Human Geography

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Physical features cause cultural barriers…

Learn about supranationalism in Europe

Understand the nationalism that has thrown the region into armed conflict many times What is nationalism?

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Understand the formation of the European Union, and the evolution of a common currency, the euro

Become familiar with the locational, physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Europe

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Let’s REVIEW these concepts and models:

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Cold WarSatellite nationsCommand EconomyCapitalism/Market EconomyParliamentary DemocracySupranationalismDemographic TransitionCore-PeripheryDiffusion

GlobalizationSecularizationHEIUrban/ruralUrbanizationMore/less developed

Europe is diverse Different climates, landforms, agricultural output37 different countriesMany different languages and culturesLong history of warfare, mostly along national linesEurope is globalizing, was a major colonial powerEuropean Union, a supranational organizationYugoslavia, Czechoslovakia broke up; Germany is

reunitedBeginning of the Industrial RevolutionCenter of 19th century imperialism

What is imperialism?

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Results of: classical civilizations, Christianity, the Renaissance & Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions.

Industrial Revolution started here: This greatly altered many kinds of

relationships in the world. The various countries within the realm have a history of interaction among themselves.

Has been highly influenced by “Western Culture”

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Factors to Europe’s SuccessPlace: climate conducive to production

Location: access to major waterways, centrally located (hearth)

Human Environment Interaction: abundance of coal and iron ore (makes steel!) >>>

Movement: maritime dominance, imperialism (What is imperialism?)

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Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 12

 This imperialism cartoon appeared in August 15, 1900 issue of the American literary magazine Puck. In the cartoon, animals representing different countries are battling over China (seen as a dragon). During the Age of Imperialism, Asia was a popular target for extending an empire and dividing among these foreign powers. The bear represents Russia, the lion is Britain, the rooster is France, the eagle is Germany, the two-headed eagle is Austria, Japan is the tiger and the bald eagle is the United States. The artist gives the animals a vicious look as they hold weapons, display sharp teeth, or outstretch their claws. The artist’s depiction creates the feeling that imperialism in Asia was an uncivilized and ferocious because of the animals’ harsh appearance and by comparing the countries to beasts. 

EuropeanUnion

Began as European Economic Community(EEC), 1957. Stronger in 1994

10 new membersjoined, 2004

Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance.

Conflict in Ukraine? Russia vs. EU

Mission: common foreign policies and mutual security agreements, greater economic integration and common currency

Euroland: The European Monetary Union January 1, 1999: Eleven of the 15 EU

member nations joined the European Monetary Union and adopted the euroThe euro was a common currency for

business and trade transactionsOn January 1, 2002, citizens in the

“Euroland” countries began using the euro in their everyday lives

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Turn to a partner and answer these questions together…

1.Explain what the European Realm is and what has influenced it?2.Analyze what has contributed to Europe’s historical success.3.What are the purposes of the European Union?

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Population Density in the Core and Periphery

- 523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion)

- Highest densities (lots of people in

smaller area) located in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, Western Germany)

The Landscapes of Urban EuropeEurope is highly urbanized

Over 50% of the population in most countries live in urban areas (cities); 90% of the people in the UK and Belgium live in urban areas.

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Who can explain what the Demographic Transition Model is?

What are the stages?

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Stage oneBirth/death rate highFragile population

Stage twoDeath rates declineBirth rates still highNatural increase high

Stage threeDeath and birth rates declineDecreasing growth

Stage FourBirth/death rates are almost =Zero Population Growth Most Northern and Western European

countries

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Natural Growth: The Demographic Transition Model

Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than or almost equal to death rates What stage is this? New Stage?Immigration prevents population decline…Where have we seen this?

Causes?Effects?

Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies – so fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1

Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition

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Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 23

Let’s answer these questions together…1.Where do most people live in Europe?2.What does high-density population mean?3.What 2 countries have highest urban populations?4.What stage of the DTM is most of Europe in? Why?5.What are causes and effects of this?

Immigration has increased because of job opportunities

Europeans take mostly higher level, skilled jobs…leave lower level, physical labor jobs. Where have we seen this? Workers needed to keep up tax revenues,

support retirees (what will happen to work force?)

EU working to establish common immigration policy throughout region Guest workers – migrant workers from other

countries Germany has large immigrant population and

other European countries have migrants from their former colonies

Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe in the 1990’s (after what?) 25

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Migration to and Within Europe Causes? Effects?

Growing resistance to unlimited migration Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first Concerns about international

terrorism Frustration with immigrants not integrating Concern about dilution (?) of national

culture

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Great Britain is an island that includes England Scotland Wales

United Kingdom is the name of a country

Includes: England Scotland Wales

All on the island of Great Britain

Northern Ireland.

UnitedKingdom

Island of

Political system – parliamentary democratic republic ideal

Economic system – capitalism or market economy

Government servicesEducationPublic medical & health care (almost all European)Retirement

Europe's Generous pension systems France recently raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 and the pension age, which determines when people can begin accessing their pension funds, from 65 to 67. The French government says it can no longer afford the earlier retirement and pension ages. France is not the only country facing a budget crunch partially because of its generous pension system, coupled with an aging population and a struggling economy. Across Europe, home to many of the world's most generous national pension systems, countries are struggling to afford this staple of the welfare state. 

