP, ActaCytol 2006; 50: 627 | Yip YC, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1724 | Yu XW, J Low GenitTract Dis 2013; 17: 17 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | ZhangL, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 695 | Zhang R, J Clin Virol 2013; 58: 144 |Zhang WY, Chin Med J 2008; 121: 1578 | Zhao FH, Cancer Prev Res (Phila)2013; 6: 938 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604
Georgia Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465Indonesia de Boer MA, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1809 | Rachmadi L, Acta Cytol
2012; 56: 171 | Vet JN, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 214India Aggarwal R, Indian J Cancer 2006; 43: 110 | Arora R, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 104 | Basu P, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 1693 | Bhatla N,Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27: 426 | Datta P, Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34: 157 |Dutta S, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31: 178 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005;92: 601 | Gravitt PE, PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e13711 | Gupta S, Cytopathology2009; 20: 249 | Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576 | Kashyap V, JCytol 2013; 30: 190 | Kerkar SC, Sex Reprod Healthc 2011; 2: 7 | LaikangbamP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 107 | Mittal S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014;126: 227 | Pandey S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 2643 |Sankaranarayanan R, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 341 | Sankaranarayanan R, Int JCancer 2005; 116: 617 | Sarkar K, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 72 | Singh A, Int JGynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 1642 | Srivastava S, J Biosci 2012; 37: 63 | VinodhiniK, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119: 253
Iran Eghbali SS, Virol J 2012; 9: 194 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156| Moradi A, Iran J Cancer Prev 2011; 3: 135 | Safaei A, Indian J PatholMicrobiol 2010; 53: 681 | Shahramian I, Iran J Public Health 2011; 40: 113 |Zandi K, Virol J 2010; 7: 65 | Zavarei 2008: reported in Vaccarella S, Vaccine2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32
Japan Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Chen L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 1229 |Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishi K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res2004; 30: 380 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Maehama T, Infect DisObstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Masumoto N, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 509 |Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1312 | Saito J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995; 51: 43 | Sasagawa T, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Sasagawa T, Jpn J Cancer Res 1997;88: 376 | Sasagawa T, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 280 | Satoh T, J VirolMethods 2013; 188: 83 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 |Yoshikawa H, Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 621
Kazakhstan Buleshov 2011: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyRepublic of Korea An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | Bae J, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 115: 75 | Bae JH, J
Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 19: 1051 | Bae JM, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1909 | ChoEJ, J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 162 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56| Hwang HS, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2153 | Hwang Y,Ann Lab Med 2012; 32: 201 | Kim J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1570 | KimJH, Oncol Rep 2013; 29: 1645 | Kim JK, J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 24: 1143 |Kim K, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 269 | Kim MA, J Korean Med Sci2012; 27: 922 | Kim MA, Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 932 | Kim MJ, ObstetGynecol Sci 2013; 56: 110 | Kim TE, Korean J Pathol 2014; 48: 24 | Kim Y, JInfect Chemother 2014; 20: 74 | Kim YJ, J Microbiol 2013; 51: 665 | Lee EH, JKorean Med Sci 2012; 27: 1091 | Lee H, Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142: 1579 | LeeHP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 471 | Lee SA, Cancer Lett 2003; 198: 187 | Lee SJ,Int J Med Sci 2012; 9: 103 | Oh JK, Eur J Cancer Prev 2009; 18: 56 | Oh YL,Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | Park EK, J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 32 | ShimHS, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 284 | Shin HR, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 413 | ShinHR, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 468 | Um TH, Ann Clin Lab Sci 2011; 41: 48
Kuwait Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453Laos Phongsavan K, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1398Lebanon Karam WG, Lebanese Medical Journal 2005; 53: 132 | Mroueh AM, Eur J
Gynaecol Oncol 2002; 23: 429Mongolia Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563 | Dondog B, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1731Malaysia Chong PP, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 1645 | Othman N, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 2245 | Tay SK, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 49: 323Nepal Johnson DC, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101255 | Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control
2010; 21: 323Pakistan Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657Philippines Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43Saudi Arabia Al-Ahdal MN, J Infect Dev Ctries 2014; 8: 320Thailand Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007; 8: 279 | Chandeying V, Sex
Health 2006; 3: 11 | Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 |Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009;13: 212 | Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36: 1037 |Laowahutanont P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5879 | Marks M, Int JCancer 2011; 128: 2962 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961| Paengchit K, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6151 | Settheetham-Ishida W,Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev2014; 15: 6837 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health1997; 28: 707 | Sriamporn S, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 266 | Sukvirach S,J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1246 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56 |Swangvaree SS, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 1465 | Thomas DB, Am JEpidemiol 2001; 153: 723 | Wongworapat K, Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 172
Turkey Akcali S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 503 | Altun 2011: reported inVaccarella S, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 6: G32 | Bayram A, J Med Virol 2011; 83:1997 | Demir ET, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1242 | Dursun P, BMC Infect Dis 2009;9: 191 | Eren F, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 109: 235 | Inal MM, Int J GynecolCancer 2007; 17: 1266 | Kasap B, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 159:168 | Ozalp SS, J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2012; 13: 8 | Oztürk S, MikrobiyolBul 2004; 38: 223 | Sahiner F, J Microbiol Methods 2014; 97: 44 | Tezcan S,Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;286: 203 | Özcan ES, J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 31: 656
Taiwan Chen HC, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 1192 | Huang YK, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 863| Jeng CJ, Clin Invest Med 2005; 28: 261 | Lai CH, Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:466 | Liaw KL, Int J Cancer 1995; 62: 565 | Lin H, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 84 |Lin H, Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101: 40 | Tsai HT, Cancer Epidemiol BiomarkersPrev 2005; 14: 2544 | Wang CH, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1416
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry Study
Uzbekistan Inamova 2009: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32Viet Nam Pham TH, Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 213 | Vu LT, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;
12: 561 | Vu LT, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13: 37 | Vu LT, Western PacSurveill Response J 2012; 3: 57
EuropeBelgium Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J
Cancer 2005; 41: 2704 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 |Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Depuydt CE, Gynecol Obstet Invest2010; 70: 273 | Depuydt CE, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 4073 | Merckx M, Eur JCancer Prev 2014; 23: 288 | Schmitt M, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 2395 | Weyn C,Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 457
Belarus Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46Switzerland Bigras G, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 575Czech Republic Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79156Germany de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Iftner T, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1928 |
Luyten A, J Clin Virol 2009; 46 Suppl 3: S5 | Petry KU, Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1570 | Schneider A, Int J Cancer 2000; 89: 529
Denmark Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014;25: 179 | Nielsen A, Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 276 | Nielsen A, Sex TransmInfect 2012; 88: 627 | Svare EI, Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1230
Spain Bernal M, Infect Agents Cancer 2008; 3: 8 | Castellsagué X, J Med Virol 2012;84: 947 | de Sanjose S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 788 | Dillner J, BMJ 2008;337: a1754 | González C, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 260 | Martorell M, ScandJ Infect Dis 2010; 42: 549 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Ortiz M, JClin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1428
Estonia Uusküla A, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 63Finland Auvinen E, Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37: 873 | Leinonen M, Int J Cancer 2008;
123: 1344France Baudu A, J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 4: 35 | Beby-Defaux A, J Med Virol
2004; 73: 262 | Boulanger JC, Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2004; 32: 218 | CasalegnoJS, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 114: 116 | Clavel C, Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1616| Dalstein V, Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 396 | Heard I, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79372| Monsonego J, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99: 160 | Monsonego J, Int J Cancer 2011;129: 691 | Pannier-Stockman C, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 353 | Riethmuller D,Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 157 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989
United Kingdom Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 554 |Cuzick J, Lancet 1995; 345: 1533 | Cuzick J, Lancet 2003; 362: 1871 | GraingeMJ, Emerging Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1680 | Herbert A, J Fam Plann ReprodHealth Care 2007; 33: 171 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Hibbitts S,J Clin Virol 2014; 59: 109 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 |Kitchener HC, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 56 | Peto J, Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 942
Greece Agorastos T, Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13: 145 | Agorastos T, Eur J Cancer Prev2009; 18: 504 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Panotopoulou E, J MedVirol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | TsiodrasS, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 53 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185
Croatia Grahovac M, Coll Antropol 2007; 31 Suppl 2: 73 | Kaliterna V, Coll Antropol2007; 31 Suppl 2: 79
Hungary Nyári T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 126: 246Ireland Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyItaly Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Ammatuna P, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2002 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Carozzi F,Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 1462 | Centurioni MG, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 77 | DelPrete R, J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 211 | Giambi C, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 74 |Giorgi Rossi P, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 2 | Masia G, Vaccine 2009; 27Suppl 1: A11 | Panatto D, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 575 | Piana A, BMC PublicHealth 2011; 11: 785 | Ronco G, Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 297 | Ronco G, J NatlCancer Inst 2006; 98: 765 | Ronco G, Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 547 | SammarcoML, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168: 222 | Tenti P, J Infect Dis1997; 176: 277 | Tornesello ML, J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 1380 | Tornesello ML, JMed Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Verteramo R, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 16 |Zappacosta B, New Microbiol 2009; 32: 351
Lithuania Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Kliucinskas M, GynecolObstet Invest 2006; 62: 173 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014
Latvia Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484Netherlands Boers A, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e101930 | Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2004; 110:
94 | Hesselink AT, J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 2409 | Jacobs MV, Int J Cancer2000; 87: 221 | Lenselink CH, PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e3743 | Rijkaart DC, Br JCancer 2012; 106: 975 | Rijkaart DC, Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 78 | Rozendaal L,J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 606 | Zielinski GD, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 398
Norway Gjøoen K, APMIS 1996; 104: 68 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2005; 14: 367 | Molden T, Gynecol Oncol 2006; 100: 95 | Skjeldestad FE, ActaObstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 81
Poland Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557Portugal Dutra I, Infect Agents Cancer 2008; 3: 6 | Pista A, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;
17: 941 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1150 | Vieira L, Eur JMicrobiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3: 61
Romania Moga MA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 6887 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8:558
Russian Federation Alexandrova YN, Cancer Lett 1999; 145: 43 | Bdaizieva 2010: reported in DeVuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Goncharevskaya 2011: reported in DeVuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Komarova 2010: reported in De VuystH, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Kubanov 2005: reported in De Vuyst H,Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 | Rogovskaya SI, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 7: H46 |Shargorodskaya 2011: reported in De Vuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32 |Shipitsyna E, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 160 | Shipulina 2011: reported in DeVuyst H, Vaccine 2013; 31 Suppl 5: F32
Slovenia Ucakar V, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1772 | Ucakar V, Vaccine 2012; 30: 116Sweden Elfström KM, BMJ 2014; 348: g130 | Kjellberg L, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;
179: 1497 | Naucler P, N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1589 | Stenvall H, Acta DermVenereol 2007; 87: 243 | Ylitalo N, Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6027
OceaniaAustralia Bowden FJ, Sex Health 2005; 2: 229 | Tabrizi SN, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 250 |
Tabrizi SN, J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1645Fiji Foliaki S, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 14Vanuatu Aruhuri B, Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5: 746 | McAdam M, PLoS ONE 2010;
5: e13266HPV type distribution for invasive cervical cancer (ICC)
General sources Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and CancerEpidemiology Group up to November 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centrehas updated data until June 2014. Reference publications: 1) Guan P, Int JCancer 2012;131:2349 2) Li N, Int J Cancer 2011;128:927 3) Smith JS, Int JCancer 2007;121:621 4) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;88:63 5) Clifford GM, BrJ Cancer 2003;89:101.
