Human Factors

Aeronautical Decision Making

• A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances

Aeronautical Decision Making

• D etect a change

• E stimate what is needed

• C hoose a successful outcome

• I dentify actions required

• D o the necessary

• E valuate

CRM

• Crew resource management is the effective use of all available resources, human resources, hardware and information

LOFT

• Line-Oriented Flight Training is a developing training technology synthesizing high-fidelity aircraft simulation and high-fidelity line-operations simulation to provide realistic, dynamic pilot training in a simulated line environment.

PIC Responsibilities

• Understand roles– PF Pilot Flying

– PNF Pilot Not Flying

• Communication– Sender

– Medium

– Receiver

Resource Use

• Other Pilot/passengers

• Navigation equipment

• Flight Service Station

• Instrument charts

• Sectional and WAC charts

• Pilot operating handbook

Workload Management

• What are the periods of high workload?

• Takeoff and departure

• Arrival

• Approach and landing

Workload management

• What are the periods of low workload?

• Preflight and taxi

• Enroute

• Taxi to the ramp

Workload management

• Things to be accomplished ahead of time– Organizing charts

– Setting Radio frequencies

– Writing down expected altitudes and route clearances

• Prepare for what is to come next

Situational Awareness

• Know where you are

• Know your own fitness

• Know the condition of your plane

• Know weather trends

• Know ATC instructions

Situational Awareness

• Lack of situational awareness often leads to CFIT - Controlled Flight into Terrain

• Poor interpretation of charts

• Misunderstanding or misleading ATC clearances

• Aids to CFIT

• GPWS - Ground proximity warning systems

• EGPWS - Enhanced ground proximity warning system

Common Sense

• 5 P’s– Prior

– Planning

– Prevents

– Poor

– Performance

Hazardous attitudes

• Anti-authority– rules and procedures are unnecessary

• Macho– best pilot

• Impulsivity– first action that comes to mind

Hazardous Attitudes

• Invulnerability– bulletproof

• Resignation– What’s the use?

Aviation Physiology

Disorientation

• Kinesthetic sense is the term used to describe an awareness of position obtained from the nerves in your skin, joints and muscles.

Spatial Disorientation

• Conflict between the signals relayed by your central vision and information provided by your central vision

• Movement of snow or rain out the window

• Airplane next to you begins to taxi

Vestibular Disorientation

• Coriolis illusion(in turn move head)• Graveyard spiral• Leans• Somatogravic illusion (acceleration =

climb)• Inversion illusion (climb to S&L=

backwards)

Disorientation

• To prevent disorientation, one must rely on instruments, not body signals.

Motion Sickness

• Symptoms– Nausea

– Sweating

– Dizziness

– Vomiting

Hypoxia

• Hypoxic– high altitudes

• Hypemic– CO, anemia, smoking

• Stagnant– high G’s

• Histotoxic– alcohol, drugs

Time of Useful Consciousness

Altitude Time

45,000 9 to 15 Seconds

40,000 15 to 20 Seconds

30,000 1 to 2 Minutes

25,000 3 to 5 Minutes

Supplemental Oxygen

• Requirement for Part 91 differ from Part 135.

• Part 91

• Crew 12,500 for over 30 minutes

• Crew 14,000 for the duration of flight

• All 15,000 for the duration of flight

Decompression sickness

• 12 hrs to 8000’ msl no decompression

• 24 hrs if higher or with decompression

Hyperventilation

• Drowsiness

• Dizziness

• Shortness of breath

• Feelings of suffocation

IM SAFE

• Illness

• Medication

• Stress

• Alcohol

• Fatigue

• Emotion or Eat