Human Blood Human Blood TypingTyping

(Multiple Alleles)(Multiple Alleles)

Mrs. MacWilliamsBiology

I. I. WHEN IS BLOOD TYPING WHEN IS BLOOD TYPING DONE?DONE?

blood transfusionsblood transfusions blood donationblood donation organ donation for transplantationorgan donation for transplantation women planning to/become women planning to/become

pregnantpregnant determination of blood relativesdetermination of blood relatives identify crime suspectsidentify crime suspects

II. II. ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIESANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES

A. A. ANTIGENSANTIGENS Markers on surface of blood cells Markers on surface of blood cells Most important antigens: Most important antigens:

A, B, O, and RhA, B, O, and Rh

B. B. ANTIBODIESANTIBODIES

Formed against certain ANTIGENS in Formed against certain ANTIGENS in bloodblood

Destroy foreign antigens and blood Destroy foreign antigens and blood cellscells

What happens when you get What happens when you get the wrong blood type?the wrong blood type?

1.) The person’s body will recognize the 1.) The person’s body will recognize the ANTIGENSANTIGENS on the wrong blood as on the wrong blood as being foreign.being foreign.

2.) The white blood cells will make 2.) The white blood cells will make ANTIBODIESANTIBODIES to fight the foreign to fight the foreign ANTIGENS.ANTIGENS.

3.) The foreign blood cells will burst 3.) The foreign blood cells will burst and and AGGLUTINATEAGGLUTINATE and the person will and the person will die. die.

III. III. Blood Type Blood Type CompatibilitiesCompatibilities

A BLOOD:A BLOOD: – A antigensA antigens on the RBC on the RBC– Creates Creates antibodies against type B antibodies against type B – Genotypes: IGenotypes: IAAIIAA or I or IAAii

B BLOOD:B BLOOD: – B antigensB antigens on the RBC on the RBC– Creates Creates antibodies against type A antibodies against type A – Genotypes: IGenotypes: IBBIIBB or I or IBBi i

Blood Type Blood Type CompatibilitiesCompatibilities

O BLOODO BLOOD– NO antigens for A or B NO antigens for A or B – Antibodies against BOTH A and BAntibodies against BOTH A and B– Genotype: iiGenotype: ii– ““Universal DonorUniversal Donor””

Can donate to any blood typeCan donate to any blood type O is RECESSIVE to A and BO is RECESSIVE to A and B

Blood Type Blood Type CompatibilitiesCompatibilities

AB BLOODAB BLOOD– BOTH A and B antigens on RBCBOTH A and B antigens on RBC– NO antibodies for NO antibodies for eithereither Type A or Type Type A or Type

BB – Genotypes: IGenotypes: IAAIIBB

– ““Universal ReceiverUniversal Receiver”” Can receive blood from any blood typeCan receive blood from any blood type A and B are CO-DOMINANTA and B are CO-DOMINANT

IV. IV. Rh FACTORRh FACTORA. Named for the Rhesus Monkey in whose blood it A. Named for the Rhesus Monkey in whose blood it

was first found.was first found.

Rhesus MonkeyRhesus Monkey

C. C. Rh blood typingRh blood typing –Presence of Rh antigen (+) Presence of Rh antigen (+) –Absence of Rh antigen (-)Absence of Rh antigen (-)

B.B. System consists of at least 8 different System consists of at least 8 different antigens of which the most prominent is antigens of which the most prominent is called antigen D.called antigen D.1. About 85% of Americans of Western European 1. About 85% of Americans of Western European descent are Rh positive, which means that they have descent are Rh positive, which means that they have Antigen D on the surface of their red blood cells.Antigen D on the surface of their red blood cells.2. That means that the other 15% have no antigen D 2. That means that the other 15% have no antigen D on their cells and are termed Rh negative. When on their cells and are termed Rh negative. When they are exposed to Rh+ blood they form antibodies they are exposed to Rh+ blood they form antibodies against the antigens on the Rh+ cells.against the antigens on the Rh+ cells.

