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Human
DrosophilaC. elegans
~ 24,000 Genes
~ 13,000 Genes~ 19,000 Genes
Mouse
~ 24,000 Genes
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Cloning
Transcription Initiation
Gene Regulatory Proteins and the DNA SequencesThat They Recognize
Asymmetric Localization of Ash1 Transcription Factor
DIC DAPI Ash1-GFP Ash1 mRNA
“Mother cell”
“Daughter cell”
Developmental Fate
Caenorhabditis elegans
959 Somatic cells1000-2000 Germ cells
C. elegans Life Cycle
Cleavage Divisions
Egg
DAPI stained embryo
Asymmetric Segregation of “P Granules”
Egg
Immunostaining of P Ganules
Wild Type
par-1 Mutant
Par (Partition) Mutants
DIC P granules
2-cell embryo
Plasma Membrane
Cytosol
Early L3
Early L3
Late L3
Early L3 Fate Map
“Vulva-less Phentoype
“Bag of worms”
“Bag of embryos”
EGF Pathways of Vertebrates
“Notch” Receptor
2o VPC
1o VPC
(Lin-12)
Two-Signal Model of Vulva Development
T.ap Cell Development
LIN-14 Mutations
Lin-14-GFP WT Worms
L1
Adult
L3
L2
lin-4(gf) lin-4(lf)
LIN-4 Mutations
RNAi (RNA Interference)
Lin-4 RNA
Lin-4 RISC Lin-14 mRNA
RISC = RNA-Induced Silencing Complex
miRNA = micro RNA
Micro RNAs
Humans~ 220 miRNAs
~ 2000 “Target” mRNAs
C. elegans~ 88 miRNAs
~ 30 miRNAs expressed during larval development
Drosophila melanogaster
Anterior Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Cleavage in the Drosophila Embryo
A P
A P
Larva
Embryo
2 hrs.
10 hrs. A P
A P
A P
A P
GeneticHierarchy inA-P AxisSpecification
Mutant Phenotypes for Maternal-Effect Genes
Bicoid mRNA/Protein Distribution
Gap GeneExpressionPatterns
Bicoid Controls Hunchback (hb) Expression