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Human and chimpanzee face processing in chimpanzees
Julie Martin-Malivel1 and Kazunori Okada2
1Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University2Computer Science Department, San Francisco State University
Predisposition for processing conspecific faces?
• Monkeys reared in isolation: preference for pictures of conspecific infants; fear reactions to threat pictures (Sackett, 1966)
• Sackett (1970): monkeys have an innate predisposition to respond to conspecifics, suggesting the possible existence of a species-specific recognition system
• Preference for pictures of their own species (Fujita, 1987), even when reared without experience with conspecifics (Fujita, 1990, 1993). E.g., rhesus monkeys reared with Japanese monkeys still showed a preference for pictures of their genetic species, rhesus monkeys (Fujita, 1990)
Species-specific effect
• Laboratory monkeys daily exposed to human faces discriminated between pictures of monkey faces but not between pictures of human faces (Pascalis & Bachevalier, 1998)
• Use internal features to discriminate conspecifics but not to discriminate humans (monkeys: Martin-Malivel et al., 2001; sheep: Peirce, Leigh, & Kendrick, 2000; Peirce et al., 2001).
• Right hemisphere advantage for conspecifics but for human faces (Peirce et al., 2000, 2001)
Subjects
• Four chimpanzees from the Language Research Center (GSU): Lana, Sherman, Panzee, Mercury
– Exposure to chimpanzees: • Three conspecifics in their daily lives• About 12 total in their whole lives
– Exposure to humans: • High (caretakers, researchers, vets, visitors, etc.) • Free visible faces (no masks and shields)• Direct interactions (extensive training for
‘language’/lexigrams and multiple cognitive tasks)
Do they recognize one species better than the other?
• Baseline trials: scores with human pictures versus scores with chimpanzee pictures
• Categorical Perception: morphs between humans; morphs between chimpanzees
Delayed Matching-To-SampleStimuli
• Eight unknown chimpanzees; Eight unknown humans
Delayed Matching-To-SampleProcedure
Results – Baseline trialsHuman versus chimpanzee pictures
Scores
0102030405060708090
100
LRC Yerkes
perc
enta
ge c
orre
ct (
%)
p=.013* p=.266
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
LRC Yerkes
chimp
human
center factor: p < .001*** -------------
p=.48
p=.86
Are the human pictures more different than the chimpanzee pictures?
Computational simulation(based on artificial face recognition system)
0.850.8250.800.775
Similarity Coefficients from Computational Simulation
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Sco
res
LR
C S
ub
ject
s
humanchimphumanchimp
species
R Sq Linear = 0.528
R Sq Linear = 0.337
Correlation between Computational Simulation and
chimpanzees’ scoresHuman pictures
Chimpanzee pictures
LRC
r(21) = -.627, , p = .001**
• The LRC chimpanzees are better at recognizing human than chimpanzee pictorial faces
• Computational simulation is consistent with subjects’ performance
• Do subjects perceive faces in a categorical way?
• Emergence categorical perception effect for both humans and chimpanzees?
Theoretical boundary
100ch1/0ch2 80ch1/20ch2 60ch1/40ch2 40ch1/60ch2 20ch1/80ch2 0ch1/100ch2
|_____P1____| |_____P2____| |_____P3____| |_____P4_____| |_____P5_____|
Ch1 Ch2
Hu1 Hu2
Categorical perception
Cross-categories Within-categoryWithin-category
12 chimpanzee morphs
12 human morphs
Results – Categorical Perception
0
20
40
60
80
chimp humanLRC
perc
enta
ge c
orre
ct (
%)
within-catego
cross-catego
p=.027*p=.698
Conclusions
• Chimpanzees with higher exposure to human faces than conspecific faces can recognize human faces more efficiently
• Categorical perception emerged only with species for which they have a high expertise
Merci!
Comparison with another chimpanzee population
• Four chimpanzees from Yerkes (Katrina, Scott, Lamar, Jarred)
– Exposure to chimpanzees: Yerkes population is large, but limited visual contact. Only direct interaction with 1 conspecific since many years (pair-housed )
– Exposure to humans: wear PPE
Results - Baseline trialsHuman versus chimpanzee pictures
Reaction times
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
LRC Yerkes
resp
onse
tim
es (
ms)
chimp
human
center factor: p < .001*** -------------
p=.48
p=.86
Results - Baseline trialsHuman versus chimpanzee pictures
Scores
0102030405060708090
100
LRC Yerkes
perc
enta
ge c
orre
ct (
%)
p=.013* p=.266
0.850.8250.800.775
Similarity Coefficients from Computational Simulation
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Sco
res
LR
C S
ub
ject
s
humanchimphumanchimp
species
R Sq Linear = 0.528
R Sq Linear = 0.337
Correlation Computational Simulation with
chimpanzees’ scores
Human pictures
Chimpanzee pictures
LRC
r(21) = -.627, , p = .001**
0.850.8250.800.775
Similarity Coefficients from Computational Simulation
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
Sco
res
Yer
kes
Su
bje
cts
humanchimphumanchimp
species
R Sq Linear = 0.615
R Sq Linear = 0.713
Yerkes
r(21) = -.817, p < .001***
Results – Categorical Perception
0
20
40
60
80
chimp humanLRC
perc
enta
ge c
orre
ct (
%)
within-catego
cross-catego
p=.027*p=.698
0
20
40
60
80
chimp humanYerkes
p=.11p=.61
Conclusions
• Chimpanzees with higher exposure to human faces than conspecific faces can recognize human faces more efficiently (LRC)
• Yerkes recognize both human and chimpanzee faces (consistent with Parr et al., 1998), but maybe not as fine tuned as LRC chimpanzees (no CP effect)
Predisposition for processing conspecific faces?
• Rhesus monkeys reared in isolation showed a preference for pictures of conspecific infants in comparison with other pictures, and showed fear reactions to threat pictures (Sackett, 1966).
• Sackett (1970) has argued that monkeys have an innate predisposition to respond to the individual features of conspecifics, suggesting the possible existence of a species-specific recognition system.
• Monkeys prefer to look at pictures of their own species than pictures of other species (Fujita, 1987), even in subjects reared without experience with individuals of their own species (Fujita, 1990, 1993). E.g., rhesus monkeys reared with Japanese monkeys still showed a preference for pictures of their genetic species, rhesus monkeys (Fujita, 1990).
Other-species effect
• Laboratory monkeys daily exposed to human faces presented novelty preference for monkey faces but not for human faces (Pascalis and Bachevalier, 1998)
• In some studies, monkeys (Martin-Malivel et al., 2001) and sheep (Peirce et al., 2001) did not use internal features to discriminate pictures of human faces.
• In contrast, sheep used internal features to discriminate sheep faces (Peirce, Leigh, & Kendrick, 2000). A right hemisphere advantage was found in sheep with sheep faces but not with human faces (Peirce et al., 2000, 2001),
Categorical Perception
Theoretical boundary
100ch1/0ch2 80ch1/20ch2 60ch1/40ch2 40ch1/60ch2 20ch1/80ch2 0ch1/100ch2
|_____P1____| |_____P2____| |_____P3____| |_____P4_____| |_____P5_____|
Ch1 Ch2
Hu1 Hu2
100hu1/0hu2 80hu1/20hu2 60hu1/40hu2 40hu1/60hu2 20hu1/80hu2 0hu1/100hu2
|_____P1____| |_____P2____| |_____P3_____| |_____P4_____| |_____P5_____|
Categorical perception
Cross-categories Within-categoryWithin-category
12 chimpanzee morphs
12 human morphs