Rh FACTORRh FACTOR

D. Genotypes (complete dominance)D. Genotypes (complete dominance)1.1.Homozygous positive = Homozygous positive = + ++ +2.2.Heterozygous Positive =Heterozygous Positive = + -+ -3.3.Homozygous negative = Homozygous negative = - -- -

V. Rh IncompatibilityV. Rh Incompatibility

A. Situation:A. Situation:mom = Rh-mom = Rh- baby = Rh +baby = Rh +

1. Baby1. Baby’’s blood crosses into moms blood crosses into mom’’s blood via placentas blood via placenta2. Mom forms antibodies against baby2. Mom forms antibodies against baby’’s bloods blood3. Mom3. Mom’’s blood (with antibodies) crosses back into babys blood (with antibodies) crosses back into baby4. Baby4. Baby’’s immune system begins to destroy all of its red blood s immune system begins to destroy all of its red blood cellscells5. Baby becomes severely anemic and often dies5. Baby becomes severely anemic and often dies

B. The disease: Erythoblastosis fetalisB. The disease: Erythoblastosis fetalisC. The Rx: The drug RhogamC. The Rx: The drug Rhogam

(taken before conception)(taken before conception)

PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD TYPESTYPES

BLOOD TYPE WORLD BLOOD TYPE WORLD %%

O 45 %O 45 % A 41 %A 41 % B 10 %B 10 % AB 4 %AB 4 %

Rh + 85 %Rh + 85 % Rh - 15 %Rh - 15 %

TRANSFUSION CHARTTRANSFUSION CHART

O-O- Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti RhRh

O-O-

O+O+ Anti-A, Anti-BAnti-A, Anti-B O-, O+O-, O+

A-A- Anti-B, Anti-RhAnti-B, Anti-Rh A-, O-A-, O-

A+A+ Anti-BAnti-B A+, A-, O+, O-A+, A-, O+, O-

B-B- Anti-A, Anti-RhAnti-A, Anti-Rh B-, O-B-, O-

B+B+ Anti-AAnti-A B+, B-, O+, O-B+, B-, O+, O-

AB-AB- Anti-RhAnti-Rh AB-, A-, B-, O-AB-, A-, B-, O-

AB+AB+ No AntibodiesNo Antibodies AB+, AB-, A+, A-, AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-B+, B-, O+, O-

Blood Type Antibodies in blood Transfusion type

D.D. Crosses. There are 21 possible crosses between the 6 Crosses. There are 21 possible crosses between the 6 possible genotypes.possible genotypes.

CrossCross Possible Blood TypesPossible Blood Types1.1. AA x AAAA x AA AAAA2.2. AA x AOAA x AO AA, AOAA, AO3.3. AA x BBAA x BB ABAB4.4. AA x BOAA x BO AB, AOAB, AO5.5. AA x ABAA x AB AA, ABAA, AB6.6. AA x OOAA x OO AOAO7.7. AO x AOAO x AO AA, AO, OOAA, AO, OO8.8. AO x BBAO x BB AB, BOAB, BO9.9. AO x BOAO x BO AB, AO, BO, OOAB, AO, BO, OO10.10. AO x ABAO x AB AA, AB, AO, BOAA, AB, AO, BO

CrossCross Possible Blood TypesPossible Blood Types11.11. AO x OOAO x OO AO, OOAO, OO12.12. BB x BBBB x BB BBBB13.13. BB x BOBB x BO BB, BOBB, BO14.14. BB x ABBB x AB AB, BBAB, BB15.15. BB x OOBB x OO BOBO16.16. BO x BOBO x BO BB, BO, OOBB, BO, OO17.17. BO x ABBO x AB AB, AO, BB, BOAB, AO, BB, BO18.18. BO x OOBO x OO BO, OOBO, OO19.19. AB x ABAB x AB AA, AB, BBAA, AB, BB20.20. AB x OOAB x OO AO, BOAO, BO21.21. OO x OOOO x OO OOOO

BLOOD TYPING BLOOD TYPING WEB SITESWEB SITES

www.nobel.se/medicine/www.nobel.se/medicine/educational/educational/

http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/blood/http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.htmlrh.html

www.bloodbook.comwww.bloodbook.com http://www.biology.arizona.edu/http://www.biology.arizona.edu/ http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/

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