Human Body Systems. In Pg. 76 What are 3 systems found in the human body? Answer:

Human Body Systems

In Pg. 76 What are 3 systems found in the human body? Answer:

Do it Now Pg. 76 Which system helps the skeletal system move? Answer:

Pg. 77 Title Page no color no points. Point Value 500pts All or nothing. 1.Draw figure 34.1 pg. 894 label all parts and write out fully what is said by letters A,B,C,D & E. 2.Draw and label figure 34.6 pg. 900. 3.List and explain what the joints are and what they do using figure 34.7 on pg. 901 no you do not have to draw them but if you do extra credit of 100pts. 4.Draw figure 34.11 list all of the muscle types and explain what they do using the explanation in full by letters A, B & C on page 905 5.Draw the entire diagram on page 908 figure 34.13 write down everything from letters A, B & C Make sure you draw the pictures of resting and contracted muscle that are under the main picture. 6.Explain what happens during a muscle contraction answer can be found on page 906 this should be a minimum of 7 sentences. 7.Explain how a bone heels its self from injury. Pg. 904 - this should be a minimum of 7 sentences.

Do it again Pg. 76 Look back at your title page, what are the four types of joints? (book page 901) Answer:

Out Pg. 76 Look back at your title page, what are the three types of Muscle? (Book Page 905) Answer:

IN Pg. 78 What were three things you did over spring break this year? Answer:

Do it now: How can you improve your grade in the fourth quarter? Answer:

Notes Pg. 79 Tissues, Integumentary, Skeletal and Muscular systems.

Human Body Organization & Integumentary System

What are the Levels of Organization? All organisms are made of cells Cells are organized into functional units called tissues Groups of tissues that perform specialized functions are called organs Each body organ is part of an organ system Organ systems work together to carry out major life functions of an organism Summary: cells tissues organs organ systems organism

What are Cells? The human body is made up of trillions of cells Cell types: epithelial cells, muscle cells, bone cells, blood cells, and nerve cells

What are Tissues? Cells function together to form tissues Four basic tissues: epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue Muscle tissue is contractile & is found attached to bones and in the walls of organs Epithelial tissue provides a protective outer covering, such as skin Connective tissue is widely distributed throughout the body it produces blood and provides support, binding, and storage Nervous tissue transmits impulses that coordinate, regulate, and integrate body systems

What are Organs? Groups of tissues that perform specialized functions are called organs. Examples: stomach, eyes, heart, lungs, etc.

What are Organ Systems? An organ system contains a group of organs that work together to carry out major life processes. Eleven major organ systems: Skin (Integumentary), skeletal, muscular, digestive, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, urinary, reproductive, and lymphatic

What is the Integumentary System? The Skin Structure & function of skin Includes four types of body tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous Two layers: epidermis & dermis

What is the Epidermis? The outermost layer of skin that covers the body Made of two parts exterior & interior Exterior 25 30 layers of dead, flattened cells Cells are continually shed Contain keratin protein that helps protect living cells in the interior epidermis and contributes to the skins elasticity Interior Contains living cells that continually divide to replace dead cells. Contain melanin pigment that colors the skin and protects the cells from damage by solar radiation Newly formed cells are pushed toward the surface and die and are shed once they reach the outermost layer. Every four weeks all of the epidermis are replaced by new cells.

