Hugo de Tribus Maximis Circumstantiis Gestorum

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Hugo of St. Victor: De Tribus Maximis Circumstantiis GestorumAuthor(s): William M. GreenSource: Speculum, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 484-493Published by: Medieval Academy of America

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2/12

HUGO OF

ST

VICTOR

DE

TRIBUS

MAXIMIS

CIRCUMSTANTIIS

GESTORUM

BY

WILLIAM M.

GREEN

AMONG he

unpublishedworksof

Hugo St Victor s a

so-called

chronicle,

eally

a

schoolbook fhistory,

written

bout the

year 1130. t

consists f

a prologue

d-

dressed o

the student,

ollowed y

istsof

persons, laces,

and

dates formemoriz-

ing.The

book is

unimportant

s a sourcefor

historical ata, but

throws

nterest-

ing ight n the

method

fteaching

history sed by

Hugo

in his

renowned chool

at

the abbey

of

St

Victor

n Paris.

It

is

found

n

more

than

twenty

manuscripts

usually

with the title De tribus

maximis

circumstantiis

estorum,d

est personis

locis

temporibus,

nd

in

the best

manuscripts

t fills bout

forty olios.'

The pur-

pose

of

the

present rticle s to

call

attention o

the place of the

book

in

Hugo's

curriculum,nd to givea classification fthemanuscripts, critical extofthe

prologue,

nd

a

shortdescription f

the

tables

whichconstitute

he bulk

of

the

work.

The

prologue

begins

n

the tone

of a

master

giving

his

first

nstruction

o

a

young

student: Fili,

sapientia

thesaurus

st et cor tuum

archa.'2

The

treasures

of

wisdom, t

is

said,

mustbe

properly

lassified

nd stored n

the

compartments

of

the mind,

ust

as

a

money

hanger

eparatesthe

coins n his

till. Data

may be

arranged

y number,

lace, and

time.

Numbers

re visualized n a

line,with

the

properdata

attached

to each. For

example, n

memorizing he one

hundred

ifty

Psalms, theopeningwords ofeach are associatedwiththe propernumber.Ac-

cording

o

'place,'

one fixes

n

the

mind

mages

of

the

pages

of a

book,

together

with

uch

details

as

the

color

and

shapes

of

the

etters,

nd

the

place where

the

book was

read.

As

for

time,' one

remembers vents n

chronological

rder,

sso-

ciated

with

the time

when

they

were

studied.The

rules given

are

intended

for

boys: Ista

quidempuerilia

unt, alia

tamen

quae pueris

prodesse

possunt.

Evi-

dently,

t

the

beginning

f

their ourse

Hugo's pupils

were

first

aught

how

to

study.

History,

llegory,

nd

tropology

re

next

announced s

the three

methods

of

Scripture xposition.4 istory, he first fthese,was tobe the basis of all instruc-

1

The

work

s

described

by

B.

Haureau,

'La

Chronique

de

Hugues

de

Saint-Victor,'

ournaldeB

Savants,

886, 302-306, and

bv

the

same

author,Les

WEuvrese

Hugues de

Saint-Victor

Paris,

1886),

187-190. The

chronological

able

of

popes

and

emperors, hich

occupiesthe

last

twelveof the

forty

folios, s

published n a

compressed

orm

y Waitz

in M.

G. H.,

SS.,

xxiv

(Hannover,1879),

90-97.

2 B. N.

15009, Fol.

Jr, p. 488, ine50, below. 3

Fol.

2r, p.

490, ine

30.

4As

in

Hugo's

DidascaliconP. L.,

CLXXV, 789C.

For

the place

of

history n

Hugo's course of

study,

see

G.

Pare,

A.

Brunet, nd P.

Tremblay,

La

Renaissancedu

XlIe

Siecle

(Paris, 1933),

18-927,and

W.

A.

Schneider,

Geschichte

nd

Geschichtsphilosophie

ei

Hugo

vonSt

Victor

Mllnster,

933),

19-36.

Although

history

elonged

to the

Biblical

studies,

hese

were

closely

nterwovenwith

the secular

disciplinescf.Schneider, p. cit., 5,n. 101). Studentsmusthavemade a beginning oth ngrammar

and in Bible

study

before

oming

o

Hugo's classes.

Historywas

there iven

first

lace for wo

reasons;

(1)

It

was

the

foundation or

llegory

nd

tropology, n

whichHugo

placed the

greatest

tress. 2)

It

offered

ata

especially uited for

training he

memory,

which he

believed to

be of

fundamental

importance.

f. fol.

2r,p.

490,1.

39 f.: In

sola

enim

memoria

mnisutilitas

doctrinae

onsistit.'

484


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3/12

Hugo

of St

Victor

485

tion: 'Sed

nos hystoriam

une

in

manibus

habenus,

quasi

fundamentum

mnis

doctrinaeprimum

n memoria

collocandum.

The essential

data of

history

re

declared

o be persons,

laces,

and dates.2

Of

these

limitednumberwas

selected

to be memorized

n the

basic course:

Oportet

nos ex

omnibus

brevem

uandam

summam olligere uasi fundamentumundamenti,oc est, primum undamen-

tum, quam

facile

possit

animus comprehendere

t memoria

retinere...

cui

quicquid

per

ectionem ostea

superaedificaverit

ine difficultate

t cito capiet

et

diu retinebit.'3

he prologue

loses with

rehearsal

f

the

workof the

six

days

of

creation,

nd

the tables

follow,

n

thirty-seven

olios.

