Human Exploration Slide 1 SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting Salt Lake City, Utah March 4, 2005 Linda Fuhrman [email protected]

Human Exploration Slide 1

SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting

Salt Lake City, UtahMarch 4, 2005

Linda [email protected]

The NASA Human Exploration Program


“Audentes Fortunas Juvat.”

(Fortune favors the bold.)- Virgil


Overview

The Vision for Space Exploration

NASA’s Exploration Systems Mission Directorate and NASA’s Implementation Strategy

Preliminary Architectures for Human Lunar Exploration

Q&A


NASA VisionA New Future for US Civil Space Programs

On January 14, 2004, President Bush articulated a new Vision for Space Exploration in the 21st Century

This Vision encompasses a broad range of human and robotic missions, including the moon, Mars and destinations beyond

It establishes clear goals and objectives, but sets equally clear budgetary ‘boundaries’ by stating firm priorities and tough choices

It also establishes as policy the goals of pursuing commercial and international collaboration in realizing the new vision


NASA’s Exploration Concept

A modular, extensible, sustainable, affordable, reliable “System-of-Systems” approach to enable human exploration of the moon, Mars, and other destinations.

“Go as you pay” instead of “Pay as you go.”



Major Milestones

2010: Complete ISS and retire STS

2014: First crewed flight of the CEV

2015: JIMO / Prometheus

By 2020: First crewed return to the moon

?: First crewed mission to Mars


NASA Reorganization takes into account CAIB recommendations as well as NASA Vision directed by the President

“Codes” eliminated and major reorganization into “Mission Directorates”

Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) headed up by Adm. Craig Steidle (Navy, ret.) has responsibility for implementing Exploration aspects of the Vision

Implementing the Vision


New NASA Organization


“Spiral” Implementation ApproachP

RE

-AC

QU

ISIT

ION

AC

TIV

ITIE

S


Spiral 1: Five Potential Acquisitions

DESIGN

FY 04 FY 06 FY 08 FY 12 FY 14FY 10

STUDY DESIGN

STUDY

STUDY

DESIGN

DESIGN

BAACEV LV

GROUND SYSTEM

IN-SPACE SYSTEMS

BUILD, TEST, LAUNCH

BUILD, TEST

BUILD, TEST

STUDY

STUDY

CEV BUILD, TEST, LAUNCH

RF

P

Risk Reduction 2008 Demo

OPERATE(SOMD)

DESIGN

Risk Reduction 2008 Demo

DESIGN

Non Traditional ApproachETO POTENTIAL COMMERCIAL SERVICE

CEV: Two Designs to PDR Followed by Downselect ETO: Alternate Approach Incorporating Commercial Solution CEV Launch Vehicle: Human Rated Lift Ground System: Processing, Communications, Command &

Control In-Space Systems: Primarily Communications

PHASE A:STUDY

PHASE B:DESIGN

PRE-SPIRAL ACTIVITIES

PHASE C:BUILD, TEST, LAUNCH

DESIGN


CEV Master Schedule


RFP / CEV Spiral 1

FY 05

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4O N D J F M A M J J A S

FY 04

Q3 Q4A M J J A S

FY 08


FY 06


FY 07


CEV RFP

RFP Awards

2008 Demo Dev/Spiral 1 (2014 Manned Flight) Preliminary Design Contractor A

MS B - Program Initiation

CEV Level 1 Requirements

Iteration: 1 2 3 4

CEV Level 2 Req’s Industry Support

Government Requirements Development

BAA / Project Constellation Exploration & Refinement

2008 Demo Dev/Spiral 1 (2014 Manned Flight) Preliminary Design Contractor B

AwardRelease

BAA/ Tech Maturation/ ASTP - Tech Development / Risk Reduction

Tech Development / Risk Reduction

MS A CEV 2008 Demo/PDR:Down-select to Single Contractor & Concept

BAA

RFP Release

BAA

AwardRelease

Detailed Design & Dev

SRR SDRPDR

CE&R BAA

AwardRelease Exercise Option

ReleaseRFI / Exploration Systems

Center Tasks

Tech Maturation & SBIR 2004/5 Solicitation

SBIR/STTR 2004 Solicitation/ Tech Development - Repeats until 2009

04 Ph I Award04 PH I Release 04 Ph II Award

BAA

05 Ph I Award05 PH I Release 05 Ph II Award

BAA

Today

Near-Term Acquisition Strategy


Human ExplorationArchitectures:

How will we get there?