AfricaBotswana Contributing studies: Ermel A, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 22
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry Study
Algeria Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | HammoudaD, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483
Ethiopia Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282 | Fanta BE, EthiopMed J 2005; 43: 151
Ghana Contributing studies: Awua AK, Infect Agents Cancer 2016; 11: 4 | Denny L, IntJ Cancer 2014; 134: 1389
Guinea Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Keita N, BrJ Cancer 2009; 101: 202
Kenya Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 244 | De Vuyst H, IntJ Cancer 2012; 131: 949
Morocco Contributing studies: Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546 | El khair MM,Med Oncol 2010; 27: 861
Mali Contributing studies: Bayo S, Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 202 | Bosch FX, J NatlCancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Ndiaye C, Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1432
Mozambique Contributing studies: Castellsagué X, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1901 | Naucler P,J Gen Virol 2004; 85: 2189
Nigeria Contributing studies: Denny L, Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1389Sudan Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282Senegal Contributing studies: Lin P, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1037
| Ndiaye C, Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1432 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103:803
Tunisia Contributing studies: KrennHrubec K, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 651Tanzania Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | ter Meulen
J, Int J Cancer 1992; 51: 515Uganda Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Odida M,
BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 85 | Odida M, Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5: 15South Africa Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Denny L, Int J
Cancer 2014; 134: 1389 | Kay P, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 265 | Pegoraro RJ, Int JGynecol Cancer 2002; 12: 383 | van Aardt MC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:919 | Williamson AL, J Med Virol 1994; 43: 231
Zimbabwe Contributing studies: Stanczuk GA, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 762AmericasArgentina Contributing studies: Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl
Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Golijow CD, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 181 | TurazzaE, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 271
Bolivia Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796Brazil Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Cambruzzi
E, Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11: 114 | de Oliveira CM, BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 357| Eluf-Neto J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 114 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer2000; 10: 143 | Rabelo-Santos SH, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 181 |Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Canada Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Duggan MA,Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129
Chile Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, IntJ Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev Chilena Infectol 2010; 27:11
Colombia Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 |Moreno-Acosta P, Virus Genes 2008; 37: 22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis ObstetGynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Costa Rica Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796Cuba Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796Ecuador Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144Honduras Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968Jamaica Contributing studies: Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyMexico Contributing studies: Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 871 |
Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud Publica Mex 2009; 51: 134 | Carrillo-García A,Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes MG, Virol J 2015; 12: 161 |González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada M, PLoSONE 2014; 9: e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 |Meyer T, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Torroella-Kouri M,Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115
Nicaragua Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334Panama Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796Peru Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br
J Cancer 2001; 85: 966Paraguay Contributing studies: Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int
J Cancer 2000; 85: 486Suriname Contributing studies: De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422Trinidad & Tobago Contributing studies: Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 267USA Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J
Med Virol 2006; 78: 117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1361 |Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 343 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:1048 | Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20:256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit TractDis 2014; 18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230| Paquette RL, Cancer 1993; 72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods 2009; 160: 78| Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055 | Quint KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114:390 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Schwartz SM, J ClinOncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | WentzensenN, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475| Wistuba II, Cancer Res 1997; 57: 3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Venezuela Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284AsiaChina Contributing studies: Cai HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB,
Oncology 2009; 76: 157 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, IntJ Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1705 | DingX, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu WuLi Xue Bao 2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 |Huang S, Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu GB, J First Mil MedUniv 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, GynecolObstet Invest 2001; 51: 202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ,Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B,Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009; 21: 768 |Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi2006; 41: 43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008;8: 202 | Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008;80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 204 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
Georgia Contributing studies: Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465Indonesia Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA,
Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Schellekens MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 |Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5781
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyIndia Contributing studies: Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 27 | Bhatla N,
Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 |Franceschi S, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 127 | Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 |Munagala R, Int J Oncol 2009; 34: 263 | Munirajan AK, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69:205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33: 531 | Nagpal JK, Eur J ClinInvest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru L, AsianPac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 |Peedicayil A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1591 | Peedicayil A, J Low GenitTract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Sowjanya AP,BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116
Iran Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | HamkarR, East Mediterr Health J 2002; 8: 805 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012;131: E156 | Mortazavi S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 | Salehi-Vaziri M,Arch Virol 2015; 160: 1181
Israel Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I,Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 730
Jordan Contributing studies: Sughayer MA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 108: 74Japan Contributing studies: Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Azuma Y, Jpn J
Clin Oncol 2014 | Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5): 1039 | Harima Y, IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 52: 1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012; 9: 154 |Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishikawa H, Cancer 2001; 91: 80| Kanao H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213: 31 | Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol Jpn 1992;42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Maki H, Jpn JCancer Res 1991; 82: 411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 1655 |Nakagawa S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 | Nawa A, Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki M,Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 190 |Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K,Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 |Watari H, Pathobiology 2011; 78: 220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53:190 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer2004; 102: 100 | Yoshida T, Virchows Arch 2009; 455: 253
Republic of Korea Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol 2005;18: 528 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean MedSci 1999; 14: 593 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J ClinOncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei Med J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee HS, Int JGynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 993 |Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007;22: 99 | Tong SY, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1307
Sri Lanka Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 |Samarawickrema NA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 115: 180
Mongolia Contributing studies: Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563Malaysia Contributing studies: Cheah PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul
Raub S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 | Yadav M,Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64
Nepal Contributing studies: Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323Pakistan Contributing studies: Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J
Cancer 2010; 102: 1657Philippines Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S,
Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 |Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Saudi Arabia Contributing studies: Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 522Singapore Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148Syria Contributing studies: Darnel AD, Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 262
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyThailand Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56
| Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014;86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J InfectDis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 |Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S,Gynecol Oncol 2008; 108: 555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop MedPublic Health 1997; 28: 707
Turkey Contributing studies: Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | UsubütünA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28: 541
Taiwan Contributing studies: Chao A, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28: 279 | Chen SL,Cancer 1993; 72: 1939 | Chen TM, Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 181 | Ding DC, Eur JObstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 140: 245 | Ho CM, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99:615 | Huang HJ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 639 | Huang LW, J Clin Virol2004; 29: 271 | Lai CH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1999 | Lai HC, Int J Cancer1999; 84: 553 | Lin H, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 84 | Su TH, Carcinogenesis2007; 28: 1237 | Yang YC, Gynecol Oncol 1997; 64: 59 | Yang YY, J MicrobiolImmunol Infect 2004; 37: 282
Viet Nam Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148EuropeAustria Contributing studies: Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter
A, Cancer Lett 2003; 202: 231Belgium Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204Bulgaria Contributing studies: Todorova I, J Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 1121Bosnia & Herzegovina Contributing studies: Iljazovi? E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38: 504Belarus Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Czech Republic Contributing studies: Slama J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R,
J Med Virol 1999; 58: 378 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913Germany Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 |
Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer 1995; 63: 639Denmark Contributing studies: Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta
Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014;25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121
Spain Contributing studies: Alemany L, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 512 | Bosch FX, JNatl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:1486 | González-Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111: 9 | Herraez-Hernandez E,J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martró E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30:225 | Mazarico E, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 181 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992;52: 743 | Rodriguez JA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 276
Finland Contributing studies: Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275France Contributing studies: de Cremoux P, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 778 | Lombard I, J
Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2613 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Riou G,Lancet 1990; 335: 1171
United Kingdom Contributing studies: Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Crook T, Lancet1992; 339: 1070 | Cuschieri K, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int JCancer 2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 2000; 82: 1348 | Giannoudis A,Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 |Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425| Tawfik El-Mansi M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025
Greece Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 |Dokianakis DN, Oncol Rep 1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994; 5: 189 |Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol2007; 79: 1898
Croatia Contributing studies: Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 |Hadzisejdic I, Coll Antropol 2006; 30: 879
Hungary Contributing studies: Kónya J, J Med Virol 1995; 46: 1(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyIreland Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med Virol
2009; 81: 897 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, ModPathol 1999; 12: 675
Iceland Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682Italy Contributing studies: Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:
2389 | Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 | Del Mistro A, Infect Agents Cancer2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG, Cancer 1998;82: 886 | Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 | Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol2009; 30: 557 | Sideri M, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo A, J MedVirol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 32 | TorneselloML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516
Lithuania Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 |Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014
Luxembourg Contributing studies: Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7067Latvia Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol
Oncol 2004; 93: 484Netherlands Contributing studies: Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J
Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 745 | Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA,Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Krul EJ, Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 206 |Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski GD, JPathol 2003; 201: 535
