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Human Learning & Memory. Siena Heights University Chapters 7 & 8 Dr. S.Talbot. Cognitive Process Def. – how people ______, ______, ______ and ______ about their environment. Edward Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism Learning can be internal rather than external (latent). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Human Learning & Human Learning & MemoryMemory
Siena Heights UniversityChapters 7 & 8
Dr. S.Talbot
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Cognitive Process◦Def. – how people ______, ______, ______ and
______ about their environment.
◦Edward Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism Learning can be internal rather than external
(latent). Behavior is purposive (has a purpose). Expectations affect behavior. Learning results in an organized body of
information.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Gestalt Psychology – we experience our world beyond the simple sensations produced.
◦Perception is often ________ than reality.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Gestalt Psychology – we experience our world beyond the simple sensations produced.◦Perception is often different than reality.◦The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.◦An organism structures and organizes experience
(911).◦An organism is predisposed to organize information
in certain ways. Law of proximity Law of similarity Law of Pragnanz (kiss) Law of closure
◦Problems solving involves insight.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Verbal Learning
◦Serial Learning (days of the week) v. Paired Associate Learning (a new language).
◦Serial Learning Primacy effect Recency effect
◦Massed practice v. Distributed practice.◦Characteristics of the materials affects the
speed at which we learn and forget. Hermann Ebbinghaus
Nonsense syllables (and even pronunciation BPX v. DNK)
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
◦Meaning is important.
◦We search for meaning.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
People Organize what they learn.People learn ideas faster than verbatim
words.People use encoding strategies (i.e.
images, pneumonic, number sequences).
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Cognitive Theory Differences
◦Some learning is unique to ______(v. universal to all organisms).
◦People are ______ involved in learning (v. passive).
◦Some learning does not get reflected in external behaviors.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Human Memory v. Learning
◦How is learning different than memory?◦Memory is the ability to encode, store and
retrieve information.◦Learning is the acquisition of new information
and skills.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Dual – Store Model of Memory
◦Long and short - term memories are distinctly different. Color changing card trick.
Register
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Human Memory◦ Sensory
Attention – Color changing cardsSignificance of info, emotion, incongruity,
motion, intensity, novelty, social cues.Limitations to attention?
◦ Short – term or working memory.◦ Digit Span: Test of attention and short-term memory; string of numbers is recalled forward or backward ◦ Typically part of intelligence tests or MSE.◦ Magic Number 7 (Plus or Minus 2): STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus two) information bits at once◦ Information Bits: Meaningful units of information◦ Information Chunks
Meaning◦ Long - term
Capacity Duration? What we remember depends on what we find__________, what we
regard as ___________ or what we find ___________ strong.◦ Debate.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of LearningChapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Engrams, Neurons and Brain Mapping
◦Priming
◦Constructive Processing