What is the Dermis? The inner, thicker portion of the skin Thickness varies in different parts of the body Contains blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands Hairs grow from hair follicles, which are supplied with blood vessels and nerves and are attached to muscle tissues Most have an oil gland when oil and dead cells block the opening of the follicle, pimples form

What are the Functions of Skin Regulation of body temperature When body heat rises, blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, and heat is lost by radiation When you are cold, blood vessels constrict to conserve heat Sweating evaporative cooling Sense organ Nerve cells in the dermis receive stimuli from the external environment and relay information about pressure, pain, and temperature to the brain Producing essential vitamins When exposed to UV light, skin produces vitamin D, which helps in calcium absorption Protection Skin shields the body from physical and chemical damage and from invasion by microbes

How does Injury & Healing effect the body? Damage to the epidermis: cells divide to help fill the gap left by an abrasion Damage to the dermis Blood clots and a scab is formed prevents bacteria from entering & causing an infection Dilated blood vessels allow infection-fighting white blood cells to get to the wound site Skin cells beneath the scab begin to multiply and fill the gap Scab falls off to expose newly formed skin Large wounds : Dense connective tissue fibers are used to close the wound and may leave a scar.

What are Burns? 1st degree death of epidermal cells, redness & pain 2nd degree damage to dermal cells, blistering & scarring 3rd degree destroy epidermis and dermis, skin function is lost and skin grafts may be required to replace lost skin

What is Aging? Skin becomes drier Elasticity decreases wrinkles These changes can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to the sun

Human Body Skeletal & Muscular Systems

What is Skeletal System Structure? 206 bones Axial skeleton = skull & supporting bones (spinal cord, ribs, sternum) Apendicular skeleton = bones associated with arms and legs

What is Bone structure? Bone cells = osteocytes Two types of bone: Compact bone = solid & hard Spongy bone = holes & spaces

What are Joints? Where 2 or more bones meet Held together by ligaments Attach bone to bone Higher range of motion = more ligaments Cartilage cushions joints & allows smooth movement Bursae = absorb shock & cushion bones (shoulder & knee) Tendons attach muscle to bone

What are the types of Joints? Fixed = no movement Skull Ball-and-socket = rotational movement Shoulder, hip Pivot = bones twist around each other Elbow (radius) Hinge = back & forth movement Elbow, knee Gliding = slide past eachother Hands & feet

How is the Formation & Growth of Bones Achieved? Bone begins to form 9 th week of fetal development Calcium salts are deposited from bloodstream to harden bone cells Bones grow longer at the ends Cartilage plates Bones grow thicker at the outer surfaces. By age 20, 98% of your skeletal growth is complete Once growth stops, bone-forming cells repair and maintain bones

What is the Skeletons Function? Framework for body tissues Protection for internal organs Ribs, skull Production of blood cells Red marrow Storage Yellow marrow = fat Minerals (Calcium)

How does Injury & Disease Happen? Sprain = forceable twisting of a joint Fractures Arthritis = inflamation of joints Osteoporosis = loss of bone density Bones become more brittle with age

What is the Muscular System? Nearly half of your body mass is muscle Muscles = groups of fibers bound together Almost all of the muscle fibers you have were present when you were born.

What are the Three Types of Muscle Tissue? Smooth Walls of organs & blood vessels Involuntary Function: squeeze Skeletal Attached to bones Voluntary Function: Movement Cardiac Makes up the heart Involuntary

How does Muscle Contraction work? Muscle fibers = long, fused muscle cells Actin & Myosin sarcomere myofibrils Sliding filament theory When signaled, actin filaments slide toward one another, shortening the sarcomere and causing the muscle to contract.

What effects Strength & Exercise? Muscle strength depends on the thickness of muscle fibers Exercise stresses muscle fibers and they become thicker Cells need a constant supply of oxygen Lactic acid buildup causes soreness

Do it again pg. 78 What are you going to do to make sure you work harder on your grade 4 th quarter? Answer:

Out Pg. 78 Why should you start to study for you Biology Final exam now that is given in JUNE? Answer:

In Pg. 80 What are three types of Muscle? Answer

Pg. 80 Do it Now What are three types of Burns & what happens in each type of burn? Answer:

Pg. 80 Do it again How do bones heal themselves? Answer:

Out Pg. 80 How does skin repair a cut? Answer:

IN Pg. 82 What is Spongy Bone use your book or vocabulary list. Answer:

Do it now Pg. 82 How do bones grow Use page 903 from your book. Answer:

Pg. 82 Do it again How do bones store minerals Use page 904 in your book. Answer:

Out Pg. 82 How do muscles grow? Answer:

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Path of food through the digestive system Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum and anus

Figure 14.11

Organs of the Digestive System Figure 14.1

Processes of the Mouth Mastication (chewing) of food Mixing food with saliva Initiation of swallowing by the tongue Sense of taste

Esophagus Passageway for food to stomach through the diaphragm Conducts food by peristalsis contractions in waves

Stomach Anatomy Cardiac sphincter - prevents back-up of food into esophagus Rugae internal folds increase surface area Food empties into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

Stomach Anatomy Figure 14.4a

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa Figure 14.4bc

Stomach Function Churns and secretes powerful digestive enzymes Breaks food down to a liquid called chyme Chyme enters small intestine in squirts, takes an average of 2 hours

Small Intestine The bodys major digestive organ Site of nutrient absorption into the blood Duodenum Attaches intestine to the stomach

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme in the duodenum Intestinal cells Pancreas Gall bladder

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine Figure 14.6

Villi of the Small Intestine Fingerlike structures Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients Figure 14.7a

Microvilli of the Small Intestine Small projections of the plasma membrane Found on absorptive cells Figure 14.7c

Large Intestine Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine Frames the internal abdomen

Large Intestine Figure 14.8

Functions of the Large Intestine Absorption of water Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces Does not participate in digestion of food Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant

Structures of the Large Intestine Cecum saclike first part of the large intestine Appendix Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) Hangs from the cecum

Structures of the Large Intestine Colon Ascending Transverse Descending Rectum muscular end Anus external body opening

Pancreas Produces digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food Produces insulin Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum

Liver Largest gland in the body Connected to the gall bladder via the common hepatic duct Produces bile for break-down of fats

Other Liver Functions Stores sugar as glycogen Filters blood of toxins Recycles materials

Gall Bladder Stores bile from the liver by way of a duct Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food Gallstones can cause blockages

The Nervous System You must make this into Cornell style notes You must change every slide so it has a question in it, if not 0 / 100

The Nervous System & Senses

Neurons Neurons = nerve cellsNeurons = nerve cells 3 Regions:3 Regions: Cell body = main part of cellCell body = main part of cell Dendrites = receive impulsesDendrites = receive impulses Axon = carries impulses away from cell body toward other nerve cellsAxon = carries impulses away from cell body toward other nerve cells

3 Types of Neurons Sensory neurons Carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord & brain Interneurons Process incoming impulses & send response impulses to motor neurons Motor neurons Carry response impulse away from brain & spinal cord

Neuron Communication Synapse Where two neurons connect Transmits an impulses from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another

Parts of the Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerves that carry messages to and away from the CNS

Regions of the Brain Cerebrum divided into two hemispheres Conscious activities, intelligence, memory, language, voluntary movement, & senses Cerebellum Balance, posture, coordination Brain stem Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain (diencephalon) Controls involuntary activities

The Peripheral Nervous System Two divisions: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Somatic Nervous System 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches Relays information between the skin, CNS, and skeletal muscles (voluntary movment) Reflexes = automatic, unconscious response Impulses travel to the spinal column Example: blinking

Autonomic Nervous System Carries impulses from CNS to internal organs Two Parts: Sympathetic controls internal functions during times of stress Example: when youre scared Parasymphathetic controls internal functions at rest

The Senses Eyes sight Ears hearing & equilibrium Nose smell Mouth taste Skin touch

The Eye: Sight Sight depends on receptors that respond to light. Retina the thin layer of tissue made up of light receptors & sensory neurons Sensory receptors: Rods = dim light & peripheral vision Cones = detailed color vision No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disk, or blind spot

The Ear: Hearing & Balance Outer (external) ear hearing Middle ear Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Ear bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) Auditory tube equalize pressure; yawning Inner ear Balance & equilibrium