There can

be

no doubt

that this

s the work

on history o

which

Hugo

refers

n

the

prologue

f

the

first ook

of his De Sacramentis.

Cum gitur

e

prima

ruditione

acri loquii uae

nhistoricaonstat

ectione

ompendio-

sumvolumen rius

ictassem,

oc

nunc

d

secundam

ruditionemquae

n

allegoria

st)

introducendisraeparavi;n quo, i fundamentouodam ognitionisideinimumtabili-

ant, ut caetera

uae

vel legendo

el audiendo

uperaedificare

otuerit,

nconcussa

er-

maneant.

anc

enim uasi

brevem uandam

ummam

nunam eriem

ompegi.4

It may

be observed: 1)

The

De

tribusmaximis

s

the

only compendiosum

olu-

men'

by Hugo

devoted

exclusively o

history.

2)

Verbal

parallels

n

the

two pro-

logues

confirm

he identity,

s

may be seen

by comparing

he two passages

ust

quoted.

(3)

There

is in both works

symmetrical

alance

between

conditio

ex

diebus

perfectand

reparatio ex

aetatibus

erfecta,

he former

eing

divided

nto

creatio

ante

omnem iem), dispositio

first

o third

day),

and ornatus

fourth o

sixthday).5

The introductory

ature of

this

schoolbook

vidently

ccounts

for ts place

in

the

first dition

of

Hugo's

collected

works.That

edition, n

four

volumes,was

prepared

by

Gilduin,

who was

abbot

of St Victor's

during

Hugo's

time.The

first

volume contained

number

of works ntended

for chool

use, and

among

them

the

manualof history

tood

first.6

ilduin

was of course

cquainted

with the use

I

Fol.

2v, p. 491,

ine 11.

2

Fol. 2v,p. 491,

lines 16-18.

In Didascalicon, P. L.,

CLXXV, 799C,

he names four tems,

persona,

negotium,

empus,

et locus.' The negotium, owever,

ould

be

set forth

nly

in a

narrative,

nd

hencewas less suitablefor hesortof memory rill ntended n connectionwith his book.

3

Fol.

2v,p. 491,

lines 14-921.

4

P. L., cIxxvI,

183. H. 0. Taylor, The

Medieval

Mind (4th ed., London,

1930) i, 91, dentifies

he

compendiosum

olumen ith he

De scripturist criptoribus

acris;Haureau

takes

t

to be

the first

art

of the Excerptionum

llegoricarumibri

XXIV; Schneider,

op.

cit.,

16, leaves

the

question

open. Schneider's

issertation

s largely ased

on the Excerptiones.

f the De tribusmaximis

he

seems

to know

nly he ist

of popes and emperors

op.

cit.,

5).

6

Fols 2v-3v, . 491,

ines 34-35 and Plate A; De sacramentis,

.

L., cLxxvI,

183-185.

6

The indiculum

f

Gilduin's

edition

s

preserved

n

Ms.

49 of

Merton

College, published

by

J.

de

Ghellinck,

La Table des Matieres

de la

Premiere

dition

des (Euvres

de Hugues de Saint-Victor,'

Recherches

e Science

Religieuse,

(1910),

270-289, 385-396. The usual

title De tribus

maximis

. .

'

doesnotappear n the ndiculum, ut instead he titlecronica,with he ncipit nd explicit othofthe

prologue

nd of the

chronicle roper.The

otherworks n the first

olume as

listed by Gilduin and

identified y Ghellinck,

p. cit.,

283-289)

were (2) the

introdtiction

o Scripture tudy printed

n

P. L., cixxv, 1-35;

(3) the Didascalicon,

which ets

forth he whole program

f Hugo's

studies; 4)

the Epitoma n philosophiam,

sketch losely

elated o

the

Didascalicon;

5)

a textbook f

grammar;




4/12

486

Hugo

of

St

Victor

of

the

book

in the

abbey

school,

hence regarded

he

first

lace

in

the

collection

s

most

suitable

for t.

AUTHORSHIP,

TITLE,

AND

DATE

Although

Hugo's

authorship

f

the

De

tribus

maximis

was

denied

by

the

editors

of

the

Histoire

Litteraire

e la France,'

and

questioned

by

Waitz,2

t

has

been

fully

established

by

Haureau.3

The

facts

are:

(1)

The

majority

of

manuscripts

name

Hugo

as author.

2)

Alberic

of

Trois-Fontaines

epeatedly

ites

the

work

as

Hugo's.

(3) It

is

included

n

the

indiculum

f Hugo's

works,

ollectedby

his

abbot

Gilduin.

The

title

varies

somewhat.

n twelve

manuscripts

he

title

appears

at

the

in-

cipit,

De tribus

maximis

ircumstantiis

estorum,

d

est,

personis,

ocis,

emporibus

Two

have the

title

Cronica.

Of those

which

have examined,

he

remainder

ave

no title,

rone

written

n

a laterhand.Threeofthetwelvewhichhave theusual

title refer

o

the

tables

which

follow he prologue

s Chronica.

n

the

ndiculum

of Gilduin's

edition

he

work

s

called

Cronica,

ut the Prologus

s

distinguished

from

he

Cronica roper.

vidently

both names

were

n

use from

he

beginning.