Human Exploration Architectures Drivers

Optimize overall number of vehicles / modules “Parts attract cost”

Reuse of Lunar design for Mars missions Moon as a testbed for Mars missions

Mass Number of crew, mission duration, modularity Propellant makes up 50 – 70% or more of mass to LEO Examples:

Deliver 1 kg to LEO from Earth surface needs 32 kg propellant; and from LEO to Lunar surface and directly back to Earth surface takes additional 11-60 kg: i.e. ~40 kg propellant for 1 kg payload

For Mars this number becomes 65 – 75 kg propellant for 1 kg payload

Launch vehicle lift capability Currently in the 25 mT range


HLE studies

NASA funded 11 teams to study HLE “Concept Exploration and Refinement” (CE&R) Initial 6-month studies just completed; option phase starting Recommend architectures for HLE with eye towards Mars Focus to define HLE / HME requirements on CEV

Draper / MIT team using value-driven optimization approach Value key to sustainability


HLE Architecture Impacts on CEV

ES

MS

NEO

LP

LMO

ES

MS

NEO

LP

LMO

ES

MS

NEO

LP

LMO

Near Earth Transit Space M SurfaceES

MS

NEO

LP

LMO

ES

MS

NEO

LP

LMO

ES

MS

NEO

LP

LMO

Near Earth Transit Space M Surface

Architecture defines primary operational modes and environments for CEV

Destinations and mission scenarios (durations) can greatly drive CEV functionality

Optimal CEV design balances mass and complexity with cost, modularity, extensibility and flexibility


Initial Findings – Test Architectures

LV s can drive the architecture No Saturn-V “one-launch” scenarios Rendezvous and Docking clearly needed LEO vs L1 vs LMO preference not yet

clear

Mars missions enabled by Aerocapture at Mars In Situ Resource Utilization

Combined, these two can reduce IMLEO from 1000+ mT to ~ 600 mT

Long duration Mars missions show mass benefit over short-stay missions

Short (60 day surface stay, 535 day total) requires more significantly delta-V for Earth return

Long (600 day surface stay, 930 day total) allows extensive Mars exploration

ES

LS

CEV

OTV

DAV

CEVHAB1HAB4SEM1SEM4SDMcSDM4SAMSLM

M Surface

M Orbit

E Surface

E Orbit

Flight 5

Flight 1 Flight 1Flight 4

Flight 3


Example: IMLEO = f(Trajectory, technology)

To keep IMLEO below 1000t requires:Aerocapture, which supports both abort to orbit and free return, orRendezvous in a Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit (HEMO), which supports abort to orbit, but not free return

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

AC to LMO

Prop to HEMO, AB to LMO

Prop to LMO

Prop to HEMO

Tra

nsf

er t

raje

cto

ry a

nd

MO

I mo

de

IMLEO [t]

2 year free returnconjunction

Fast conjunction

Min energy conjunction

HEMO = Highly Elliptical Mars OrbitLMO = Low Mars OrbitAC = AerocaptureProp = Propulsive captureAB = Aerobraking


GN&C Challenges – Initial Assessment

Lunar South Pole – Far Side missions Real-time downlink for all critical events comm satellite Limits on module mass constrains landed mass Long duration stays need multiple landings Pinpoint landing accuracy (~10s of m) simplifies surface ops

Crewed Mars Missions Real-time downlink of critical events problematic

20+ minute round-trip light time depending on planetary alignments

“Anytime Abort” not possible Alternate crew safety scenarios must be found

Pinpoint landing of extremely large masses unsolved as yet Landings to date 100 km accurate; ~1 mT or less May need <100m accuracy; 10+ mT Atmospheric uncertainties major design driver


Fortune Favors the Bold


Backup Charts and Reference Material


Acknowledgement

Work presented in this package was conducted under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.


Bibliography / Reference Material

Presidential Policy Direction:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040114-1.html

Vision for Exploration:

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf

Office of Exploration Systems General Overview

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/56249main_codeT.pdf


Graphics and Images: Credits Cover slide: NASA Apollo 15 photo: Astronaut Jim Irwin sets up the first Lunar Roving Vehicle. NASA ID

AS15-86-11603. Slide 2: Exploration Systems Mission Directorate logo; available at

http://www.projectconstellation.us/news/archives/2004/05/12/new_logo_for_nasas_exploration_office Slide 4: Cover art for the NASA Vision for Space Exploration document; available at

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf Slide 5: Montage of Exploration vehicle and mission concepts; cover art from NASA briefing “New Space

Exploration Vision”, Jan. 16, 2004; image available electronically at http://www.nsstc.org/newsletter/04_a/images/nasa_vision.jpg

Slides 6&7: Exploration schedule roadmap; from the NASA Vision for Space Exploration document; available at http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf

Slide 8: Cover art for the NASA Exploration Systems Interim Strategy document; available at http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/

Slide 9: NASA organization chart; available at http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/61295main_org_chart_20040804.pdf Slides 10 & 11: Definition of Exploration “spirals;” from “Spiral 1 Acquisition Strategy,” November, 2004;

available at http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/cev_rfp_schedule1.ppt Slides 12 & 13: CEV master schedule and near-term acquisition strategy; from Pre-Proposal Conference,

Human and Robotic Technology Broad Agency Announcement, July 2004; available at http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/hrt_industry_day_29july04.ppt

Slide 14: NASA concept artwork by Pat Rawlings, SAIC; available at http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2004/images/radiation/DistantShores3.jpg

