Hominid:A primate of a family (Hominidae) that includes humans and their fossil ancestors.

Sehlanthropus Tchadensis

● 7 million years ago

● Brain size: 350 cc

● foramen magnum slightly more forward than a chimpanzee's

Sehlanthropus Tchadensis

Orrorin Tugenensis

● 6 million years ago

● Smaller Canine Teeth

● No skull found yet

● Leg bones indicate it was bipedal

Ardipithecus Kadabba

● 5.6 million years ago

● Leg bones indicate it was bipedal

● Canine teeth smaller

Ardipithecus Ramidus

● 4.4 million years ago

● Brain size 350 cc

● Walked bipedally but hunched over● Pelvis more like a human's than a chimpanzee's● Hands more like a human's than a chimpanzee's● Foramen magnum almost directly below the skull

Australopithecus Anamensis

● 4.1 million years ago

● Smaller canine teeth

Australopithecus Bahrelghazali

● 3.5 million years ago

● reduced prognathism

Australopithecus Afarensis (“Lucy”)

● 3.2 million years ago● Brain size 438 cc● Fully Human-like teeth● Foreman magnum directly below the skull● almost fully Human-like pelvis● Walked bipedally upright● Human-like hands

Australopithecus Afarensis (“Lucy”)

Australopithecus Afarensis

● Shin bone found first, rest of the body 1 mile away (the shin was probably from a separate individual)● Eight more individuals found since then, including an adult male and two children

Afarensis Male Afarensis Female

Australopithecus Afarensis Child

Kenyanthropus Platyops

● 3.2 million years ago

● Same brain size as Lucy

Kenyanthropus Platyops

Australopithecus Africanus

● 2.5 million years ago

● Brain size: 452 cc

● Human-like Pelvis

Australopithecus Africanus

Australopithecus Africanus

Australopithecus Garhi

● 2.5 million years ago

● Brain size 450 cc

The Paranthropus Genus

● Sagittal Crest for attaching jaw muscle

● Large molar teeth for grinding up stems and roots

Other mammals have sagittal creststo increase bite strength

Paranthropus Aethiopicus

● 2.5 million years ago

● Brain size 410 cc

Paranthropus Aethiopicus

Paranthropus Robustus

● 1.5 million years ago

● Brain size 530 cc

Paranthropus Boisei

● 1.2 million years ago

● Brain size 550 cc

Paranthropus Boisei

Paranthropus Boisei teeth and modern Homo Sapien teeth

2 million years ago:

Homo Habilis “Handy Man”

● 2 million years ago

● Brain size 600 cc

● Larger brain than other hominids at the time

● First tool maker

● Human-like hands, pelvis, and teeth

Homo Habilis

Homo Habilis' tools

Australopithecus Sediba

● 2 million years ago

● Brain size 420 cc

Sediba hand comparison

Australopithecus Sediba pelvis

Sediba compared to Lucy

Homo Rudolfensis

● 1.9 million years ago

● Brain size 526 cc

Homo Rudolfensis

Homo Ergaster

● 1.8 million years ago

● Brain size 900 cc

● Large increase in brain size after Habilis

● Large Prefrontal Cortex

Homo Ergaster - “Turkana Boy”

Homo Ergaster

Homo Gautengensis

● 1.8 million years ago

● Extinct 1 million years ago

● Short stature: 3' 6”

Homo Erectus Georgicus

● 1.7 million years ago

● Brain size 600 cc

● Lived in Europe

● Similar to Homo Erectus and Homo Ergaster

Homo Erectus

● 1 million years ago

● Extinct 300,000 years ago

● Brain size 1050 cc

Homo Erectus

●Took care of their elderly

Homo Erectus

Homo Erectus

Homo Antecessor

● 800,000 years ago

● Brain size 1,350 cc

● Lived in Europe

Homo Antecessor

Homo Heidelbergensis● 400,000 years ago

● Brain size 1350 cc

● Lived in Europe

● Used stone tipped spears

Homo Heidelbergensis

Homo Rhodesiensis

● 125,000 years ago

● Brain size 1100 cc

● Similar skull to Heidelbergensis

Homo Sapiens (Archaic)

● 100,000 years ago

● Brain size 1,520 cc

● Strong Brow Ridges

● Slight prognathism

Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)

● Extinct 32,000 years ago

● Brain size 1350 cc

● Neanderthal DNA recovered

● Interbred with ancestors to Europeans and Asians

●Took care of their elderly

Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)

Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)

● Built homes from animal bones

● Used advanced tools (but not as advanced as HomoSapiens)

● Buried their dead

Homo Floresiensis “Hobbits”

● Extinct 13,000 years ago

● Brain size 350 cc

● Very small brain

● 3 feet 6 inches tall

● Lived on small islands with dwarf elephants and dog-sized rats

Homo Floresiensis “Hobbits”

Homo Floresiensis “Hobbits”

Homo Floresiensis “Hobbits”

Cro-magnon (cave man)

● 43,000 years ago

● Early European Homo Sapien

● Mitochondrial DNA recovered

Denisovans

● 41,000 years ago

● We don't know what they looked like

● DNA was recovered from one finger bone

● Interbred with ancient Asians

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A Hominid Forgery: Piltdown man

● in 1912● Using radiometric dating scientists exposed it as a 500 year old skull with an orangutan's jaw● Shoe polish had been added to make it look old

Homo Sapiens (modern)

● Brain size 1350 cc

● Small Brow Ridge on males

● Little or no prognathism (jaw jutting forward)

● Advanced tools

● Use of jewelry

Modern Skulls

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