The date

of the

book

is

probably

1130: (1)

Hugo's

last entry

n

the

table

of

popes

was

Honorius ecundus

edit

nnis

v mensibus

i.' Honorius'

death

on

Feb-

ruary

14,

1130

fixes

he terminus

ostquem.

2)

Alberic

of Trois-Fontaines4

e-

clares

that

the

chronicle

f

Hugo

ended

with

1130.

(3)

The

same

statement

s

made

in one

manuscript

f the

chronicle.5

he

numerals

which

fillout the

last

page (inParis,B. N. 15009,fol.40v, nd pressumablyn the archetype)go on to

1135, evidently

with he

expectation

hat

the manuscript

would

be

continued

y

later

hands.

MANUSCRIPTS

Twenty

manuscripts

ave

been examined

for his study,

of

which

hirteen

re

ofthe twelfth

entury,

nd

a

number

f

these

were

made

very

oon

after he

book

was

firstwritten.

The extant

copies

were preserved

n

the

monasteries

nd

cathedrals

f northern

rance, Germany,

nd

England.

Haureau6

suggests

hat

thepopularity f hebookwas dueto itsbrevitynd consequent heapness.While

this

s

doubtless

partial

explanation,

he

dissemination

f the

work

must

have

been due primarily

o the

prestige

fHugo

and the

school

t

St Victor's.

The prologue

was

sometimes eparately

opied,

and

sometimes

etached

from

the remainder,

nasmuch

s it had

an interest

f

its

own.

Portions

of the

tables

wereoften

mitted,

withmuch

resultant

onfusion

nd

variety

n the

manuscripts.

The text

of heprologue,

owever,

s usually

well

preserved.

he

first

even

manu-

scripts

escribed

elow

show

no

signifiant

roupings,

ut the

others

all

nto

three

well defined

roups.

Sigla

are

assigned

to

the

seven

whose

readings

re given

n

the critical pparatus.

(6)

a

textbook

f geometry;

7 and 8) the

two

treatises n

the

ark

of Noah,

P.

L., cr=xxvi,

617-704;

and

(9) the essay

De Institutione otitiorum,

.

L.,

cLxvIii,

925-952.

1

Histoire

Litt&raire

e la France,

xxi (Paris,

1869), 56.

2 M. 0. H., SS., xxiv,

88.

' Journal

esSavants,

886, pp.

803-306.

4 M. 0. H., xxiii,

828.

1f

Auxerre,

Ms.

145,

p.

60.

6

Journal

des Savants,1886,

p.

305.




5/12

Hugo of St Victor

487

Ungrouped

V B.

N. 15009, fols

1r_40v,

xii cent., 33 11., 7X 24 cm.,

from bbey

of St Victor.

In

pagination nd arrangement

f

tables t mustbe identical

with he archetype, r

nearly

so,for very ttempted earrangementf thecompressedmaterialhas led to confusion.

Its orthography

nd

arrangement re followed

n

this

edition,

xcept

where

otherwise

noted.

W B.

N.

14872,

fols

49r-86v

(fol.

68 missing),

ii

cent.,

32-35

11.,

7

X)24

cm.,

from t

Victor's.

The pagination s

almost identicalwith V. Errors

are especially

frequent

n

numerals.

B. N.

15695,

fols

66r-67r,

xiii

cent.,

from

he Sorbonne.

It containsonly

the pro-

logue,

and may be a copy of

W.

Auxerre

45, pp.

5-62,

xii

cent.,

33

X)43

cm.,

from

aint-Marien.

Two folios, ontain-

ingtheprologue nd

the first ageoftables,

re missing.

he last entry y the first

and

is the

name

of

Pope

Lucius

iii

(1181-1185),

hence Molinier,Catalogue

General,

i,

59,

is

wrong n assigningt to the thirteenthentury.

L

Valenciennes42,

fols

r-54r,

XII cent. about

1144),

7 11., 8 X927 m., cols.,

rom

Saint-Amand.

The first and ends

with thename of

nnocent 1130-1143).

B. N. 4891, fols

r-37v,

xiii

cent.,

35-37 11., cols.,

19

X 28 cm.,from

heBibliotheca

Regia.

The tables

ofthe De tribusmaximis

re followed y another ection

fols38r-40r)

beginningPraesens

saeculum

distinguitur

n

duos status

sive

n

tria

tempora,'which

n

somemanuscripts

s incorporated

n

the prologue

of the

De

tribus.

B. N.

4932,

fols

r-44v,

XIII or xiv

cent.,

34

11.,

3

X


6/12

488 Hugo of St

Victor

D Douai364, fols 03v-133r,

xii

cent. shortly fter 154), 8511., cols., 22

X34

cm.,

from

Marchiennes.The sectionDe duobus tatibus t tribus emporibuss made a part of the

prologue cf. B. N. 4891). The tables are rearranged,with omissions.

Douai

27,

fols 15v-1

18r,

xiii cent.,29

11.,,

cols., 15

X2

2

cm.,fromMarchiennes.

his

is a portion f the prologue, opied from he preceding.

