Human Factors & User Awareness - Connected Automated Driving

CARTRE and SCOUT are funded by the European Union Horizon 2020

Work Programme

Human Factors & User AwarenessInteractive Symposium

Vienna, 20 April 2018

Anna Schieben, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Agenda for today

Interactive Symposium - Vienna, 20 April 2018

• Position paper on Human Factors

• Position paper on Social Acceptance and User Awareness

• Statements, voting and Expert discussion• New HMI for Automated Vehicles

• Driver distraction

• AV’s interaction with other road users

• Social Acceptance and User Awareness

• Testing/Validation procedures for AVs

Our speakers & experts on the podium

ERTRAC/CARTRE Joint Stakeholder Workshop

• Riender Happee, TU Delft

• Olivier Lenz, FIA

• Francois Fischer, ERTICO

• Evangelos Bekiaris, CERTH

• Satoshi Kitazaki, AIST

• Andreas Eustacchio, Attorney at law

• Arjan van Vliet, RDW Netherlands

Voting tool


• Polls• Online voting yes/no

• www.sli.do

• Event code #EUCAD2018

• Questions/Statements

• You’re invited to leave your questions, own statements and feedback online

http://www.sli.do/


Position papersRiender Happee, TU Delft

Olivier Lenz, FIA


Work Programme

User and Societal Awareness, Acceptance and BehaviourInteractive Symposium


Riender Happee, TU Delft

2035Safe, affordable transport systemComplex HF challenges

• Manual driving will be the exception

• AVs will share the road with pedestrians and cyclistswhich may communicate

• We have to design AVs, infrastructure and traffic management for many new AV to human interactions

Human Factors of Automated Driving

• 1-Automated vehicles allowing manual drivingHow can we ensure a safe evolution towards a future where manual driving is the exception?

• 2-All automation levels including driverless vehiclesHow can we ensure a safe interaction with all kinds of other road users?

• 3-Design and verificationCan we sufficiently understand the human interaction with automation to propose systematic approaches for design and verification?


Work Programme

User and Societal Awareness, Acceptance and BehaviourInteractive Symposium


Olivier Lenz, FIA

Need for User-Centric Further Research


Society

User

Ethics

Health

Four Horizontal Impact Areas


Data Management

Mobility


Work Programme

Thank you!www.connectedautomateddriving.eu


New HMI

Statements yes/no


• New smart, personalized HMI concepts, designed for high automation, will increase system robustness, user acceptance and overall comfort.

• We need new, adapted and fully integrated HMI systems that provide advanced comfort during Level 3+ automation.


Driver DistractionEvangelos Bekiaris, CERTH

Statements yes/no


• Driver state monitoring is a pre-requisite for Level 3 (and lower) automated driving to ensure safe and smooth transitions.

• Driver monitoring systems should follow a hybrid approach to reach robust performance and use a combination of driver state, vehicle state, environmental context and personalised driver info.

Evangelos Bekiaris

Mechanical Engineer Ph.D.

CERTH/HIT Director

[email protected]

Driver State Monitoring and its role on advanced safety and comfort of Automated Driving

mailto:[email protected]

In general…

To err is human

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

Driver Monitoring: Facts & Challenges

• Must have for L3 and lower AD

• Robustness only through hybrid systems (driver-vehicle-environment state assessment)

• Unobtrusive, “non-contact” monitoring

• Data fusion and decision systems

• Capturing the state is important!

• Sleepiness; Inattention; Distraction; Stress; Excessive Emotion (i.e. anger, rage, anxiety); Rest; Other (i.e. faint)

• Operator monitoring for Level 4+ automated driving (especially for public transport fleets) should be researched.

Holistic approach required for all automated vehicles in all transition cases

ATTENTIVE LONG HAUL TRUCKING

ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE ANXIETY

DRIVER STATE-BASED SMOOTH & SAFE AUTOMATION

TRANSITIONS (CAR)

NON-REACTING DRIVER EMERGENCY MANOEUVRE

(CAR)

LONG RANGE ATTENTIVE TOURING

WITH MOTORBIKE

RIDER FAINT PASSENGER PICK UP/DROP OFF AUTOMATION FOR

BUSES


AV’s interaction with other road users

Satoshi Kitazaki, AIST

AIST Univ. of Tsukuba Keio Univ. DENSO Tokyoto Business Service

SIP-adus Human Factors and HMI Research Consortium

Interaction of AV with other road users

Satoshi Kitazaki, Ph.D.

PI, SIP-adus National Project on Human Factors in Automated Driving

Director, Automotive Human Factors Research Center

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Japan



23

➢Question;

Do we need additional external HMI for

Automated Vehicles to coordinate actions with

other road users?

➢Answer; Yes.



24

Social acceptance

SafetyTraffic efficiency

Sense of security

Benefit structure of external communication



25

Experimental method

⚫ An experiment in a closed field.

⚫ The subjects pressed the button when they made a decision to cross.

⚫ The subjects were also asked about their confidence about their decision.

Automated vehicleSubject pedestrian

Response button



26

• All the subjects made a decision to cross with deceleration +“I am going to stop”

• However, effects of the messages were generally small when deceleration was

large enough.

14

14

14

14

13

13

13

13

12

12

13

10

14

15

15

13

1

1

3

1

2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

HMIなしお先にどうぞとまります

自動走行中


自動走行中


自動走行中


自動走行中

非高齢・免

許あ

り

非高齢・免

許な

し高齢者

学童

学童

高齢者

免許なし

非高齢者

免許なし

免許あり

14名

13名

13名

15名

横断できると判断横断できないと判断

26

Results; decisions

LicensedN=14

Non- licensedN=13

Non-licensedN=13

Non-licensedN=15

Non elderly

Elderly

Children(8-10 y.o.)

