Human and Social Biology - Presentation on Malaria and Leptospirosis

8/17/2019 Human and Social Biology - Presentation on Malaria and Leptospirosis

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HUMAN AND SOBIOLOGY PRESENTA

GRO

LEPTOSPIROSIS AND MA


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MALARIA


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WHAT IS MALARIA?

•Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused b

parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus

Plasmodium. The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms

begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not appropriately treated, people may ha

recurrences of the disease months later. The disease is most commonly transmitted by

infected female !nopheles mosquito.


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CAUSATIVE AGENT

• "ausatie agents of malaria are plasmodium malariae #hich is a parasitic protozoa th

malaria in humans. It is one of seeral species of Plasmodium parasites that infect hum

including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ia$ #hich are responsible for m

malarial infection.


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VECTOR OF MALARIA

The female An!hele" Mosquito


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METHOD OF SPREAD


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA• %ymptoms of malaria typically deelop #ithin &' days to four #ees follo#ing the in

some patients, symptoms may not deelop for seeral months. "ommon symptoms o

include

• shaing chills that are moderate to seere

• high feer

• profuse s#eating

• headache


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA• nausea

• omiting

• diarrhea

• anemia

•muscle pain


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CONTROL#PREVENTION OF MALARIA

Methods used to preent Malaria

*educe mosquito breeding grounds

+se of insect repellent to preent mosquito bites

Taing antimalarial drugs

%praying indoors #ith insecticide to preent mosquitos


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CURATIVE MEASURES

The $%ea$men$ f mala%&a &n'l'e" ("&n) $he "ame an$&mala%&al a)en$" $ha$ a%e

!%e'en$ mala%&a+ H,e'e%- &f .( )e$ mala%&a af$e% $a/&n) a !a%$&0(la% !%e'en$a$

me*&0&ne- $hen a *&1e%en$ me*&0&ne ,&ll 2e ("e* $ $%ea$ $he mala%&a+

• D3.la% 4 0a!"(le" 0n$a&n $he a0$&'e &n)%e*&en$ *3.0.0l&ne- ,h&0h &" a $.!e

an$&2&$&0 0alle* a $e$%a0.0l&ne+ I$ &" ("e* $ $%ea$ &nfe0$&n" 0a("e* 2. 2a0$e%&

• La%&am 4 $a2le$" 0n$a&n $he a0$&'e &n)%e*&en$ me6(&ne- ,h&0h &" a $.!e f

me*&0&ne 0alle* an an$&mala%&al+ I$ &" ("e* &n 2$h $he !%e'en$&n an* $%ea$me

mala%&a+


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Leptospirosis


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There are t#o main types of eptospirosis

Mild eptospirosis - the patient e$periences muscle pains, chills and possibly a head

' of cases are of this type.

%eere eptospirosis - can be life-threatening. There is a ris of organ failure and int

hemorrhaging. This occurs #hen the bacterium infects the idneys, lier and other m

organs.


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CAUSATIVE AGENT

eptospirosis is caused by the bacterium Leptospira. They inhabit the animals0 idneys a

e$pelled #hen they urinate. and infect the soil or #ater supplies. "ontamination can pers

#ater for months.

People can become infected by

• 1rining contaminated #ater


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CAUSATIVE AGENT

• "oming into contact #ith contaminated #ater or soil if they hae unhealed cuts in th

• Their eyes, nose or mouth come into contact #ith contaminated #ater or soil

• "oming into contact #ith the blood of an infected animal (less common)


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VECTORS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

• %a00n"

• 2a$"

• "hee!

• *)"

• m&0e

• %a$"

• h%"e"

• 0a$$le

• 2(1ale"

• !&)"


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METHOD OF SPREAD

• eptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the sin, or

the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth #ith #ater contaminated #ith th

infected animals. eptospirosis can also be transmitted through the drining of #ater

ingestion of food contaminated #ith urine of infected animals, often rats.


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIRO

eptospirosis signs and symptoms usually appear suddenly, about 2 to &3 days after the

has become infected4 in some cases they may appear earlier or later.

%igns and symptoms of mild leptospirosis

"hills

"oughing

1iarrhea

5eadaches, these can come on suddenly


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5igh feer

Muscle pain, particularly lo#er bac and cales

6ausea

Poor appetite

*ed and irritated eyes


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The patient usually gets better #ithin one #ee #ithout any treatment. ! small propo

them #ill not improe, and #ill go on to deelop seere leptospirosis.

%igns and symptoms of seere leptospirosis - these #ill appear a fe# days after mild lep

symptoms hae disappeared. %igns and symptoms depend on #hich ital organs hae be

affected.

%igns and symptoms #hen the heart, lier and idneys are affected

7atigue


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CONTROL#PREVENTION OF LEPTOSPIRO

• The ris of acquiring leptospirosis can be greatly reduced by not s#imming or #ading

#ater that might be contaminated #ith animal urine, or eliminating contact #ith poten

infected animals.

• Those #ho regularly s#im in fresh#ater should mae sure that any sin cuts are coe

a #aterproof dressing

• Protectie clothing or foot#ear should be #orn by those e$posed to contaminated #a

soil because of their /ob or recreational actiities.


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CURATIVE MEASURE

• !cute leptospirosis - the doctor may prescribe a 9 to 2 day course of some tetracyclin

antibiotic.

• %eere leptospirosis - the patient #ill need to be hospitalized and gien antibiotics

intraenously. 1epending on #hich organs are affected a entilator to assist in breath

be required, as might dialysis if the idneys are affected. Intraenous fluids may be n

hydrate the patient and proide essential nutrients.

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Human and Social Biology - Presentation on Malaria and Leptospirosis