B. N.

15139, fols

242r-247r,

xii cent., 40-51 11., 0X18 cm., from he abbey of St

Victor.This is an abridgment f the first alf of the De tribus,with some additions. t

contains he nsertion e duobus tatibus, nd is otherwise loselyrelated o D. The ma-

terial s crowded, nd the tabular arrangement ntirely bandoned.

Cambrai965,fols

129r-167v,

xii

cent. (shortly fter1143), 2 cols.,

22

X)31

cm., from

the cathedralof Cambrai. This manuscript s closelyrelated to B, but sometimes re-

serves he truereading ost by both B and D.

Troyes nd Saint-OmerManuscripts

Troyes

259,

fols

1r-38v,

xii

cent. (before 1153), 36 11.,2 cols., 24 X32 cm., from

Clairvaux. The section Tres sorores omes at the end.

Saint-Omer

16, ols

9v-129r,

XIII

cent.,

2

cols.,

24

X34 cm.,

from lairmarais.

Tables

are rearranged.

Other

Manuscripts

Vatican

City,Reginae

Christinae

at. 453, fols r-22r,

xii

cent.,82-45

11.

his

is

a

frag-

ment, ontaining nly the atterpart of the De tribus.

Berlin at. 863, fols

366v-369v,

xiv

cent. A fragment.

Berlin lat. 864, fols

290v-296v,

xv cent. Another fragment.

Leipzig, Bibl. Univ. lat. 350, fols 94-1925, nd of

xii

cent., fromVetus

Cella.

De-

scribedby Pertz,M. G. H.,

SS.,

XVI,

41, and by Waitz in Pertz, Archiv,

i

(1858),

351.

Cheltenham, ngland,Library fSir Thomas hillipps,12200,

XIII

orxiv cent.,folios

not stated. See Waitz,

Neues Archiv,

v

(1879), 600.

fol.

Jr

Liber Magistri

Hugonis

Sancti

Victoris

De Tribus Maximis Circumstantiis estorum

id

est

PersonisLocis Temporibus

5

Fili, sapientia thesaurus est et cor tuum archa. Quando sapientiam discis,

thesaurizas ibi thesaurosbonos, thesauros mmortales, hesauros ncorruptibiles,

qui numquam veterascunt,nec speciem claritatis suae amittunt. n thesauris

sapientiaevariae sunt opum species et in archa cordis tui conditoria

multa.

Alibi

aurumet alibi argentum, libi apides preciosidisponuntur. ispositio

ordinis

llus-

10

tratio st cognitionis. ispone et distingue ingula ocis suis, eorsum sta et

seorsum

illa, ut scias quid ibi et quid ibi collocatum it. Confusio gnorantiae t

oblivionis

mater est, discretio utem intelligentiamlluminat t memoriam onfirmat.

ides

nummularium iversasmonetashabentem, uemadmodummarsupium

num

mul-

tiplici divisione ntersepiat, ta ut unus ambitus plures

intrinsecus

ellas

com-

15

plectatur.Partita namque pecunia et monetis ingulis b invicemdiscretis,

mnia

suis

locis servanda disponit, uatinus psa locorum distinctio

erum

particionem,

sicut

divisam suscipit, ta custodiat mpermixtam. ost haec

cernis

n

exponendo

concambioquomodo manus prompta ine impedimento equiturquocumqueeam

nutus volentisporrexerit,t omne, quod vel accepturuspoposceritvel promiserit

1-4

Titulum

mCW cronicamagistri ugonis

7

spetiem

7

suae

om

BD

9

speties

8-9

alibi rgentumt alibi urum D 11 quid bi et ibi quid C




7/12

Hugo

of

St Victor

489

daturus,

velociter ine

mora in

apertum

discretum

t

inconfusum roducit.

Et

fortassis

idiculummirandumque

atis

intuentibus

pectaculum

praeberetur,

um

unus et idem sacculus

tam

multas

species

mpermixtas

ffunderet,

i

ipsa

spelunca

ore reserato

ot

ntrinsecus

ntra hiantia

non

demonstraret.

unc autem psa quae

demonstraturocorumdiscretiouno et eodem tempore t intuentibus ollitfacti 5

miraculum

t agentibus

faciendi mpedimentum.

icut enim am

praefati

umus,

discretio

erum videntiam

acit.

Evidentia vero

rerum nimum imul

et in

agni-

tione

lluminat t

in memoria onfirmat.

edi

ergo,

fili,

d cor tuum et

considera

qualiter n eo disponere

t

collocaredebeas

preciosos

apientiae

hesauros, t scias

singula

receptacula ius,

et

cum

quid

in

eis

servandum

osueris,

ali

ordinedispone

10

ut, cum

ratio

poposcerit,

acile

per

memoriam

nvenire t

per intelligentiam

og-

noscere

et per

facundiam

possis proferre.

uius

dispositionis

ationem

alem

tibi

propono.

Tribus modisdiscernenda

unt n animo

ea quae discuntur,ecundum

numerum,

secundum

ocum, t secundum

empus,

ta omnia

quae

audieris t facile

ntellecta

15

capies et diu memoriaretinebis, i ea secundumhanc trinamdistinctionem on-

siderare

didiceris.

Quomodo

haec fieri

ossint,per

singula

demonstrabo. rimum

de discretione umeri.

Disce

contemplari

n animo tuo lineam

naturalisnumeri b

fol.

v

uno

in

quamlibet

longamporrectionem

uasi

ante

oculos

cordis/tui

xtensam.