Norway Contributing studies: Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, JClin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2095
Poland Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A,Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557 | Biesaga B, Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012; 50: 239| Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Dybikowska A, Oncol Rep 2002;9: 871 | Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 65 | Pirog EC, Am JPathol 2000; 157: 1055
Portugal Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ,J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500
Russian Federation Contributing studies: Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, JMed Virol 2007; 79: 771
Slovenia Contributing studies: Jancar N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145:184
Sweden Contributing studies: Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 960 |Andersson S, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer2001; 37: 246 | Du J, Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215 | Graflund M, Int J GynecolCancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B, Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1992; 9: 113| Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL, N Engl J Med 1999;341: 1633 | Zehbe I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270
OceaniaAustralia Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen S, Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67: 163 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | LiuJ, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Plunkett M, Pathology 2003; 35: 397 | StevensMP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Thompson CH, Gynecol Oncol 1994;54: 40
Papua New Guinea Contributing studies: Tabone T, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 117: 30HPV type distribution for cervical high grade squamous intraepithelial lesionsGeneral sources Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer
Epidemiology Group up to November 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centrehas updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1) Guan P, Int JCancer 2012;131:2349 2) Smith JS, Int J Cancer 2007;121:621 3) Clifford GM, BrJ Cancer 2003;89:101.
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyAfricaCôte d’Ivoire Contributing studies: La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480Cameroon Contributing studies: Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911DR Congo Contributing studies: Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957Algeria Contributing studies: Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224Ethiopia Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282Guinea Contributing studies: Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202Equatorial Guinea Contributing studies: García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2009; 4: 31Kenya Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De
Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:137
Morocco Contributing studies: Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732Nigeria Contributing studies: Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Haghshenas M,
Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 20Rwanda Contributing studies: Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851Sudan Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282Senegal Contributing studies: Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J
Cancer 2003; 103: 803Tanzania Contributing studies: Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896South Africa Contributing studies: Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | De Vuyst H, Int J
Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Said HM, J Clin Virol 2009; 44: 318 | van Aardt MC,Personal communication Unpublished
Zimbabwe Contributing studies: Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 990AmericasArgentina Contributing studies: Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Alonio LV,
J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | DelucaGD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst MedTrop Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11
Belize Contributing studies: Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942Brazil Contributing studies: Camara GN, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 879 |
Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Chagas BS, PLoS ONE2015; 10: e0132570 | Fernandes JV, BMC Res Notes 2010; 3: 96 | Fernandes JV,Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 |Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras GinecolObstet 2010; 32: 315 | Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA,Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Terra AP, Tumori 2007; 93: 572 | TomitaLY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Canada Contributing studies: Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 |Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4:219 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387
Chile Contributing studies: Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833Colombia Contributing studies: Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 415
| García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743Costa Rica Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796Cuba Contributing studies: Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974Ecuador Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144Honduras Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968Jamaica Contributing studies: Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J
Med Virol 1999; 59: 60Mexico Contributing studies: Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:
1129 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int JGynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70:115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyNicaragua Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334Peru Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099Paraguay Contributing studies: Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351USA Contributing studies: Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1235 | Bell MC,
Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2010; 19: 1675 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 946 |Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 |Evans MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 373 | Giuliano AR, Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S,J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1878 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hu L, ModPathol 2005; 18: 267 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:230 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet2009; 105: 210 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Stoler MH, AmJ Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468 | Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055| Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler CM, JNatl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Venezuela Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284AsiaBangladesh Contributing studies: Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14China Contributing studies: Chan MK, Gynecol Oncol 1996; 60: 217 | Chan PK, Int J
Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, JMed Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand JInfect Dis 2010; 42: 72 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J ObstetGynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 112: 131| Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 |Singh S, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8: 11901 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159:1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu CH, Sex TransmDis 1994; 21: 309 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, ArchGynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 |Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
India Contributing studies: Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, BrJ Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Singh M,Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276
Iran Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | GhaffariSR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012;131: E156
Israel Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I,Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 730
Japan Contributing studies: Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Ichimura H, Int J ClinOncol 2003; 8: 322 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R,Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | NagaiY, Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79: 294 | Nakamura Y, Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20: 974 |Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Niwa K, Oncol Rep 2003; 10:1437 | Okadome M, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 561 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci2009; 100: 1312 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45| Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T,Cancer 2004; 102: 100
Republic of Korea Contributing studies: Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS,Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kahng J, Ann Lab Med 2014; 34: 127 | Kang WD,Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | QuekSC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Kuwait Contributing studies: Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-AwadhiR, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Sri Lanka Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry Study
Myanmar Contributing studies: Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68: 79Malaysia Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148Pakistan Contributing studies: Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657Philippines Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148Singapore Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148Thailand Contributing studies: Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 |
Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Limpaiboon T, Southeast Asian JTrop Med Public Health 2000; 31: 66 | Sukasem C, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 119 |Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56 | Swangvaree SS, Asian Pac JCancer Prev 2013; 14: 1023
Turkey Contributing studies: Baser E, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 125: 275 | SahinerF, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203
Taiwan Contributing studies: Chao A, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2835 | Chao A, Int JCancer 2010; 126: 191 | Ho CM, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99: 615 | Lai HC, Int JCancer 2003; 103: 221 | Lin H, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 84 | Yang YY, JMicrobiol Immunol Infect 2004; 37: 282
Viet Nam Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148EuropeAustria Contributing studies: Rössler L, Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125: 591Belgium Contributing studies: Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:
321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560
Belarus Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Switzerland Contributing studies: Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370Czech Republic Contributing studies: Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913Germany Contributing studies: de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med
Virol 2007; 79: 616 | Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 32 | MeyerT, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 | Nindl I, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1997; 16:197 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17
Denmark Contributing studies: Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Hording U, Eur JObstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet GynecolScand 2013; 92: 1032 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 | Kjær SK,Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Res Virol 1994; 145: 83 |Thomsen LT, Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 193
Spain Contributing studies: Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2:415 | Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 124 | Darwich L, Int J GynecolCancer 2011; 21: 1486 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, JMed Virol 2010; 82: 597 | García-Sierra N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 |Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis2011; 11: 316 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
France Contributing studies: Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL,Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989
United Kingdom Contributing studies: Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, HumPathol 1993; 24: 432 | Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br JCancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 44 | Geraets DT, J ClinMicrobiol 2014; 52: 3996 | Herrington CS, Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 206 | HibbittsS, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 |Jamison J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704| Southern SA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 114
Greece Contributing studies: Agorastos T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121:99 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Daponte A, J Clin Virol 2006; 36:189 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou V, Sex TransmDis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | ParaskevaidisE, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyCroatia Contributing studies: Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, J Clin
Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341Hungary Contributing studies: Szoke K, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 585Ireland Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol
Methods 2014; 201: 93 | Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56 | O’Leary JJ, JClin Pathol 1998; 51: 576
Iceland Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682Italy Contributing studies: Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Capra G, Virus
Res 2008; 133: 195 | Carozzi F, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 257 | Carozzi FM, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125:176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S, Pathologica 2000;92: 524 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014;86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol2008; 80: 1434 | Zerbini M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377
Lithuania Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 |Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014
Latvia Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Netherlands Contributing studies: Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 177 | Cornelissen
MT, Virchows Arch, B, Cell Pathol 1992; 62: 167 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114:951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199 | TangN, J Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | van Duin M, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 577
Norway Contributing studies: Kraus I, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1407 | Molden T, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36:277 | Sjoeborg KD, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118: 29
Portugal Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ,J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | PistaA, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500
Romania Contributing studies: Anton G, APMIS 2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8:558
Russian Federation Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Slovenia Contributing studies: Kovanda A, Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat
2009; 18: 47Sweden Contributing studies: Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Kalantari M,
Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Zehbe I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151OceaniaAustralia Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Callegari ET,
Vaccine 2014; 32: 4082 | Garland SM, BMC Med 2011; 9: 104 | Stevens MP, IntJ Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Stevens MP, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1283
Fiji Contributing studies: Tabrizi SN, Sex Health 2011; 8: 338New Zealand Contributing studies: Kang YJ, BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15: 365HPV type distribution for cervical low grade squamous intraepithelial lesionsGeneral sources Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer
Epidemiology Group up to November 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centre hasupdated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1) Guan P, Int J Cancer2012;131:2349 2) Clifford GM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:1157