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Indo-European Languages Germanic Languages (200 million speakers)

German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic

In British Isles, Scandinavia, and Central Europe (north)

Romance Languages (200 million speakers) Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese (mostly in

Brazil), Romanian Spoken throughout Southern Europe

(Mediterranean) Slavic Languages (80 million speakers)

Largest family of European languages (including Russian)

Polish, Czech, Slovakian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Slovenian

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Separated by physical boundaries!…or Slavic people

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Language

Map

of

Europe(Fig. 8.17)

The Schism Between Western and Eastern Christianity Division in 1054 A.D. of Roman Catholic and

Eastern Orthodox Churches Greek missionaries refused to accept Roman

Catholic hierarchy and rule by Roman bishops Roman Catholics - Latin alphabet Eastern Orthodox - Cyrillic

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Religion Roman Catholic

Protestant Eastern Orthodox

Origin/Dominance

Language

Organization/Leadership

Rules for leaders

Worship

Rome, Italy

Latin

Hierarchy (Pope)

Can’t marry, celibate

Paintings and statues allowed, worship Mary, mother of Jesus

Germany, Britain

Vernacular (not specific)

Congregation, power divided

Can marry, have family

No icons, paintings or statues

Byzantine Empire (Turkey)

Greek

Hierarchy (No Pope)

Can marry, have family

Paintings but no statues,

Theotokos (Greek for Mary)35

Europe is becoming a secularized societySecularization: movement away from traditional

organized religions

Roman Catholicism (250 million Roman Catholics) Italy, Spain, Ireland, France, Austria, southern

Germany, Poland, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary

Protestantism (fewer than 100 million Protestants) Northern Germany, Scandinavia, England

Eastern Orthodox Christianity Yugoslavia, Romania, and Bulgaria

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Conflicts with Islam Eastern Europe: Ottoman Turks brought Islam to

Balkans (Eastern Europe) Western Europe: Moors (Moroccans) brought Islam to

Spain from Northern Africa, ruled for about 700 years Currently fastest growing religion in Europe

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Religions

of

Europe(Fig. 8.19)

Think-pair-share with a neighbor:

1.Explain the geography of religion in Europe… who is where?2.Identify the three major Christian groups Europe.3.Explain the differences between the three major Christian groups in Europe.

Eastern Europe is Culturally Diverse!

• Many different ethnic groups of people all living in the same place

• Leads to multiple Languages & Religions • Religion: Major ones are Eastern Orthodox

Christians, Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism– Result: = conflict

• Less URBAN than rest of Europe

Economic Transition in Eastern EuropeHistorically, Eastern Europe has been less

well developed than Western Europe Has been under control of outsiders (Ottoman Turks,

Germans, Soviet Russians)

The Soviet Plan Soviet Russians (communists) redeveloped Eastern

Europe after WWII as a command economy (centrally planned and controlled economy, generally associated with socialist or communist countries, in which all goods, services, agricultural and industrial products are strictly regulated)

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Conflicts over National Identities

• In Eastern Europe, there have been frequent conflicts over ethnic identities– Why? Centuries of foreign rule = ethnic groups

want to fiercely protect their ethnic heritage• Wanted to become “nation-states”

• Examples:• Balkan Countries vs. the Ottomans

– Fought over who should rule territory

• Led to “Balkanization”: process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units

Political unit of peoplePolitical unit of peopleWho share a commonWho share a common

Culture or historyCulture or history

Western and Eastern Divisions

• Result of Soviet domination:• Lack of growth and prospering• Eastern Europe cut off from

technological advancements• Created a boundary between West

and East…west more developed, East less developed.

Take a minute to annotate your map to show that

western/northern Europe are more advanced than

Eastern.

Dividing West from East

• Let’s review… this division became known as the ________________ _____________.

Fall of Communism • Fall of Communism led to

Independence & Instability– Newly found independence = ethnic

loyalties very important– Led to civil wars, which created

instability in the region

• Ex: – Serbian Civil War AKA Yugoslav Wars

1991-1995(didn’t want to split into separate countries)

– Czechoslovakia = Czech Republic & Slovakia

Explain this cartoon!

TIME OUT!

How much do you know??? Think-pair-share with a neighbor WITHOUT using your notes:

1.What has caused conflicts over national identities in Eastern Europe?

2.How did the fall of the Soviet Union affect Eastern Europe. Give both positive and negative effects.

Transition and Changes Since 1991 After U.S.S.R. disintegrated, Eastern

European countries went through major change

Many E Europe countries introduced privatization – the transfer to private ownership of those firms and industries previously owned and run by state governments

***Loss of cheap raw materials and fuel from U.S.S.R. resulted in a drop in industrial output; unemployment and inflation rose

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Opposite of communism!

Western Europe

is one of the wealthiest areas on earth

Progressive approach to environment

Ideas of nationalism are giving way to supranationalism and one currency/economic unit.

Europe must deal with immigrants and resulting political tension, and address political problems in other regions

Eastern Europe

faces very different challenges

Political strife and instabilty

Economic stagnation Environmental

degradation (pollution)

Eastern Europe wishes to join the west

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