Deinde

cum audierisquemlibet

numerum

ominari,

elociter

bi

cogitationem

n- 20

flectere

ssuesce,

ubi summaeius

clauditur, uasi

ad illud

punctum

uo

in

supremo

ipse numerus erminatur.

erbi gratia,

cum

audis

decem,

decimum

punctum

on-

templare,

um

duodecim

duodecimum,

t secundumfinem otum

comprehendas,

et

sic

in

ceteris.

Hanc

autem

cogitationem

t

hunc modum

maginandi

omesticum

habe et

usitatum,

ut quasi

visibiliter

ntuearis

omnium

numerorum

finemet

25

terminum,elut

discretis

ocis

dispositum.

t haec consideratio

uomodo

ad

dis-

cendumsit utilisaudi. Verbigratia,psalterium d verbumcordetenus ffirmare

volo. Sic

facio: primum

onsideroquot psalmos

habeat.

Invenio cl. Per

ordinem

omnes

ddisco,ut sciam

quis primus,

uis secundus,

uis

tercius, t sic de ceteris.

Taliter

dispono

n

corde

meo omnes

per

ordinem

n

linea naturalis

numeri, t cum

30

singulos

nominavero

n

suis sedibus

ubi

in

ipsa

linea

naturalis numeri

dispositi

sunt, simulcum

prolatione

vel

cogitatione

ttendo

ut idem mihi

sit

quantumad

cordis intuitum:

Beatus vir,' quod

primus

psalmus; 'Quare

fremuerunt,' uod

secundus;

Domine quid

multiplicati unt,'

quod tercius;

hoc

est, primo,

ecundo,

tercio oco attentus.

t

hanc considerationem

ta

pervigili

ntencione ordi

mprimo

35

ut interrogatus

ine

dubitatione

respondere

ossim,

sive

ordine

prolatis, ive

uno

aut pluribus ntermissis,ive conversoordine et retrograde ominatis x notissa

locorum

dispositione, uis

primus,

quis secundus,

quis

etiam xxvii,xlviii, sive

quotuslibet

it psalmus.

Hoc

modo

scripturas

e affirmasse

stendunt

qui, auc-

toritate

psalmi

alicuius usuri,

hoc

dixerunt

n

lxiii,

hoc

in

lxxv,

sive alio quolibet

40

psalmo

scriptum st,

in

eius

significatione

on

proferentes

omen,

ed

numerum.

An

putas

eos, quociens

aliquem psalmorum

numero

designarevolebant,

paginas

replicasse, t ibi

a principio

ompotum

rdientes cire

possent

quotus esset

quisque

psalmorum?

Nimis magnus

fuisset

abor iste

in

negotio

tali.

Habebant ergo

in

corde

potius noticiam,

et

memoria

retinebant,

icut didicerantnumerum

et

45

ordinem

ingulorum.

ognitis

autem

psalmis,

dem facio in

singulis

psalmis de

initiis

ersuum

uod feci n toto psalterio

de initiis

salmorum,

otamquedeinceps

seriemnsingulis ersibus acile orderetineo ostquam,dividendo t distinguendo

imprimis

ibrum

per psalmos

deinde

psalmumper versus,

tantam

prolixitatem

12

proferreossis

M

31

nominavero]

umeravero

3435 ter

quod]

quia BD

35

attentus]/ntentus

um asura

89

psalmus

itBD 40

usuri]

siBD

43

quisque

esset

CD

47-48

totamque

eriem

einceps

49

deinde

salmos

M




8/12

490

Hugo

of St

Victor

ad tantum

compendium

t brevitatem

edegi.

Et hoc quidem

in psalmis

sive

in

aliis libris

ertas

distinctiones

abentibus

acile

videri

potest.

Ubi

autem

continua

series

est

lectionis,

d ipsum

artificio

ieri

portet,

ut scilicetsecundum

ectoris

placitum,ubi competentius idebitur, rimum ota series n certasaliquas partes

5 dividatur,

t

illae rursum

n

alias, illae

iterum

n

alias, donec

tota prolixitas

ta

restringatur,

uo eam

animus

in

singulis

facile

complecti

possit.Memoria

enim

semper

gaudet

et

brevitate

n spatio

et

paucitate

n

numero,

t propterea

necesse

est ut,

ubi

series ectionis

n longum

tenditur,

primum

n pauca dividatur,

ut

fol.

2r

quod

animus

spatio

comprehendere/non

otest

saltem

numero

comprehendat,

t

10 rursum, um

postea

per

subdivisionem

arcium

in multa

spargitur,

n singulis

parvitate

vel brevitate

diuvetur.

Ecce

vidistiquid

valeat

ad discendum

iscretio

numeri.

nunc

vide

et considera

quid

valeat

in

id ipsum

discretio

oci.

Numquid

non considerasti

liquando

quemadmodum

puer,

i sepius

codicem

nter

egendum

mutaverit,

difficilius

d quod

legiturmemoriae

mprimere

ossit?

Cur hoc,

nisi

15 quia imaginatio ordis,cumper sensusexterius n tam multasfiguras er libros

diversos

pargitur,

illa

intrinsecus

pecialispermanere

otestperquam

memoria

confirmetur?

am

cum

omnibus

indiscrete

nformari

ogitur,

alia alii

super-

veniente,

emperque

posteriore

riorem

etergente,

ulla domestica

remanet

ut

familiaris

uae

usu et

assiduitate

erta

habeatur.

Multum

ergo

valet

ad memoriam

20

confirmandam

t,

cum

libros

egimus,

non

solum

numerum

t ordinem

versuum

vel

sententiarum,

ed etiamr

psum

colorem

et

formam

imul

et

situmpositio-

nemque litterarum

er

imaginationem

memoriae

mprimere

tudeamus,

ubi

illud

et ubi illud

scriptum

vidimus,

qua

parte,

quo

loco

(suppremo,

medio,

vel imo)

constitutum

speximus,

uo

coloretractum

itterae

el faciem

membranae

rnatem

25

intuiti

umus.

Ego puto

ad

memoriam

xcitandam

tiam lludnon nichilprodesse,

ut eas quoque quae extrinsecus cciderepossuntcircumstantias erumnon neg-

legenter

ttendamus,

t

verbia

gratia,

um

faciem

tqualitatem

ive

situm

ocorum

reminiscimur

bi

illud

vel

illud audivimus,

vultus

quoque

et habitus

personarum

a

quibus

illa

vel illa

didiscimus,

t si

qua

sunt talia

quae

gestionem

uiuslibet

30

negotii

comitantur.

sta

quidem

omnia

puerilia

sunt,

talia tamen

quae

pueris

prodesse

possunt.

Post discretionem

umeri

et loci

sequitur

discretio

emporis,

hoc est,quid

prius

quid

posterius

actum it,

quantum

prius

t quantum

posterius,

quot

annis,

quot mensibus,

uot

diebus

hoc

illud

praecedat

et

aliud

istud

sub-

sequatur.

Ad

hanc discretionem

ertinet

llud etiam

ut et ex ipsa qualitate

tem-

35

poris quando

hoc

vel

illud didiscimus

mentempostmodum

d

rerummemoriam

revocare ciamus,

cum

aliud

nocte

aliud

die,

aliud

hieme

aliud

estate,

aliud

sub

nubilo aliud sub serenogestumfuissereminiscimur.sta vero omnia praeludio

quodam

texuimus,

ueris

puerilia

comparantes,

e forte

minima

haec rudimenta

doctrinae pernentes

aulatim

diffluerencipiamus.

n sola enim memoria

omnis

40

utilitas

doctrinae onsistit,

uia

sicut

audisse

non

profuit

i

qui

non

pituit

ntelli-

gere,

ta nec

intellexisse

aluit

ei

qui

vel noluit

vel non

potuit

retinere.

antum

ergo

audisse

profuit

uantum

contigit

ntellexisse,

t tantum

ntellexisse

uantum

retinuisse.

ed

sunt

quaedam

fundamenta cientiae,

quae

si

memoriaefirmiter

impressa

fuerint,

acile

cetera

omnia patescunt.

Haec

tibi

in subiecta

pagina

eo

1 et brevitatemmBD 5 dividatur]istinguatur bis llae] lleV rursum]ursus CD

9

spatio

m C

13

et

puer

V 16

specialis]

piritalis

92

permaginem

D

25

ad

memoriam

xcitandam]

d memorandam

em

aliquam

C 14 extrinsecus]ntrinsecus

D

29 didiscimus

V

didi/cimus

um

asura

LW didicimus

M

34

sequatur

35

didis-

cimus

BCV

didi/cimus

um

rasura

W didicimus discimus

M 41

ita

intellexisse

on

M

42

quantum

ntellexisse

ontigit

D




9/12

Hugo

of

St

Victor

491

ordine

dispositapraescribemus

uo

ipsa

volumus nimo

tuo per memoriam

nseri,

ut

quicquid

postea

superedificaverimus

olidum

sse

possit.

Divinarum

cripturarum

xpositio

mnis

ecundum

riplicemensum ractatur:

fol.

2v

historiam, llegoriam,et tropologiam,d est moralitatem./Hystoriast rerum

gestarum

arratio

per primam

itterae

ignificationem

xpressa.

Allegoria

st

cum

5

per factum

hystoriaequod

in sensu

litterae

nvenitur liud

sive praeteriti ive

praesentis

ive

futuri emporis

actum

nnuitur.

Tropologia

est cum

in eo quod

factum

udimus, uid nobis

sitfaciendum

gnoscimus.Unde etiam

recte

ropologia,

id est,

sermo onversus

ive

ocutio

replicata,nomen

ccepit, quia

nimirum

lienae

narrationis

ermonem ad nostram tunc

eruditionem

onvertimus,

um facta

10

aliorum egendo

ea nobis ad

exemplum

vivendi

conformamus.

ed nos

hystoriam

nunc

in manibus

habemus, quasi

fundamentum mnis

doctrinae

primum

in

memoria

collocandum.

Sed quia, ut

diximus,memoria

brevitategaudet,

gesta

autem temporum

nfinita ene

sunt, oportetnos ex

omnibus

brevem

quandam

summam olligere uasifundamentumundamenti,ocest,primum undamentum, 15

quam

facile

possit

animus

comprehendere

t

memoria

etinere.

ria

igitur

unt n

quibus

praecipue

cognitiopendet rerum

gestarum,

d

est, personaea

quibus

res

gestae

sunt, e loca in

quibus

gestae

sunt,

et

tempora

quando gestae sunt. Haec

tria

quisquis

memoriternimo

tenuerit, nveniet e

fundamentum

abere

bonum,

cui

quicquid per lectionem

ostea

superedificaveritine

difficultatet cito

capiet

20

et diu

retinebit.

Verumptamen

oc

ita

memoriter etinere

portet t

assidua re-

tractatione

domesticum t

notum

habere,

ut

promptus it

ad

oninia

audita cor

suum

ptare, t ea quae hic

didiscerit d

omnia

quae postmodum

udierit

ecundum

locum et

tempuset

personam

ongrua

distributione

ssignare.

Siquidem n

archa

cordis

empus t

numerus

ongitudinem

metiuntur,

ream n

latitudinem

xpandit

25

locus, ut deindeceteradisponantur ocis suis. Primum giturpersonascum tem-

poribus

suis

ordine

disponemus,

n

longitudinemineam ab

exordio

porrigentes.

Deinde loca etiam

designabimus

uantumcapacitas

adbreviationis

atietur uffi-

cienter

x

universitate

ollecta. Nunc

ergosatage

ut

ea

quae

subter

describentur

ita

memoriae

uae

imprimas, ecundummodum

et

formam

iscendi

uperius ibi

30

demonstratam,t

experimento

ictorummeorum

eritatem

gnoscere

ossis,cum

videris

quantum

valeat,

non auditui

scripturarum

ive

loquacitati

solummodo

studium

t

operam

mpendere,

ed memoriae.

Sex

diebus

perfecta

st rerum

onditio,

t sex etatibus

perficitur ominum

e-

paratio. Mundus

ante omnem diem

factus,

sex diebus

formatus, ribus

diebus

35

primisdispositus,

ribus

equentibus rnatus st.

Prima

die

facta

est

lux,secunda

die firmamentumnter quas superiores t aquas inferiores.ertia die congregatae

sunt

aquae quae

erant suber

firmamentum

n

locum

unum,

et

apparuit

arida,

virentiaqueet

fructum

germinantia

roduxit.

Ecce

quattuor

elementorum is-

positio. Caelum sursum

expansum

est,

deinde

aer

serenatus

st,

deinde

aquae in 40

fol.

3r unum

congregatae

unt,

deinde

terra

revelata

est.

Sequitur

ornatus./Quarta

die

facta

sunt

luminaria n

ornamentum

aelorum,

ol

et

luna

et

stellae.

Quinta die

facti

sunt

pisces

de

aquis

et

volucres,

volucres

ad

ornamentum

eris, pisces

ad

ornamentum

quarum.

Sexta die

facta

sunt

umenta t

bestiae

et

cetera

animantia

quae

moventur

uper

terram,

d

ornamentum

errarum.

Novissime in

consum-

45

1

nseri]

nferri

7

factum

m

B

8

faciendum

it

DM

etiam

mM

16

n

memoria

17

pendet

erum

estarum

ognitio

18

n

quibus

t

tempora

19

animo

memoriterD

memoritermC

21

Verumptamen]

erum

9.92

otum]

ovum

23

didiscerit

didi/cerit

cum asura W didicerit

CD

didicit

M

26

ut]

t BD

disponuntur

Q8

tiam

oca

BD

30

tibi

uperius

82

valet

tibi

aleatM

35-36

primis

iebus

CMW

43 sunt

m

CDLM




10/12

492

Hugo

of

St Victor

mationem

omnium

factus

est homo,

Adam

et

Eva. Adam

cum esset

centum

triginta nnorum

genuit Seth.

Et vixit

Adam

postquam

genuit

Seth

decc

annos.

Sic in Hebreo

invenitur.

erum

xx interpretes

nte natum

Seth

cc

triginta

nnos

ponunt,

postea

dcc.

Et factum

st omnetempus

vitae Adam

anni

deccc

triginta.

5 Et cetera icutsubter equuntur ecundumHebraicamveritatem isposita.

1 est

omM

4

Adam itae

V vitae m

M

5 ebraicam

THE

TABLES

The tables

which

follow

have

divided nto

elevengroups,

orconvenience

f

descrip-

tion.

In

the

manuscripts

most

of

the

matter s closely compressed,

withfour

or

more

columns n each

page.

Lists incomplete

t the

foot

of a

page

are

continued n

correspond-

ing columns

of thefollowing

age,

with

the sequence

indicated

by column

headings,

or

(for he

Bible

names,group

v) by index

etters.Hugo explains

in

the

prologue

fol.

2v,

p. 491,lines24-33, above) that the columnar rrangements intendedas an aid to the

memory.

he student

was also advised

to remember

he color

and

shape of

the letters,

and thearrangement

f the

matter

n thepage

(fol.2r,

p.

490, ines

19-25).

I. Fol.

3v.Creation see

Plate

A,

lines1-8).

The twocenter

olumns

how the

order

f

creation ccording

o

Genesis,

.

On

each

side are crescents

with

nscriptions

o

mark

off

the distinction

etween he

workof

creation,

rrangement,

nd adornment,'

s

explained

in theprologue,

ols2v_3r,p.

491,lines

35-45.

ii.