Hearing = a response to mechanical stimulation Sound waves hit the eardrum ear bones oval window impulse to brain

Taste & Smell Taste & Smell Both senses use Chemoreceptors Detect chemicals Receptor organs are found in the roof of the nasal cavity (smell) & taste buds (taste) Complementary senses they work together Taste Sensations: Sweet Sugars, Saccharine, Some amino acids Salty - Metal ions Sour - Acids Bitter - Alkaloids

Skin: Touch Response to mechanical stimulation Receptors are found in the dermis: Thermoreceptors heat & cold Mechanoreceptors pressure Pain receptors free nerve endings that detect pain

Respiratory and Circulatory System Pg. 87 in notebook This must be done Cornell Style if you do not do these notes Cornell style you will receive a 0 / 100

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Chapter 37

The Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs alveoli

Function of the Respiratory System gas exchange between the blood and body cells Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify incoming air

The Lungs Each lung is divided into lobes Left lung 2 lobes Right lung 3 lobes

Gas Exchange in the Lungs Gases cross from the alveoli into the blood stream by diffusion Oxygen enters the blood from the alveoli Carbon dioxide leaves the blood & enters the alveoli

Process of Breathing Inspiration = air moves into the lungs Diaphragm contracts Air is pulled into the lungs Lungs & chest cavity expand Expiration = air moves out of the lungs Diaphragm relaxes Air is pushed out of the lungs

Non-respiratory air movements Can be caused by reflexes, voluntary, or involuntary actions Examples: Coughing clears lungs of debris Sneezing response to irritation Laughing Yawning Hiccups

The Circulatory System A closed system of the heart and blood vessels Function: deliver oxygen and nutrients remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

Blood Blood is a type of connective tissue. 55% Plasma Fluid portion of blood 44% Red Blood Cells Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen Active for about 120 days 1% White blood cells Protect the body from disease & foreign substances Platelets Help blood clot

Blood Groups Four human blood types A, B, AB, and O Antigens = proteins on the surface of blood cells Stimulate an immune response in the body Antibodies = proteins in the plasma Correspond with different surface antigens. Example: Type A blood has A antigens & anti-B antibodies Type B blood has B antigens & anti-A antibodies Type AB blood has A & B antigens & no antibodies Type O blood has no antigens, but anti-A & B antibodies

Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart Thick & strong Pressure Capillaries Tiny vessels with single-celled membranes Veins Carry blood back TOWARD the heart Contain valves to prevent backflow

Major Arteries & Veins Arteries are RED because they carry oxygenated blood Veins are BLUE because they carry de-oxygenated blood

Major blood vessels Aorta Left ventricle to body Pulmonary arteries (2) Right ventricle to lungs Vena cava Enters right atrium Pulmonary veins (4) Enter left atrium Coronary arteries & veins Supply the heart with oxygen & nutrients

The Heart Located in the chest cavity between the lungs About the size of your fist

Structure of the Heart Right and left side act as separate pumps Four chambers Right and left atria Small chambers at the top of the heart Receiving chambers Right and left ventricles Discharging chambers

Heart Valves Four valves allow blood to flow in only one direction Valves open as blood is pumped through Held in place by heart strings Close to prevent backflow

Immune System Pg. 89 This must be done Cornell Style for 100 points.

What is the immune system? The bodys defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles

The First Line of Defense ~Skin~ -The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the epidermis, forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders -You shed between 40 50 thousand skin cells every day!

-As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into mucus throughout your respiratory system and become stuck -Hair-like structures called cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing What is The Fist Line of Defense ~Mucus and Cilia~ Dont swallowed bacteria have a good chance of infecting you?

