Human Osteology - · PDF file1 Human Osteology • Study of the Skeleton • Systematic Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Cartilage • Bones • Ligaments Normal Anatomical Position

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Human Osteology

Study of the Skeleton Systematic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Cartilage Bones Ligaments

Normal Anatomical Position

The skeleton is positioned as it would be in a living person who is standing on two feet, eyes and head forward, hands at the side with the palms turned outward. The skeletons right side is your right side etc.

Anatomical Planes FRONTAL (or coronal)

separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts HORIZONTAL separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane

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Anatomical Terms Superior: above Inferior: below Anterior: toward/from

front (ventral: toward belly)

Posterior: toward/from back (dorsal: quadrupeds)

Medial: toward midline Lateral: toward/from the

side (way from midline)

Proximal/Distal

proximal: nearest axial skeleton ; end of the bone is the closest to the skull or its attachment to the trunk or axial skeleton

distal: farther away from axial skeleton; the end that is furthest away from the skull and axial skeleton

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Skeleton

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Parts of Skeleton

Skull Infracranial or

Postcranial skeletons

The Skull

thinking, speaking, hearing, seeing, breathing, smelling, eating (mastication), and tasting

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Parts of the Skull

Skull Cranium (skull minus

mandible) Calvarium (vault) Calotte (skull cap) Mandible (lower jaw)

22 Skull Bones

6 unpaired and 8 paired 8 Cranial 14 Facial + 6 ear bones (incus, stapes, malleous)

Frankfurt Horizontal Plane

The line from inferior edge of the left eye socket to the top of the bony ear hole (external auditory meatus) parallel to a level surface

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Frontal

Left Lateral

Basal or Inferior

Posterior

Superior

Major Cranial Sutures

Basal Suture

Spheno-occipital synchrondrosis: betweem sphenoid and occipital bone

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Bones of the Vault Frontal Bone (1) Parietal bone (2) Occipital bone (1) Temporal bone (2) Sphenoid bone (1)

Bones of the Face/Eye Socket

Maxilla (2) Nasal bone (2) Zygomatic bone (2) Mandible (1) Ethmoid bone (1) Lacrimal bone (2)

Bones of the Skull

Palatine bone (2) Zygomatic bone (2)

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More Bones of the Skull

Inferior nasal concha (2)

Vomer (1)

Ear Ossicles

Incus Malleous Stapes

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Features

External Auditory Meatus

Zygomatic arch Temporomandibular

joint (TMJ)

Basal View

Foramen magnum Occipital condyles

Mandibular Anatomy

Body Ramus Head of condyle Coronoid process

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Special Features

Superciliary arches (brow ridges)

Galbella Nasion Canine fossa Anterior nasal spine

Other features Temporal Line Mastoid process Supraorbitial notch/foramen

Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance

Teeth

Part of the digestive system

Homodont Heterodont

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Teeth

Deciduous (primary) Permanent (secondary)

Deciduous Teeth

Incisors (2) Canines (1) Molars (2) Total = 20 Deciduous Dental

formula: 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 = X 2 = 20

Permanent (Adult) Teeth

Incisors (2) Canines (1) Premolars (2) Molars (3) Total teeth: 32 Permanent dental formula: 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 = 16 X 2 = 32

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Tooth Anatomy

Enamel Dentin Pulp Cementum

Forensic Sex

Names these Bones?

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Names these Bones?