AfricaCôte d’Ivoire Contributing studies: La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480Cameroon Contributing studies: Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911DR Congo Contributing studies: Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957Algeria Contributing studies: Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224Ethiopia Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282Guinea Contributing studies: Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202Kenya Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De
Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:137
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry Study
Morocco Contributing studies: Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732Nigeria Contributing studies: Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Thomas JO, Br J
Cancer 2004; 90: 638Senegal Contributing studies: Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J
Cancer 2003; 103: 803South Africa Contributing studies: Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | van Aardt MC,
Personal communication UnpublishedZimbabwe Contributing studies: Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 990AmericasArgentina Contributing studies: Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Chouhy D,
Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004;46: 9 | Eiguchi K, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2008; 12: 262 | Tonon SA, Infect DisObstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012;54: 11
Belize Contributing studies: Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942Brazil Contributing studies: Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 |
Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Franco E, Rev PanamSalud Publica 1999; 6: 223 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 | Lorenzato F, IntJ Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32:315 | Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J GynecolPathol 2011; 30: 288 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Canada Contributing studies: Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 |Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4:219 | Koushik A, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 307 | Moore RA, Cancer CausesControl 2009; 20: 1387 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev2003; 12: 485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163:513 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129
Chile Contributing studies: Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833 | López M J, Rev MedChil 2010; 138: 1343
Colombia Contributing studies: Del Río-Ospina L, BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 100 | GarcíaDA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1417
Cuba Contributing studies: Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974Ecuador Contributing studies: Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1959Honduras Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968Jamaica Contributing studies: Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J
Med Virol 1999; 59: 60Mexico Contributing studies: Carrillo A, Salud Publica Mex 2004; 46: 7 | Giuliano AR,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | González-Losa Mdel R, JClin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 |Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M,Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13:690
Nicaragua Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334Peru Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099Paraguay Contributing studies: Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Tonon SA,
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237Uruguay Contributing studies: Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyUSA Contributing studies: Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 257 | Bell MC,
Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Brown DR, Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 763 |Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, IntJ Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans MF, ModPathol 2002; 15: 1339 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10: 1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 |Jarboe EA, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 396 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33| Kulasingam SL, JAMA 2002; 288: 1749 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;105: 210 | Liaw KL, J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 954 | Moscicki AB, ObstetGynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Park K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26: 457 | SchiffM, Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 716 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468| Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Tortolero-Luna G, Cad SaudePublica 1998; 14 Suppl 3: 149 | Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055| Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler CM, JNatl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Venezuela Contributing studies: Correnti M, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 527AsiaBangladesh Contributing studies: Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14China Contributing studies: Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J
Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J MedVirol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 | Hong D, Int JGynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur JObstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010;20: 147 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke ZaZhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151: 86 | WuEQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
India Contributing studies: Berlin Grace VM, Indian J Cancer 2009; 46: 203 |Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32:943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276
Iran Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | GhaffariSR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012;131: E156
Japan Contributing studies: Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R,Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 |Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1312 | Saito J, Jap J Obstet Gynecol Pract 2001; 50: 871 | Sasagawa T, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011;2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J ObstetGynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100
Republic of Korea Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | Cho NH, Am J ObstetGynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kang WD, IntJ Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 |Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75
Kuwait Contributing studies: Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-AwadhiR, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Myanmar Contributing studies: Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68: 79Malaysia Contributing studies: Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303Pakistan Contributing studies: Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyThailand Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 Suppl 1: S360
| Chaiwongkot A, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007; 8: 279 | Chansaenroj J, AsianPac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 |Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2001; 27: 117 | Suwannarurk K,Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56
Turkey Contributing studies: Ergünay K, Mikrobiyol Bul 2008; 42: 273 | Ozgul N, JObstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 |Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch GynecolObstet 2012; 286: 203
Taiwan Contributing studies: Chao A, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2835 | Ding DC, Eur JObstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 140: 245 | Huang YK, Br J Cancer 2008; 98:863
EuropeBelgium Contributing studies: Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:
321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Weyn C, CancerEpidemiol 2013; 37: 457
Belarus Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Switzerland Contributing studies: Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370Czech Republic Contributing studies: Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913Germany Contributing studies: de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med
Virol 2007; 79: 616 | Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 32 | MeyerT, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17
Denmark Contributing studies: Hording U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49| Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control2014; 25: 179
Spain Contributing studies: Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 124 | deMéndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 |Doménech-Peris A, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010; 70: 113 | García-Sierra N, JClin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013;193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316
France Contributing studies: Bergeron C, Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 641 | Humbey O,Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 103: 60 | Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110: 179 | Vaucel E, ArchGynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989
United Kingdom Contributing studies: Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, HumPathol 1993; 24: 432 | Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br JCancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 554 | Giannoudis A, IntJ Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-JonesR, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 |Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Hum Pathol 2001; 32:1351 | Woo YL, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 133
Greece Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | ArgyriE, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 |Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Mammas IN, Oncol Rep 2008;20: 141 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Tsiodras S, ClinMicrobiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185
Croatia Contributing studies: Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, Eur JEpidemiol 1997; 13: 645 | Grce M, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341
Ireland Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J VirolMethods 2014; 201: 93 | Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyItaly Contributing studies: Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Agodi A, Int J
Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 1094 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Capra G,Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 | Chironna M, J Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51: 139 |Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:214 | Laconi S, Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Menegazzi P, Infect Dis ObstetGynecol 2009; 2009: 198425 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A,Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 115 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 |Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Clin Virol 2002; 25:177 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92:516 | Zerbini M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377
Lithuania Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910Latvia Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Netherlands Contributing studies: Bollen LJ, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 548 | Prinsen
CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2001; 98: 199
Norway Contributing studies: Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:367 | Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 277
Portugal Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ,J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024
Romania Contributing studies: Anton G, APMIS 2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8:558
Russian Federation Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771Sweden Contributing studies: Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 |
Brismar-Wendel S, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 511 | Kalantari M, Hum Pathol 1997;28: 899 | Söderlund-Strand A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 145.e1 | Zehbe I,Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151
OceaniaAustralia Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Garland SM,
BMC Med 2011; 9: 104 | Stevens MP, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1283HPV type distribution for invasive anal cancerGeneral sources Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC
Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100Band IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPVInformation Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1)Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
AfricaMali Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Nigeria Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Senegal Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98AmericasCanada Ouhoummane N, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 807Chile Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Colombia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Ecuador Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Guatemala Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Honduras Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Mexico Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Paraguay Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98USA Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Daling JR, Cancer 2004; 101: 270 |
Palefsky JM, Cancer Res 1991; 51: 1014 | Zaki SR, Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 1345AsiaBangladesh Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98India Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Republic of Korea Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Yhim HY, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 1752
| Youk EG, Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 236(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry Study
EuropeBosnia & Herzegovina Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Czech Republic Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913Germany Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Rödel F, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 278 |
Varnai AD, Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135Denmark Serup-Hansen E, J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 1812Spain Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98France Abramowitz L, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 433 | Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015;
136: 98 | Valmary-Degano S, Hum Pathol 2013; 44: 992 | Vincent-Salomon A,Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 614
United Kingdom Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Baricevic I, Eur J Cancer 2015; 51: 776Italy Indinnimeo M, J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1999; 18: 47Poland Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Portugal Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Slovenia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Sweden Laytragoon-Lewin N, Anticancer Res 2007; 27: 4473OceaniaAustralia Hillman RJ, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 996HPV type distribution for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN)General sources Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC
Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100Band IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPVInformation Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1)Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
AmericasCanada Gohy L, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49: 32 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1986Chile Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Colombia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Ecuador Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Guatemala Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Honduras Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Mexico Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Paraguay Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98USA Sahasrabuddhe VV, J Infect Dis 2013; 207: 392AsiaThailand Phanuphak N, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e78291EuropeBosnia & Herzegovina Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Czech Republic Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Germany Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108:
1361 | Silling S, J Clin Virol 2012; 53: 325 | Varnai AD, Int J Colorectal Dis2006; 21: 135 | Wieland U, Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 1438