Why is The First Line of Defense ~Saliva?~ Whats the first thing you do when you cut your finger? -Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria -Thousands of different types of bacteria can survive these chemicals, however

-Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong acids in the stomach that break down your food -The stomach must produce a coating of special mucus or this acid would eat through the stomach! Why is The First Line of Defense ~Stomach Acid?~

Why is the body like a hollow plastic tube? The food is digested within the hole in the tube, but it never actually enters into the solid plastic material. Tube inner surface ~Digestive System~ Plastic interior ~Body~ Tube outer surface ~Skin~

Escherichia coli is common and plentiful in all of our digestive tracts. Why are we all not sick? -These bacteria are technically outside the body and aid in digesting material we cannot -Only if E.Coli are introduced in an unnatural manner can they break through the first line of defense and harm us

What is The Second Line of Defense ~White Blood Cells?~ -If invaders actually get within the body, then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack -WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood, but will enter the bodys tissues if invaders are detected Video

These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by engulfing them Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called ________ What are the White Blood Cells ~Phagocytes?~ Lysosomes Where could invaders hide from phagocytes?

What are Viruses? Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells. Cell before infection and after.

-Virus-infected body cells release interferon when an invasion occurs -Interferon chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells Why is The Second Line of Defense a ~Interferon?~ What happens to already infected cells?

Why are White Blood Cells ~T-Cells?~ T-Cells, often called natural killer cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill

-Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory response -Capillaries dilate -Pyrogens released, reach hypothalamus, and temperature rises -Pain receptors activate -WBCs flock to infected area like sharks to blood Why is The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response?~

What are the Two Divisions of the Immune System? -The efforts of the WBCs known as phagocytes and T-cells is called the cell-mediated immune system. -Protective factor = living cells -Phagocytes eat invaders -T-cells kill invaders

The other half of the immune system is called antibody-mediated immunity, meaning that is controlled by antibodies This represents the third line of defense in the immune system What are the Two Divisions of the Immune System? Continued????

-Most infections never make it past the first and second levels of defense -Those that do trigger the production and release of antibodies -Proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles -Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an antigen What is The Third Line of Defense ~Antibodies?~

How are Antibodies Produced? -WBCs gobble up invading particles and break them up -They show the particle pieces to T-cells, who identify the pieces and find specific B-cells to help -B-cells produce antibodies that are equipped to find that specific piece on a new particle and attach

What is Immunity? -New particles take longer to identify, and a person remains ill until a new antibody can be crafted -Old particles are quickly recognized, and a person may never become ill from that invader again. This person is now immune.

What is immunity? -Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance -Two types -Active Immunity -Passive Immunity

What is Active Immunity? -You produce the antibodies -Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through: -Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen You fought it, you won, you remember it -Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or weakened You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it What is this second type of exposure called?

What are Vaccines Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce immunity Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth, such as polio and smallpox

How long does active immunity last? It depends on the antigen Some disease-causing bacteria multiply into new forms that our body doesnt recognize, requiring annual vaccinations, like the flu shot Booster shot - reminds the immune system of the antigen Others last for a lifetime, such as chicken pox

Why do People Think the flu is no big deal? -Think again -In 1918, a particularly deadly strain of flu, called the Spanish Influenza, spread across the globe -It infected 20% of the human population and killed 5%, which came out to be about 100 million people

Do we get all the possible vaccines we can? Although the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends certain vaccines, many individuals go without them Those especially susceptible include travelers and students Consider the vaccine for meningitis, which is recommended for all college students and infects 3,000 people in the U.S., killing 300 annually Link

What is Passive Immunity? You dont produce the antibodies A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during pregnancy - through what organ? These antibodies will protect the baby for a short period of time following birth while its immune system develops. What endocrine gland is responsible for this? Lasts until antibodies die Why doesnt the mother just pass on the WBCs that remember the antigens? Thymus Placenta

What are Immune Disorders ~Allergies?~ -Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious threats -Launches immune response, which causes sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes -Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers

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Human Body Systems. In Pg. 76 What are 3 systems found in the human body? Answer: