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Human Communication -
A Risk Factor
Alandia Marine Insurance Seminar 2016 Mikael Björklund & Josephine Thörnroos
Alandia P&I – in short
• Alandia P&I since 1999
• P&I Insurance for vessels up to 10 000 GT
• Limits up to 500 MEUR
• Stand alone
• Separate Charterer´s P&I-insurance conditions from 2016
• Abt 2000 vessels insured
Alandia P&I – in figures
26% 30%
2%
42%
NO OF VESSELS PER MARKET
Sweden Finland Baltic states Norway
32%
36%
7%
0%
25%
PREMIUM PER MARKET
Sweden Finland Norway Baltic states
Alandia P&I – in figures
20%
24%
36%
4% 4%
0%
12%
NO OF VESSELS PER VESSEL TYPE
Passenger Work crafts Fishing vessel Dry cargo
Tug Tanker Other
19%
6%
50%
1% 2%
10%
13%
PREMIUM PER VESSEL TYPE
Passenger Tug Dry cargo Tanker
Fishing vessel Work crafts Other
Human Communication - A Risk Factor
Human Communication by definition
”The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium”
(Oxford dictionary)
Human Communication by definition
“Human communication is the process of influencing a human receiver to create thought and action that is consistent with, and responsive to, the sender’s purpose”
(MCA - Human Element Guide)
Human Communication – an illustration
Managers
Flag State
Port Authorities
Crew
Parties involved
Owners
Charterer
Agents
Underwriters
Families/Dependants
Surveyors
Experts Class
Salvors
Media Cargo owner
Stevedores
Passengers
Pilot
Shipping is international by nature
Different types of communication
• Ship-to-shore, shore-to-ship, ship-to-ship, onboard
• Verbal - Face-to-face, VTS, telephone, public speakers, walkie-talkies
• Non-verbal - Handbooks, manuals, logbooks, e-mails, checklists, bulletins etc.
- Gestures, signs, pictures, symbols, poses, facial expressions
Human Communication – an illustration
What can go wrong..?
Where can communication go wrong?
No message is sent
No message is received
Message is received too late
Too many messages are sent and received
The message is not understood or is misunderstood
Case study: mooring accident
• General cargo ship sailing from Germany to Sweden
• Cargo mainly consisting of components for wind power stations
• Part of the cargo stowed on the hatches
• Daylight, good visibility
• Winds from N/E, 7-9 m/s, gusts up to 12-14 m/s
• Mixed crew
Case study – course of events
• On the bridge: pilot, master and an apprentice, that acted as helmsman
• Short pilot-master information exchange, but the pilot was not provided with any written information
• Since the ship type was known to the pilot, he did not find it necessary to consult the pilot card
Case study – course of events
• Bridge of traditional design with open bridge wings and a center console for the manoeuvring
• Pilot and master agreed to moor the ship with starboard side to quay and to use one spring mooring line as first line ashore
• Neither master nor the pilot raised the question of using a tug
Case study – course of events
• On the forecastle: 3 persons equipped with VHF
• When approaching the berth, the pilot asked for the portable control box
• Master would relay pilots orders to the apprentice at the controls
• Pilot could not see the forecastle where the forward mooring team was working
• Pilot could not follow indicators for rudder, engine and bow thruster from the bridge wing
Case study – course of events
• Communication on bridge
- working language was English
- orders were repeated
- pilot´s orders were not confirmed
Case study – course of events
Source: Swedish Accident Investigation Authority
Case study – course of events
Source: Swedish Accident Investigation Authority
Case study – course of events
• First attempt to bring the vessel alongside failed
• Second attempt – the spring mooring line broke
Source: Swedish Accident Investigation Authority
Case study – analysis
• The co-operation on bridge was not optimal and vital equipment was not being used
• No common understanding
• No direct access to controls and indicators
• Chain of communication
• No closed loop of communication
• The communication was not effective
Thank you for listening!
Mikael Björklund Market Manager P&I E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +358 (0)40 544 1949
Josephine Thörnroos Claims Handler P&I E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +358 (0)40 836 1550