Spain Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2013;8: 204 | Sirera G, AIDS 2013; 27: 951 | Torres M, J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3512
France Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98United Kingdom Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Fox PA, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81:
142Italy Tanzi E, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A17Netherlands Richel O, J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 111Poland Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Portugal Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98Slovenia Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyOceaniaAustralia Hillman RJ, Sex Health 2012; 9: 574HPV type distribution for invasive vulvar cancer
General sources Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARCMonograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100Band IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPVInformation Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1)Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
AfricaMali de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Mozambique de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Nigeria de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Senegal de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450AmericasArgentina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Brazil de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Pinto AP, Gynecol Oncol 1999; 74:
61Chile de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Colombia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Ecuador de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Guatemala de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Honduras de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Mexico de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Paraguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Uruguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450USA de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Gargano JW, J Low Genit Tract Dis
2012; 16: 471 | Kim YT, Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 389 | Madeleine MM, J NatlCancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | SuttonBC, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 345 | Tate JE, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 78
Venezuela de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450AsiaBangladesh de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450India de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Israel de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Japan Nagano H, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1996; 22: 1 | Osakabe M, Pathol Int 2007; 57:
322Republic of Korea de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Kuwait de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Lebanon de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Philippines de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Thailand Ngamkham J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 2355Turkey de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Taiwan de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450EuropeAustria de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Bosnia & Herzegovina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Belarus de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Czech Republic de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6:
e21913Germany Choschzick M, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 497 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer
2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Milde-Langosch K,Int J Cancer 1995; 63: 639 | Reuschenbach M, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17:289 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyDenmark Bryndorf T, Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106: 43 | Hørding U, Gynecol Oncol
1994; 52: 241 | Hørding U, Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 394 | Madsen BS, Int JCancer 2008; 122: 2827
Spain Alonso I, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 509 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3450 | Guerrero D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2853 | Lerma E, Int J GynecolPathol 1999; 18: 191
Finland Iwasawa A, Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 81France de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450United Kingdom Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:
3450Greece de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Italy Bonvicini F, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:
3450Netherlands Kagie MJ, Gynecol Oncol 1997; 67: 178 | Trietsch MD, Br J Cancer 2013; 109:
2259 | van de Nieuwenhof HP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2061 | van der Avoort IA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 22
Poland Bujko M, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91: 391 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer2013; 49: 3450 | Liss J, Ginekol Pol 1998; 69: 330
Portugal de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Sweden Larsson GL, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1413 | Lindell G, Gynecol Oncol
2010; 117: 312OceaniaAustralia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18New Zealand de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450HPV type distribution for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)General sources Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC
Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100Band IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPVInformation Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1)Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
AmericasArgentina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Brazil de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Chile de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Colombia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Ecuador de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Guatemala de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Honduras de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Mexico de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Paraguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Uruguay de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450USA Gargano JW, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Madeleine MM, J Natl
Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | SrodonM, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513
Venezuela de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450AsiaBangladesh de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450India de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Israel de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Republic of Korea de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Kuwait de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Lebanon de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Philippines de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Turkey de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyTaiwan de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450EuropeAustria de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Bosnia & Herzegovina de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Belarus de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Czech Republic de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6:
e21913Germany de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006;
108: 1361 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477Denmark Junge J, APMIS 1995; 103: 501Spain de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol
1999; 18: 191France de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450United Kingdom Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192 | Baldwin PJ, Clin Cancer Res 2003;
9: 5205 | Bryant D, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1358 | Daayana S, Br J Cancer 2010;102: 1129 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Winters U, Clin CancerRes 2008; 14: 5292
Greece de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012:893275
Italy Bonvicini F, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3450
Netherlands van Beurden M, Cancer 1995; 75: 2879 | van der Avoort IA, Int J Gynecol Pathol2006; 25: 22 | van Esch EM, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 830
Poland de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450Portugal de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450OceaniaAustralia de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18New Zealand de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450HPV type distribution for invasive vaginal cancerGeneral sources Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC
Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100Band IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPVInformation Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1)Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
AfricaMozambique Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Nigeria Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846AmericasArgentina Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Brazil Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Chile Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Colombia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Ecuador Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Guatemala Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Mexico Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Paraguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Uruguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846USA Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Venezuela Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846AsiaBangladesh Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846India Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Israel Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Republic of Korea Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyKuwait Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Lebanon Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Philippines Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Turkey Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Taiwan Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846EuropeAustria Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Belarus Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Czech Republic Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Germany Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Denmark Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827Spain Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Fuste V, Histopathology 2010; 57: 907France Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846United Kingdom Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Greece Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Poland Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Portugal Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968Sweden Larsson GL, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129: 406OceaniaAustralia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846HPV type distribution for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)General sources Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC
Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100Band IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group. The ICO HPVInformation Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1)Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
AmericasArgentina Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Brazil Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Chile Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Colombia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Ecuador Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Guatemala Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Mexico Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Paraguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Uruguay Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846USA Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Daling JR, Gynecol Oncol 2002; 84:
263 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513Venezuela Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846AsiaBangladesh Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846India Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Israel Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Japan Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412Republic of Korea Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Kuwait Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Lebanon Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Philippines Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Turkey Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Taiwan Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846EuropeAustria Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Belarus Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyCzech Republic Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Germany Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108:
1361Spain Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846France Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846United Kingdom Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846Greece Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012:
893275Italy Frega A, Cancer Lett 2007; 249: 235Poland Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846OceaniaAustralia Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846HPV type distribution for invasive penile cancerGeneral sources The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference
publications (up to 2008): 1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2)Miralles-Guri C,J Clin Pathol 2009;62:870
AfricaUganda Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159South Africa Lebelo RL, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 257AmericasArgentina Picconi MA, J Med Virol 2000; 61: 65Brazil Afonso LA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107: 18 | Calmon MF, PLoS ONE
2013; 8: e53260 | de Sousa ID, BMC Urol 2015; 15: 13 | Fonseca AG, Int Braz JUrol 2013; 39: 542 | Scheiner MA, Int Braz J Urol 2008; 34: 467
Canada Maden C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 19Mexico López-Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409Paraguay Cubilla AL, Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 104 | Rubin MA, Am J Pathol 2001;
159: 1211USA Alemany L, Eur Urol 2016; 69: 953 | Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024 | Daling
JR, Int J Cancer 2005; 116: 606 | Hernandez BY, Front Oncol 2014; 4: 9 | RubinMA, Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1211
AsiaChina Chan KW, J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 823Japan Iwasawa A, J Urol 1993; 149: 59 | Suzuki H, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1994; 24: 1 |
Yanagawa N, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 477Thailand Senba M, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1341Viet Nam Do HT, Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 229EuropeAustria Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73Belgium D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573Germany Poetsch M, Virchows Arch 2011; 458: 221Spain Ferrándiz-Pulido C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 73 | Guerrero D, BJU Int
2008; 102: 747 | Pascual A, Histol Histopathol 2007; 22: 177France Humbey O, Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 684 | Perceau G, Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:
934United Kingdom Stankiewicz E, Histopathology 2011; 58: 433Italy Barzon L, Am J Pathol 2014; 184: 3376 | Gentile V, Int J Immunopathol
Pharmacol 2006; 19: 209 | Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159Netherlands Heideman DA, J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4550HPV type distribution for penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PEIN)General sources The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Reference
publication (up to 2008): Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321AmericasMexico López-Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyUSA Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024EuropeAustria Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73Belgium D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573Sweden Wikström A, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 325The anogenital prevalence of HPV-DNA in men: HPV in menGeneral sources Based on published systematic reviews, the ICO HPV Information Centre has
updated data until October 2015. Reference publications: 1) Dunne EF, J InfectDis 2006; 194: 1044 2) Smith JS, J Adolesc Health 2011; 48: 540 3) Olesen TB,Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 455 4) Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014; 11: 2630.