Slide 17, 18, 19: Graphic generated by Draper-MIT Concept Exploration and Refinement Study Team, 2004. Slide 21: Cover art for numerous NASA presentations, including “Spiral 1 Acquisition Strategy,” November,

2004; available at http://www.exploration.nasa.gov/documents/cev_rfp_schedule1.ppt


Excerpts from Jan. 2004 SpeechBringing the Vision to RealityThe Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will be responsible for the plans, programs, and activities required to implement this vision, in coordination with other agencies, as deemed appropriate. The Administrator will plan and implement an integrated, long-term robotic and human exploration program structured with measurable milestones and executed on the basis of available resources, accumulated experience, and technology readiness.To implement this vision, the Administrator will conduct the following activities and take other actions as required:A. Exploration Activities in Low Earth OrbitSpace Shuttle• Return the Space Shuttle to flight as soon as practical, based on the recommendations of the ColumbiaAccident Investigation Board;• Focus use of the Space Shuttle to complete assembly of the International Space Station; and• Retire the Space Shuttle as soon as assembly of the International Space Station is completed, planned for the end of this decade;International Space Station• Complete assembly of the International Space Station, including the U.S. components that supportU.S. space exploration goals and those provided by foreign partners, planned for the end of thisdecade;• Focus U.S. research and use of the International Space Station on supporting space exploration goals,with emphasis on understanding how the space environment affects astronaut health and capabilitiesand developing countermeasures; and• Conduct International Space Station activities in a manner consistent with U.S. obligations containedin the agreements between the United States and other partners in the International Space Station.B. Space Exploration Beyond Low Earth OrbitThe Moon• Undertake lunar exploration activities to enable sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars andmore distant destinations in the solar system;• Starting no later than 2008, initiate a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare for and supportfuture human exploration activities;• Conduct the first extended human expedition to the lunar surface as early as 2015, but no later thanthe year 2020; and• Use lunar exploration activities to further science, and to develop and test new approaches,technologies, and systems, including use of lunar and other space resources, to support sustainedhuman space exploration to Mars and other destinations.


Excerpts from Jan. 2004 Speech (cont)

Mars and Other Destinations• Conduct robotic exploration of Mars to search for evidence of life, to understand the history of thesolar system, and to prepare for future human exploration;• Conduct robotic exploration across the solar system for scientific purposes and to support humanexploration. In particular, explore Jupiter’s moons, asteroids and other bodies to search for evidenceof life, to understand the history of the solar system, and to search for resources;• Conduct advanced telescope searches for Earth-like planets and habitable environments around otherstars;• Develop and demonstrate power generation, propulsion, life support, and other key capabilitiesrequired to support more distant, more capable, and/or longer duration human and robotic explorationof Mars and other destinations; and• Conduct human expeditions to Mars after acquiring adequate knowledge about the planet usingrobotic missions and after successfully demonstrating sustained human exploration missions to theMoon.C. Space Transportation Capabilities Supporting Exploration• Develop a new crew exploration vehicle to provide crew transportation for missions beyond low Earthorbit;« Conduct the initial test flight before the end of this decade in order to provide an operationalcapability to support human exploration missions no later than 2014;• Separate to the maximum practical extent crew from cargo transportation to the International SpaceStation and for launching exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit;« Acquire cargo transportation as soon as practical and affordable to support missions to and fromthe International Space Station; and« Acquire crew transportation to and from the International Space Station, as required, after theSpace Shuttle is retired from service.D. International and Commercial Participation• Pursue opportunities for international participation to support U.S. space exploration goals; and• Pursue commercial opportunities for providing transportation and other services supporting theInternational Space Station and exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit.


Acronyms and Abbreviations

AB Aerobraking AC Aerocapture ASTP Advanced Space Technology Program BAA Broad Agency Announcement CAIB Columbia Accident Investigation Board CE&R Concept Exploration & Refinement CEV Crew Exploration Vehicle ES Earth Surface ESMD Exploration Systems Mission

Directorate ESRT Exploration Systems Research and

Technology ETO Earth to Orbit FY Fiscal Year HEMO Highly Elliptical Mars Orbit HLE Human Lunar Exploration HME Human Mars Exploration HSRT Human Systems Research and

Technology IMLEO Initial Mass to LEO ISS International Space Station JIMO Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter L1 LaGrange Point number 1 LEO Low Earth Orbit

LMO Low Mars Orbit / Low Moon Orbit LP LaGrange Point LV Launch Vehicle MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MS Milestone; Mars Surface; Surface of

planet “M” mT Metric Ton NASA National Aeronautics and Space

Administration NEO Near Earth Orbit PDR Preliminary Design Review PNST Prometheus Nuclear Systems

Technology Prop Propulsive Capture Q&A Questions and Answers RFI Request for Information RFP Request for Proposal SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SDR System Design Review SOMD Space Operations Mission Directorate SRR System Requirements Review STS Space Transportation System (Space

Shuttle)

Documents

Human Exploration Slide 1 SAE Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting Salt Lake City, Utah March 4, 2005 Linda Fuhrman [email protected]