Human Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy and PhysiologyAn IntroductionMrs. S. McElwee1What
is anatomy?The study of the structure and shape of the body and its
parts and their relationship to one another.Derived from Greek word
to cut (tomy) apart (ana).Gross anatomy-when we study large, easily
observable body structures such as the heart or bones.Microscopic
anatomy-structures that are too small to see with the naked eye,
such as cells and tissues.
2What is physiology?The study of how the body and its parts work
or function.physio=nature; ology=the study ofPhysiology has many
subdivisions: neutrology, cardiac physiology, etc.
3Anatomy and Physiology are always relatedStructure =
FunctionThe parts of your body form a well organized unit, and each
of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a
whole.Structure determines what function can take place.4Levels of
OrganizationAtoms (Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen)Molecules (water,
sugar, proteins)Organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane)Cells (the
smallest unit of all living things)Tissues groups of cells with
similar function4 types: epithelial, connective, muscular,
neuralOrgans 2 or more tissues with a specific function (heart,
lungs)Organ systems group of organs with a common function
(digestive system)Organism (the living body)
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7Major Organ SystemsIntegumentary- Skeletal-
Muscular-Nervous-Endocrine-Cardiovascular-Lymphatic-Respitory-Digestive-Urinary-Reproductive-
8IntegumentarySkin, hair , and nailsexternal covering
Waterproofs, cushions, and protects the deeper tissues from
injury.Excretes salts and urea in perspiration and regulates body
temperature.Contains temperature, pressure, and pain
receptors.9Skeletal SystemBones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons,
and joints.Supports the body and provides a framework for
muscles.Protection.Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occurs
in the bone marrowinside bones.Hard substance of bones stores
minerals.10MuscularThe function of muscles is to contract, or
shorten, causing movement.Muscles are the machines of the
body.Skeletal muscles (attached to bones) move the body.Other
muscles of the heart and other hollow organs move fluids (blood,
urine) or other substances (food) along pathways of the
body.Produce heat.11Nervous SystemControl SystemBrain, spinal cord,
nerves, sensory receptors.Allows the body to respond to irritants
or stimuli.The sensory receptors detect these changes (nerve
impulses) and send messages to the CNS.12Endocrine System
(Hormones)Controls body activities (slowly).Endocrine glands
produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into
the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs. Endocrine
glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus,
pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes.There are many body functions
regulated by hormones including growth, reproduction, and food
use.13Cardiovascular/CirculatoryHeart, blood, and blood
vessels.Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other
substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are
made.White blood cells in blood fight bacteria, toxins, and tumor
cells.
14Lymphatic/Immune SystemLymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and
other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils.Return blood
back to the blood vessels so it can continuously circulate through
the body.Help cleanse the blood and house immune
cells.15RespiratorySupplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon
dioxide.Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
lungs.16DigestiveTube running from mouth to anus.Oral cavity
(mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and
rectum.Breaks down food and delivers it to the blood for
distribution; reclaim water.The liver produces bile which breaks
down fats.The pancreas delivers digestive enzymes to the small
intestine.17Urinary/ExcretoryRemoves nitrogen containing wastes
from the blood with urine.Excretory Systemkidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra.Maintains the bodys water and salt
(electrolyte) balance and regulates acid-base balance of blood.
18ReproductiveThe produce offspring (continuation of
species)Composed of: Testes Ovaries Uterus--Tubes Etc
19Identify the major organ systemsDownload the app Visanatomy
Lite.Click on Organ 3D.Practice identifying the organs.
20What do all humans do?A. maintaining boundaries- inside
distinct from outside. Cells surrounded by membrane that controls
what comes in and out. Skin protects body. Internal organs
protected from drying out, bacteria, sunlightB. Movementmoving
around and movement of blood, food, and urine.C. Responsiveness
(irritability)ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react to
them.D. Digestionbreak down food into molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood and distributed to cells by CV system.E.
Metabolismall chemical reactions in the body. Produced energyF.
ExcretionRemoval of wasteG. Reproductionproducing offspringH.
Growthincrease in size.
21Survival NeedsFoodnutrients contain chemicals used for energy
and building cells. (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, and
minerals)Oxygenrequired to release energy from foodWater60-80 % of
body weightAppropriate temperature98O; most body heat generated by
skeletal muscles.Appropriate pressure required for breathing.
22https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j19PLW9Ezk&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHb_1WTHV3VLxG_ofUioIrO&index=7
Dorsalback of body (continuous)Cranial-brainSpinal-spine &
spinal cordContains vertebraeVentralfront of bodyThoracic-heart and
lungsPericardial cavity-heart(pericardium-lines cavity)Pleural
cavity-lungs(pleural membrane-lines lung) --Abdominal-stomach, gall
Bladder, Intestines, liver, pancreas--Pelvicreproductive organs and
urinary bladder --Separated by diaphragm
**For more information: WISC-onlineBody Cavities
Body CavitiesAlso, sinus, nasal, oral, and orbital
cavities.23Membranes Thin, line cavities and cover organsParietal
line wall of cavityVisceral cover organs
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25Abdominopelvic Regions
http://www.mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/introduction-to-human-anatomy-and-physiology
264 abdominal quadrants
27HomeostasisStaying the same; steady stateStability despite
fluctuationsAdjustments made by the body to maintain balance by
regulatory mechanisms.Negative Feedbackmoves body toward
homeostasis; Ex. TemperaturePositive FeedbackMoves body away from
homeostasis; Ex. Blood clot, lactating
28Can you think of some examples?
29Blood Sugar Maintenance
30Temperature Maintenance
31Anatomical TerminologyThe Language of AnatomyAnatomical
PositionReference position for directionsStanding posture, arms at
sides, palms forward
32Directional TermsSuperior/inferiorAnterior/posteriorVentral
(belly side)/dorsal (back
side)Medial/lateralProximal/distalSuperficial/deepAxial/appendicularIpsilateral/contralateral
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34Body Planes and SectionsA section is a cut.A cut is made along
an imaginary line called a plane.35 Sagittal Plane
Divides body into right & left halves.
36Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides body into front & back portions.
37Transverse Plane
Divides body into upper & lower portions.A cross section
38See online classroom for interactive review activity on
directional terms.In Intro Folder39Directional Terms and Planes
AssignmentCreate a presentation with pictures illustrating the
following terms:Write a sentence for these 13
terms:Superior/inferiorVentral (belly side)/dorsal (back side) or
anterior/posteriorMedial/lateralProximal/distal/intermediateSuperficial/deepIpsilateral/ContralateralNo
sentence for these. Instead, use a picture with a line representing
the cut.Sagittal planeCoronal planeTransverse planeAt least 9
slides plus cover slide.40For ExampleThe revolving restaurant is
superior to the parking garage.
41The subway is inferior to the street.
42Sagittal Plane
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