AfricaKenya Ng’ayo MO, Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 62 | Smith JS, Int J Cancer 2010; 126:
572Rwanda Veldhuijzen NJ, Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39: 128Tanzania Olesen TB, Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40: 592Uganda Tobian AA, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 122South Africa Auvert B, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53: 111 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen
Virol 2010; 91: 3023AmericasBrazil Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 |Rosenblatt C, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 156 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011;203: 58
Canada Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58Chile Guzmán P, Rev Med Chil 2008; 136: 1381Colombia Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705Mexico Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Lajous M,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1710 | Lazcano-Ponce E, SexTransm Dis 2001; 28: 277 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 |Sánchez-Alemán MA, Salud Publica Mex 2002; 44: 442 | Vaccarella S, Int JCancer 2006; 119: 1934 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
USA Giuliano AR, J Infect Dis 2008; 198: 827 | Giuliano AR, Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Hernandez BY, J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 787 |Nielson CM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 1107 | Nyitray AG, JInfect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Partridge JM, J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1128 | Vardas E,J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58 | Weaver BA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 677
AsiaChina Liu F, Sci Rep 2015; 5: 27India Gupta A, J Clin Virol 2006; 37: 190Japan Takahashi S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 629Republic of Korea Shin HR, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 468Philippines Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705Thailand Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705EuropeGermany Grussendorf-Conen EI, Arch Dermatol Res 1987; 279 Suppl: S73 | Vardas E, J
Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58Denmark Hebnes JB, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 463 | Kjaer SK, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1528Spain Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58Finland Hippeläinen M, Sex Transm Dis 1993; 20: 321 | Kero K, J Sex Med 2011; 8: 2522Croatia Grce M, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 1039 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58Italy Lorenzon L, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 264 | Nasca MR, Int J Dermatol 2006; 45: 681Sweden Forslund O, J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1975 | Kataoka A, J Med Virol 1991; 33:
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyOceaniaAustralia Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58The anogenital prevalence of HPV-DNA in men: HPV in special subgroups (HIV, MSM, etc)General sources Based on published systematic reviews, the ICO HPV Information Centre has
updated data until October 2015. Reference publications: 1) Dunne EF, J InfectDis 2006; 194: 1044 2) Smith JS, J Adolesc Health 2011; 48: 540 3) Olesen TB,Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 455 4) Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014; 11: 2630.
AfricaUganda Tobian AA, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 122South Africa Firnhaber C, Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22: 107 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91:
3023 | Müller EE, Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86: 175 | Vogt SL, Front Oncol 2013;3: 68
AmericasArgentina Pando MA, PLoS One 2012; 7: 127Brazil de Lima Rocha MG, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: 128 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002;
86: 705 | Freire MP, Int Braz J Urol 2014; 40: 67 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis2011; 203: 66 | Guimarães MD, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 57 Suppl 3:S217 | Nicolau SM, Urology 2005; 65: 251 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203:49 | Rombaldi RL, Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39: 177 | Rosenblatt C, Int JGynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 156
Canada de Pokomandy A, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 965 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011;203: 66 | Ogilvie GS, Sex Transm Infect 2009; 85: 221 | Salit IE, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1986 | Salit IE, AIDS 2010; 24: 1307
Colombia Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705Mexico Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Leyva-López AG, Salud Publica Mex
2003; 45 Supp 5: S589 | Mendez-Martinez R, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 104 |Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Torres-Ibarra L, Prev Med 2014; 69C:157
Peru Blas MM, PLoS One 2015; 10: 124 | Quinn R, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses2012; 28: 1734
USA Baken LA, J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 429 | Baldwin SB, J Infect Dis 2003; 187:1064 | Berry JM, Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 239 | Caussy D, Int J Cancer1990; 46: 214 | Chin-Hong PV, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 2070 | Chin-Hong PV,Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 300 | Colón-López V, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 132 |Conley L, J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1567 | Critchlow CW, AIDS 1998; 12: 1177 |Fife KH, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 246 | Friedman HB, J Infect Dis 1998; 178:45 | Gandra S, HIV AIDS Auckl 2015; 7: 29 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011;203: 66 | Hood JE, Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27: 353 | Kiviat NB, AIDS 1993; 7: 43| Moscicki AB, AIDS 2003; 17: 311 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 |Palefsky JM, Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 174 | Palefsky JM, J Infect Dis 1998;177: 361 | Palefsky JM, AIDS 2005; 19: 1407 | Wiley DJ, PLoS ONE 2013; 8:131 | Wilkin TJ, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1685
AsiaChina Gao L, PLoS ONE 2010; 5: 125 | Li Z, PLoS One 2015; 10: 122 | Tang X, Biomed
Environ Sci 2006; 19: 153 | Yang Y, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: 126 | Zhang DY, PLoSONE 2014; 9: 134
India Gupta A, J Clin Virol 2006; 37: 190Japan Nagata N, PLoS One 2015; 10: 123 | Shigehara K, Int J Urol 2010; 17: 563 |
Takahashi S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 629 | Takahashi S, J Infect Chemother2005; 11: 270
Philippines Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705Thailand Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Leaungwutiwong P, Sex Transm Dis
2015; 42: 208 | Phanuphak N, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63: 472 |Supindham T, PLoS One 2015; 10: 121
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyEuropeGermany Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Schneider A, J Urol 1988; 140: 1431 |
Wieland U, Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305: 689Denmark Svare EI, Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 215Spain Álvarez-Argüelles ME, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: 129 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer
2002; 86: 705 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Hidalgo-Tenorio C,PLoS One 2015; 10: 120 | Sendagorta E, Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57: 475 |Sendagorta E, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 1397 | Torres M, J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3512 | Videla S, Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40: 03
France Aynaud O, Urology 2003; 61: 1098 | Damay A, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 592 |Philibert P, J Clin Med 2014; 3: 1386 | Piketty C, Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 96
United Kingdom Bissett SL, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1744 | Cuschieri K, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1983| Hillman RJ, Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 187 | Jalal H, Int J STD AIDS 2007;18: 617 | King EM, Br J Cancer 2015; 112: 1585 | Lacey HB, Sex Transm Infect1999; 75: 172
Greece Hadjivassiliou M, Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18: 329Croatia Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66Ireland Sadlier C, HIV Med 2014; 15: 499Italy Barzon L, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1424 | Benevolo M, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1275
| Chiarini F, Minerva Urol Nefrol 1998; 50: 225 | Della Torre G, Am J Pathol1992; 141: 1181 | Dona MG, J Infect 2015; 71: 74 | Garbuglia A, J Clin Virol2015; 72: 49 | Giovannelli L, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 248 | Orlando G, JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47: 129 | Pierangeli A, AIDS 2008; 22: 1929 |Sammarco ML, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 911
Netherlands Bleeker MC, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 351 | Bleeker MC, Int J Cancer2005; 113: 36 | Bleeker MC, Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 612 | van der Snoek EM,Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 639 | Van Doornum GJ, Genitourin Med 1994; 70: 240| van Rijn VM, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 133 | Vriend HJ, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: 130 |Welling CA, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 297
Russian Federation Wirtz AL, Euro Surveill 2015; 20: 23Slovenia Golob B, Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 117 | Milosevic M, Cent Eur J Med 2010; 5:
698Sweden Kataoka A, J Med Virol 1991; 33: 159 | Löwhagen GB, Int J STD AIDS 1999; 10:
615 | Strand A, Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 446 | Voog E, Int J STD AIDS 1997;8: 772 | Wikström A, Int J STD AIDS 1991; 2: 105 | Wikström A, Int J STDAIDS 2000; 11: 80
OceaniaAustralia Anderson J, Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 94 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011;
203: 66 | Ong JJ, Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92: 368 | Vajdic CM, Sex TransmInfect 2009; 85: 330
HPV prevalence and type distribution in oral specimens collected from healthy populationGeneral sources Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by ICO HPV Information
Centre until July 2012. Pubmed was searched using the keywords oral andpapillomavirus. Inclusion criteria: studies reporting oral HPV prevalence inhealthy population in Europe; n > 50. Exclusion criteria: focused only in childrenor immunosuppressed population; not written in English; case-control studies;commentaries and systematic reviews and studies that did not use HPV DNAdetection methods.