Decel. onlyDecel +”After you”Decel +“I’m going to stop”Decel +”Automed driving”




■Cross ■Do not cross

Traffic efficiency



3

6

8

6

5

6

7

1

2

7

10

5

8

11

12

4

8

5

5

5

6

6

5

8

5

3

2

2

3

2

4

3

3

1

3

2

1

1

4

5

2

1

3

3

2

3

5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%


自動走行中


自動走行中


自動走行中


自動走行中

免許あり

免許なし

免許なし

非高齢者

非高齢者

高齢者

学童

非常に確信した確信したそれ以外

学童

高齢者

免許なし

非高齢者

免許なし

免許あり

2727

Results; confidence

LicensedN=14

Non- licensedN=13

Non-licensedN=13

Non-licensedN=15

Non elderly

Elderly

Children(8-10 y.o.)





■Very confident ■Confident ■Others

• The messages gave confidence to the subjects except for “Automate driving”.

Sense of security



➢Question;

Do Automated Vehicles need to fully understand

the intentions of other road users and react

accordingly?

➢Answer; Yes.



29

Optimistic anticipation (personal opinion)N

um

ber

of

con

flic

ts b

etw

een

AV

an

d o

ther

road

users

No external

communication

One-way external communicationAV ⇒ Other road user

Two-way external

communicationAV ⇔Other road user

Complicated situations

requiring negotiations

Situations requiring multiple

communications

AV

Com 1

Com 2

You must stop!

Statements yes/no


• We need additional external HMI for Automated Vehicles to coordinate actions with other road users.

• Automated Vehicles must fully understand the intentions of other road users and react accordingly.


Social acceptance & user awareness

Andreas Eustacchio, Attorney at law

Statements yes/no


• Accident liability should be removed from drivers of conditionally automated cars (SAE Level 3) who show typical and reasonable user behaviour.

• People should have the freedom to change options for the decisions taken by the cars (e.g. driving style).

C AR TR E 2 018 : I N TER AC TI V E SYM P O SI U M O N R ESEA RC H & IN N OVATI O N FO RC O N N EC TED A N D AU TO M ATED D R I V I N G I N EU R O P E

AUTOMATED DRIVING

SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE AND USER AWARENESS

V IE N N A , A P R IL 2 0 , 2 0 1 8

Dr. Andreas Eustacchio, LL.M. (London LSE)

Rechtsanwalt (Attorney-at-Law, Austria)

Hon.Prof.(FH) – Cavaliere

SMART CARS

“Like it or not, the robots are slowly taking over a driver's chores.”

Popular Science Magazine, 1958

34

SMART CARS?

35

▪ connected and intelligent vehicles

▪ combination of mechanical and digital technologies

▪ new ways of communication, information, safety and security

▪ HAV (highly autonomous vehicles) and the humanoid robot on four wheels by way of AI (artificial intelligence)?

SOCIAL BENEFITS – SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

▪ increase in road safety▪ around 90% of all accidents caused by human error

▪ just a small percentage due to a technical fault related to the vehicle

▪ „crash-optimizing“

▪ power efficiency und e-mobility? “platooning”

▪ „the last driver license holder is already born“ (Mario Herger)

▪ mobility for elderly people, children, physically disabled persons

▪ start-ups, innovation, new business models

36

(UN)WANTED SIDE-EFFECTS?

▪ cost-reduction in the logistics industry

▪ pay as you drive – new insurance models?

▪ hacking and „carnapping“ – security comes first?

▪ big brother is watching you – who will get your data?

▪ what happens with your data when you sell your car?

37

AUTOMATED DRIVING AND THE LAW?

Smart Cars

product liability, product surveillance and product recall

necessity of a driving license?

Infrastructure (5G), car2car,

and test tracks

safety, civil liability, insurance

connected driving and BIG DATA:

data protection and data security

ethical questions: who shall be protected?

criminal liablity

national/international technical standards,

risk assessment

international road traffic agreements

patent law and software license agreementsnational road traffic regulations

are car producers telecom service provider?

38

software-developer as producer?

databox: the cars‘

black box?

Dr. Andreas Eustacchio LL.M. (London LSE)

Rechtsanwalt (Attorney-at-Law, Austria)

Hon.Prof.(FH) – Cavaliere

[email protected]

CARTRE 2018 – Vienna: Interactive Symposium on research &

innovation for connected and automated driving in Europe


Testing & Validation proceduresArjan van Vliet, RDW

Statements yes/no


• Legal admission of SAE Level 3 automation requires human in the loop evaluation of take-over procedures.

• Legal admission of SAE Level 4 automation in vehicles with steer and pedals does not require human in the loop evaluation of take-over procedures.

Symposium on Research & Innovation for

Connected and Automated Driving in Europe

Arjan van Vliet


RDW’s field of work

RDW promo video 2015.mp4

CommunicationHD Maps

Vehicles becoming:

• Ever changing

• Ever learning

• Ever communicating

But what about the driver?

Dutch ADAS

practice

• Low penetration rate ADAS <5%

• No clear definitions ADAS

• No clear registration ADAS

• Tax focus on CO2

• Poor instruction new users

Thank you for yourattention!

[email protected]


Next steps/Future researchneeds


Work Programme

Thank you!www.connectedautomateddriving.eu

Documents

Human Factors & User Awareness - Connected Automated Driving