HUMAN ANATOMY - 7

Lymphatic system. Respiratory system.

Lymphatic system (p.808, fig.21.1)

• It is the network of vessels, penetrating all tissues, and a collection of tissues and organs, producing immune cells.

• Its activity provides body with:– fluid recovery (15% of lost fluid is returned to circ)– immunity (cleans foreign bodies within recovered fluid)– absorbtion of dietary lipids (which can’t be done

by capillars)

Components of lymphatic system

• lymph, the recovered fluid; • lymphatic vessels, which transport the

lymph; • lymphatic cells, i.e. lymphocytes and

macrophages; • lymphatic organs, in which these cells are

especially concentrated (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils & spleen)

Reactions of immune system

• Allergy – excessive harmful reaction to antigens• Autoimmune disease – failure to distinguish

between self & foreing subject• Immunodeficiency disease – failure to respond

vigorously to foriegn subject• Neuroimmunology (p. 848) is the new growing

branch of immunology)•

Respiratory system (p.856, fig.22.1)

• Why do we breath?• Any our activity requires energy, i.e. ATP, and

most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and generates carbon dioxide—thus driving breathing

• The respiratory system consists of tubes (i.e. airways), that deliver air to the lungs alveols (i.e. special sacs) , where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Anatomy of upper respiratory tract (p.858, fig.22.3)

• Nose – Warms, cleans & humidifies inhaled air– Detects odors– Works as voice resonator

• Pharynx – muscular funnel, extending from nose to lalynx. Consisit of 3 parts.

• Larynx – a compartment, made of series of cartilages, place where voice is produced.

Lower respiratory tract (p.861, fig.22.3)

• Trachea – rigid tube, made of series of C-shaped cartilages

• Bronchial tree is divided into 65000 terminal bronchioles. The latter is lack of supportive cartilage, are muscular and are 1mm in diameter.

• Alveoli (p.865, fig.22.12) – grapes-resembling sacs, where O2 –CO2 exchange occurs

The process of respiration

• Respiratory muscles (p.867, fig.22.13)– Major respiratory muscles• External respiratory• Diaphragm

• Synergist muscles of respiration– abdominal muscles– neck muscles– internal intercostal muscles

The respiratory cycle (p.873, fig.22.16)

• Inspiration (always is active process)

• Expiration (is passive under normal conditions, but in forced expiration occurs with participation of muscles, so is active)

• Internal & external breathing (p.880, fig.22.20)