EuropeDenmark Eike A, Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:171Spain Cañadas MP, J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1330Finland Kero K, J Sex Med 2011;8:2522Finland Kero K, Eur Urol 2012;62(6):1063-70Finland Leimola-Virtanen R, Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:593United Kingdom Kujan O, Oral Oncol 2006;42:810
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyGreece Lambropoulos AF, Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105:294Italy Migaldi M, J Oral Pathol Med 2012;41:16Italy Montaldo C, J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:482HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive oral cavity squamous cell carcinomaGeneral sources Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. Reference
publications: 1) Ndiaye C, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1319 2) Kreimer AR, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467
AfricaSudan Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772South Africa Boy S, J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35: 86 | Van Rensburg EJ, Anticancer Res 1996;
16: 969AmericasArgentina González JV, Medicina (B Aires) 2007; 67: 363 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489Brazil Oliveira MC, Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36: 450 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489 | Rivero ER, Braz Oral Res 2006; 20: 21Canada Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49:
1 | Noble-Topham SE, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1299Cuba Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489Mexico Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008; 39: 189 | Ibieta BR, Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005; 99: 311USA Chuang AY, Oral Oncol 2008; 44: 915 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386
| Ha PK, Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1203 | Harris SL, Head Neck 2011; 33: 1622| Holladay EB, Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100: 36 | Hooper JE, ApplImmunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Liang XH, J Oral MaxillofacSurg 2008; 66: 1875 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Lohavanichbutr P,Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 180 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595| Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst1998; 90: 1626 | Smith EM, Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 766 | Walline HM, JAMAOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117:605
Venezuela Miller CS, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 480 | Premoli-De-PercocoG, J Oral Pathol Med 2001; 30: 355
AsiaChina Gan LL, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5861 | Lee LA, Medicine (Baltimore)
2015; 94: e2069 | Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Wen S, AnticancerRes 1997; 17: 307 | Zhang ZY, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 71
India Balaram P, Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 450 | Bhattacharya N, J Oral Pathol Med2009; 38: 759 | Chaudhary AK, Virol J 2010; 7: 253 | D’Costa J, Oral Oncol1998; 34: 413 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Laprise C, Int JCancer 2016; 138: 912 | Mishra A, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2840 | Sebastian P, JOral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 593
Iran Saghravanian N, Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69: 406Japan Bhawal UK, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 1055 | Chiba I,
Oncogene 1996; 12: 1663 | Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Higa M, OralOncol 2003; 39: 405 | Kojima A, Oral Oncol 2002; 38: 591 | Shima K, Br J OralMaxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 445 | Shimizu M, J Dermatol Sci 2004; 36: 33 |Sugiyama M, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 594| Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Tsuhako K, J Oral Pathol Med2000; 29: 70
Republic of Korea Shin KH, Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 297Malaysia Lim KP, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 1321Taiwan Chang JY, Am J Clin Pathol 2003; 120: 909 | Chen PC, J Oral Pathol Med 2002;
31: 317 | Yang YY, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004; 34: 176(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyEuropeBelgium Duray A, Laryngoscope 2012; 122: 1558Belarus Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531Czech Republic Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Germany Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krüger M, J Craniomaxillofac Surg
2014; 42: 1506 | Ostwald C, Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 192: 145 | Weiss D,Head Neck 2011; 33: 856
Spain García-de Marcos JA, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43: 274 | Herrero R, JNatl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Llamas-Martínez S, Anticancer Res 2008; 28:3733
Finland Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1125
United Kingdom Lopes V, Oral Oncol 2011; 47: 698 | Snijders PJ, Int J Cancer 1996; 66: 464 |Yeudall WA, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 1): 173
Greece Aggelopoulou EP, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1391 | Blioumi E, Oral Oncol 2014;50: 840 | Romanitan M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077
Hungary Nemes JA, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 102: 344 |Szarka K, Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009; 24: 314
Ireland Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772Italy Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17:
931 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009;31: 318 | Scapoli L, Mod Pathol 2009; 22: 366
Netherlands Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 | Cruz IB, Eur J Cancer, B, OralOncol 1996; 32B: 55 | van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806
Norway Matzow T, Acta Oncol 1998; 37: 73 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125Poland Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Pol J Pathol 2010; 61: 133Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Serbia Kozomara R, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005; 33: 342Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Slovenia Kansky AA, Acta Virol 2003; 47: 11Sweden Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344:
1125 | Sand L, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1183HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomaGeneral sources Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. Reference
publications: 1) Ndiaye C, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1319 2) Kreimer AR, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467
AfricaSouth Africa Paquette C, Head Neck Pathol 2013; 7: 361AmericasArgentina Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Brazil Cortezzi SS, Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2004; 150: 44 | Ribeiro KB, Int J
Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Canada Nichols AC, J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 42: 9Cuba Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyUSA Agoston ES, Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134: 36 | Chaturvedi AK, J Clin Oncol
2011; 29: 4294 | Cohen MA, Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 583 | D’Souza G, JClin Oncol 2014; 32: 2408 | D’Souza G, N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1944 | ErnsterJA, Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 2115 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 |Hooper JE, Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Isayeva T,Hum Pathol 2014; 45: 310 | Jordan RC, Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36: 945 | KerrDA, Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39: 1643 | Kingma DW, Anticancer Res 2010; 30:5099 | Kong CS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74: 553 | Lohavanichbutr P,Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 180 | Posner MR, Ann Oncol 2011;22: 1071 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J NatlCancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Sethi S, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 1179 | Smith EM,Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 766 | Steinau M, Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20: 822 |Strome SE, Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1093 | Tezal M, Arch Otolaryngol HeadNeck Surg 2009; 135: 391 | Walline HM, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605
AsiaChina Li W, Pathology 2007; 39: 217India Bahl A, Head Neck 2014; 36: 505Japan Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Hama T, Oncology 2014; 87: 173 |
Hatakeyama H, Oncol Rep 2014; 32: 2673Republic of Korea Kim SH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1418 | Oh TJ, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3272Turkey Tural D, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6065Taiwan Al-Swiahb JN, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136: 502 | Kuo KT, Mod
Pathol 2008; 21: 376EuropeSwitzerland Lindel K, Cancer 2001; 92: 805Czech Republic Klozar J, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265 Suppl 1: S75 | Ribeiro KB, Int J
Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Rotnáglová E, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 101Germany Andl T, Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5 | Hoffmann M, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 138
| Hoffmann M, Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 1595 | Holzinger D, Cancer Res 2012;72: 4993 | Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krupar R, Eur ArchOtorhinolaryngol 2014; 271: 1737 | Reimers N, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1731 |Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856 | Wittekindt C, Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2005;62: 72
Spain Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772Finland Jouhi L, Tumour Biol 2015; 36: 7755France Charfi L, Cancer Lett 2008; 260: 72 | Fonmarty D, Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol
Head Neck Dis 2015; 132: 135 | Fouret P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1997; 123: 513
United Kingdom Anderson CE, J Clin Pathol 2007; 60: 439 | Conway C, J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:104 | Evans M, BMC Cancer 2013; 13: 220 | Schache AG, Clin Cancer Res 2011;17: 6262 | Thavaraj S, J Clin Pathol 2011; 64: 308 | Wells LA, J Clin Pathol2015; 68: 849
Greece Romanitan M, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077Italy Boscolo-Rizzo P, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 559 | Herrero R, J Natl
Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Licitra L, J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5630 | Rittà M,Head Neck 2009; 31: 318
Netherlands Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 | Henneman R, Anticancer Res2015; 35: 4015 | van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806
Norway Hannisdal K, Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130: 293Poland Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Pol J Pathol 2010; 61:
133 | Szkaradkiewicz A, Clin Exp Med 2002; 2: 137Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudySweden Attner P, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 2879 | Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112:
1015 | Hammarstedt L, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2620 | Lindquist D, AnticancerRes 2012; 32: 153 | Näsman A, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 362
OceaniaAustralia Hong A, Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3: S450 | Hong AM, Vaccine 2010; 28:
3269HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomaGeneral sources Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. Reference
publications: 1) Ndiaye C, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1319 2) Kreimer AR, CancerEpidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 467
AmericasArgentina Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Brazil Miranda FA, J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57: 665 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489Canada Fliss DM, Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 146Chile Gheit T, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 642 | Torrente MC, Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125:
888Cuba García-Milián R, Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118: 754 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol
2011; 40: 489USA Brandwein MS, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102: 309 | Chernock RD, Mod
Pathol 2013; 26: 223 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Paz IB,Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295 | Shen J, ModPathol 1996; 9: 15 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605
AsiaChina Liu B, Neoplasma 2010; 57: 594 | Ma XL, J Med Virol 1998; 54: 186India Jacob SE, J Surg Oncol 2002; 79: 142Japan Anwar K, Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 22 | Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Mineta
H, Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 4765 | Ogura H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82: 1184 |Shidara K, Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 1008
Turkey Bozdayi G, J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 38: 119 | Dönmez M, KuwaitMed J 2000 | Gungor A, J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121: 772
EuropeBelgium Duray A, Int J Oncol 2011; 39: 51Belarus Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531Switzerland Adams V, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1Czech Republic Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Germany Fischer M, Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123: 752 | Hoffmann M, Acta Otolaryngol
1998; 118: 138 | Hoffmann M, Anticancer Res 2006; 26: 663 | Hoffmann M,Oncol Rep 2009; 21: 809 | Kleist B, J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 432 |Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | Krupar R, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2014; 271: 1737
Denmark Lindeberg H, Cancer Lett 1999; 146: 9Spain Alvarez Alvarez I, Am J Otolaryngol 1997; 18: 375 | Pérez-Ayala M, Int J
Cancer 1990; 46: 8Finland Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin
Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125France Fouret P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 513United Kingdom Anderson CE, J Clin Pathol 2007; 60: 439 | Conway C, J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:
104 | Salam M, Eur J Surg Oncol 1995; 21: 290 | Snijders PJ, Int J Cancer1996; 66: 464
Greece Gorgoulis VG, Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 274 | Vlachtsis K, Eur ArchOtorhinolaryngol 2005; 262: 890
Hungary Major T, J Clin Pathol 2005; 58: 51(Continued)
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Table 32 – ContinuedCountry StudyItaly Azzimonti B, Histopathology 2004; 45: 560 | Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000;
20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 931 | Boscolo-Rizzo P, J CancerRes Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 559 | Cattani P, Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 2585 |Gallo A, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 141: 276
Lithuania Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531 | Gudleviciene Z, Oncology 2009; 76:205
Norway Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Lie ES, ActaOtolaryngol 1996; 116: 900 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Poland Morshed K, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265 Suppl 1: S89 | Ribeiro KB, IntJ Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura M, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268:721
Romania Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Russian Federation Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Slovakia Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489Slovenia Poljak M, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1997; 527: 66Sweden Koskinen WJ, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 673 | Mork J, N Engl J Med
2001; 344: 1125
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10 Glossary
Table 33: GlossaryTerm DefinitionIncidence Incidence is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified
population. This information is collected routinely by cancer registries. It can beexpressed as an absolute number of cases per year or as a rate per 100,000persons per year (see Crude rate and ASR below). The rate provides anapproximation of the average risk of developing a cancer.
Mortality Mortality is the number of deaths occurring in a given period in a specifiedpopulation. It can be expressed as an absolute number of deaths per year or as arate per 100,000 persons per year.
Prevalence The prevalence of a particular cancer can be defined as the number of persons ina defined population who have been diagnosed with that type of cancer, and whoare still alive at the end of a given year, the survivors. Complete prevalencerepresents the number of persons alive at certain point in time who previouslyhad a diagnosis of the disease, regardless of how long ago the diagnosis was, or ifthe patient is still under treatment or is considered cured. Partial prevalence ,which limits the number of patients to those diagnosed during a fixed time in thepast, is a particularly useful measure of cancer burden. Prevalence of cancersbased on cases diagnosed within one, three and five are presented as they arelikely to be of relevance to the different stages of cancer therapy, namely, initialtreatment (one year), clinical follow-up (three years) and cure (five years).Patients who are still alive five years after diagnosis are usually consideredcured since the death rates of such patients are similar to those in the generalpopulation. There are exceptions, particularly breast cancer. Prevalence ispresented for the adult population only (ages 15 and over), and is available bothas numbers and as proportions per 100,000 persons.
Crude rate Data on incidence or mortality are often presented as rates. For a specifictumour and population, a crude rate is calculated simply by dividing the numberof new cancers or cancer deaths observed during a given time period by thecorresponding number of person years in the population at risk. For cancer, theresult is usually expressed as an annual rate per 100,000 persons at risk.
ASR (age-standardisedrate)
An age-standardised rate (ASR) is a summary measure of the rate that apopulation would have if it had a standard age structure. Standardization isnecessary when comparing several populations that differ with respect to agebecause age has a powerful influence on the risk of cancer. The ASR is aweighted mean of the age-specific rates; the weights are taken from populationdistribution of the standard population. The most frequently used standardpopulation is the World Standard Population. The calculated incidence ormortality rate is then called age-standardised incidence or mortality rate(world). It is also expressed per 100,000. The world standard population used inGLOBOCAN is as proposed by Segi [1] and modified by Doll and al. [2]. Theage-standardised rate is calculated using 10 age-groups. The result may beslightly different from that computed using the same data categorised using thetraditional 5 year age bands.
Cumulative risk Cumulative incidence/mortality is the probability or risk of individualsgetting/dying from the disease during a specified period. For cancer, it isexpressed as the number of new born children (out of 100, or 1000) who would beexpected to develop/die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they hadthe rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
Cytologically normalwomen
No abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology.
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Table 33 – ContinuedTerm DefinitionCervical IntraepithelialNeoplasia (CIN) /Squamous IntraepithelialLesions (SIL)
SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions orthe abnormal growth of squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is anabnormal result derived from cervical cytological screening or Pap smear testing.CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis of cervical tissue obtained bybiopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3, according tothe thickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness).
Low-grade cervical lesions(LSIL/CIN-1)
Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, andnumber of ab-normal cells formed on the surface of the cervix and may bereferred to as mild dysplasia, LSIL, or CIN-1.
High-grade cervicallesions (HSIL / CIN-2 /CIN-3 / CIS)
High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cellson the sur-face of the cervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. Theyhave the potential to become cancerous cells and invade deeper tissues of thecervix. These lesions may be referred to as moderate or severe dysplasia, HSIL,CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS).
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of thebasement membrane. CIN 3 encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ.
Invasive cervical cancer(ICC) / Cervical cancer
If the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is calledICC. ICC stages range from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) tostage IV (the cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the liver).
Invasive squamous cellcarcinoma
Invasive carcinoma composed of cells resembling those of squamous epithelium
Adenocarcinoma Invasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled.Eastern Europe References included in Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,
Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, and Ukraine.Northern Europe References included in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia,
Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, and United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland.
Southern Europe References included in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy,Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, The former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia.
Western Europe References included in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Switzerland.
Europe PREHDICT References included in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro,Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, RussianFederation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The formerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, and United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Northern Ireland.
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Acknowledgments
This report has been developed by the Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology ResearchProgram, at the Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO, Catalan Institute of Oncology) within the PREHDICTproject (7th Framework Programme grant HEALTH-F3-2010-242061, PREHDICT). The HPV Informa-tion Centre is being developed by the Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO). The Centre was originallylaunched by ICO with the collaboration of WHO’s Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB) depart-ment and support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), in alphabetic orderAlbero G, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Bosch FX, Bruni L, de Sanjosé S, Gómez D, Mena M, Muñoz J, SerranoB.
7th Framework Programme grant PREHDICT project: health-economic modelling of PREventionstrategies for Hpv-related Diseases in European CounTries. Coordinated by Drs. Johannes Berkhofand Chris Meijer at VUMC, Vereniging Voor Christelijk Hoger Onderwijs Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekEn Patientenzorg, the Netherlands.(http://cordis.europa.eu/projects/rcn/94423_en.html)
7th Framework Programme grant HPV AHEAD project: Role of human papillomavirus infec-tion and other co-factors in the aetiology of head and neck cancer in India and Europe. Coordinated byDr. Massimo Tommasino at IARC, International Agency of Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.(http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/100268_en.html)
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
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Note to the reader
Anyone who is aware of relevant published data that may not have been included in the present reportis encouraged to contact the HPV Information Centre for potential contributions.
Although efforts have been made by the HPV Information Centre to prepare and include as accuratelyas possible the data presented, mistakes may occur. Readers are requested to communicate any errorsto the HPV Information Centre, so that corrections can be made in future volumes.
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