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[Human Memory] 10.Knowledge. LEE JI HOON 2008.10.8 . Question. 1. How do we access the information in generic memory? 2. How to add up your knowledge?. What is knowledge?. Knowledge is what you know. Generic memory Everyday, ordinary knowledge - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LEE JI HOON2008.10.8
Question1. How do we access the information in generic memory?2. How to add up your knowledge?
What is knowledge?
Knowledge is what you know.
Generic memoryEveryday, ordinary knowledgeIncludes other than purely semantic informationIn this chapter, we use generic than semantic memory
Propositions and ConceptsConcept
A mental representation of something Singing, Canary, Justice
PropositionsA relationship between two concepts
that has a truth value A canary can sing, A canary is a bird.
Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model
Three assumptionRetrieving a property and traversing the hierarchy take
time.The times are additive whenever on step is dependent
on the completion of anotherThe time to retrieve a property is independent of the
level of the hierarchy
Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model
Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model
Problems No clear way of explaining performance on the false
sentences.① The Contradiction hypothesis: search stops when a contradiction
is reached② Unsuccessful Search hypothesis: search stops after a certain
criterion is reached③ Search and Destroy hypothesis: search continues until all
possible connections are evaluated None of these gave a good account of performance.
Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model
Problems There are often multiple representations and that structures
may not be perfectly hierarchical.
Collins and Quillian’s Hierarchical Model
The Feature Overlap Model Defining feature
Essential for defining a concept
Characteristic feature Usually, but not
necessarily, true of a concept.
The Feature Overlap Model X, overall similarity C0, lower value C1, upper value
Hierarchical vs Feature overlapMore quickly “A robin is a bird” than “A robin is an animal”
There are two levels of hierarchy to travel(hierarchical)There are more feature overlap b/w robins and bird
More quickly “A canary can sing” than “A canary can fly”Explained by the ordering of features
The most defining features are listed first
AdvantagesIt can handle false responses
Which occur when the feature overlap b/w two concepts is very small
It can handle different kinds of false responses. “Magnesium is an animal” is false than the proposition “A tree is
an animal”Problems
distinction between characteristic and defining featuresDifferent production frequency
Butterfly -> insect is often mentioned, insect -> butterfly is rarely mentioned.
The Feature Overlap Model
Collins and Loftus’s Spreading Activation ModelRevision of the basic hierarchical modelActivation spreads from one or two concepts to all related
concepts.1. Some concepts can be represented multiple times.2. has links between concepts that have differential travel time.3. Explicitly allows activation to spread from both category
and exemplar nodes.
Assumption 1. When a concept is processed, activation spreads out along all
paths; the strength of the activation decreases as the number of paths increases.
2. Only on concept can be processed at a time, but once processed, activation can spread in parallel.
3. Activation decreases over time and/or activity. 5. The more properties two concepts have in common, the more
links there are between the concepts. 8. Decision process requires enough evidence to exceed a
positive or negative criterion.
Other assumptions but not mentioned in text.
Collins and Loftus’s Spreading Activation Model
Collins and Loftus’s Spreading Activation Model
This theory is hard to disprove because it is difficult to predict and test
It is best viewed as a framework than a precise testable model.This model quickly became a dominate explanation for
theories ofGeneric memoryWord production, word perception
Spreading activation model explain association priming
Collins and Loftus’s Spreading Activation Model
ConclusionIt is not yet clear exactly how generic memory is organized.There is a limit on the amount of knowledge that a person can
store and retrieve.The data that we do have suggest that the more you know
about something, the easier it is to acquire new related information.