Fols

3v_5r. Restoration,

n six ages

according

o the

Hebrewchronology.

his

is

a

chronological

able

of

the

succession

of

patriarchs,

udges,

kings,

nd

priests

roia

Adam

to

'Agrippa

rex.' (The first

wo ages,

fromAdam to Thare,

are shown

n Plate

A,

lines

9-32.)

Hugo

follows

Bede' in

accepting

the chronology

f

the

Hebrew

Old Testament.

But whereasBede bases his chronologyfter heBabyloniancaptivityon the reigns f

Persian,

Alexandrian,

nd Roman

rulers,Hugo

follows

he ine

ofJewish

igh

priests nd

Herodian

kings

as givenby

Eusebius2

and Syncellus

(translated

by Nicephorus).3

A

similar ist

ofnames s found

n Hugo's

Excerptiones.4

iII. Fols

5r-8r.Kingdoms

of theworld.

Lists are

given

of the

kings

of the

Assyrians,

Sicyonians,

gyptians,

Argives,

Medes,

Persians,

Athenians,

acedemonians,

Corinthians,

Macedonians,Lydians,

Latins,

Alexandrians,

yrians,

abylonians,

arthians,

Numidians,

and Romans. Names

are

arranged n

parallel

columns,

nd

the

length

of each

reign

s

usually ndicated,

s

in

thechronicle

fEusebius,

but Hugo

does

not

attempt

o

preserve

synchronism

etween

the

columns.

Eusebius

is the

chief

source,

with

additions

from

Justin,

rosius,

nd Bede.

Similar

ists are

found n the

Excerptiones.5

iv. Fols

8v-9r.

Creationand Restoration, ccording o the Septuagint hronology. t

the

end,

fol.

9r,

Hugo

explains

the purpose

of

ncluding

his

rejected

chronology.

ede

is

again

the source.6

v.

Fols 9r-16r. Miscellaneous

lists

of Hebrew

names.

From the

Old Testament

are

taken the genealogies

f

the

patriarchs,

kings

of Edom,

heads

of the twelve tribes,

he

twelve spies,

twenty-four

hiefs

of the

sanctuary,twenty-four

ingers

of the

temple,

David's mighty

men,

orty-twoncampments

n the

wilderness,

ndforty-eight

ities

of the

Levites.7The highpriests,

Maccabees,

and

Herods named

in

group

i are

again

listed,

and thebooks

of theBible

are classified

s in

Didascalicon,

v,

2-7.

'M.

G. H., AA.,

xiii, 247-983.

2

Griechischehristliche

chrift3teller,

v,

104-187.

3

Corpus criptorumistoriaeByzantinae, xii (Bonn,1829), 456-658.

4

P. L.,

cLxxvii, 215

f.

Ibid.,coll.

225-237.

6

Loc. cit.,note

17. Bede

gives he rejected hronology

f

the x along

with

he

other,

nd

not

n

a

separate able.

7

Genesis

v, x, xi,

xiv,

xxii,xxv, xxvi,xxxvi,

xlvi;

Exodus

vi, xviii,xxxi;

Num.

i, xiii, xxvi,

xxxiii;

Josh.xxi;

i

Sam.

iii,

xxiii;

i

Kings xxiii.;

Chron.

i, ii, vi, vii,

xi

xxiv,xxv,

xxvi.




11/12

SVITO ~ ~

'

PLAnE

A. B.

N.

15009,

ol. V

De tinbus

naximis

drTcumatanttw,

irst

ageoftables,howig

the

order

f creation

Condittio),

and chronological

able of the

patriarchsn

the

first woages

of restora

tion

Restauiraiw).

This

is thefirst

f some eventy

ages

of names nd

dates to

be visually

memorized.

Red

etters

ereppear

s ighterhade


12/12

Hugo

of

St

Victor

493

VI. Fols

16r-17v.

Geographical

names.

Thereare

lists

of

the

countries nd

provinces

f

Asia,

Africa,

nd

Europe,

also of

mountains,

ivers,

slands,

and

cities

including

welve

named

Alexandria).

The

same

listsare

given

nthe

third

book

of

the

Excerptiones,1

sec-

tion

which

Schneider

akes to

be

Hugo's

Mappa

mundi.2

vii.

Fol.

18v.

The

three isters. his section s found n onlyfourmanuscripts. t Anneis said tohave beenthrice

married,

nd to

have

borne

o

each

husband

a

daughter

amed

Mary.

These

three

sisters

became

the

motherof

the

Lord, the

motherof

James

and

Joseph,

nd

the

mother

of

Zebedee's

sons.

Hugo

gives

the

same

account in a

note

on

Galatians,

v,

19.3

viii.

Fols

19v-23r.

Table of

popes.

Three

columns

of

numeralsshow

the number

of

years,

months,

nd

days

in

each

pontificatend

each

interregnum,

hilethreemore

col-

umns

showthe

sums

of

these

numbers.

The

accumulationof

days

and

months s never

carried

over

to

the

number

of

years,

hence

the

years

from

Christ

through

Honorius

are

counted

s

1048,

nsteadof

1130.

More

than

one

manuscript

f

the

Liber

pontificalis

as

used,

and the

variant

readings

re

shown

s

alternativesn

Hugo's

table.

ix. Fols

24r-27v.

Tables ofrulers incethetimeofChrist.This is logically continua-

tion

of

the

tables

of

group ii.

Lists

are

given

of

Roman

and

Byzantine

emperors,

ings

of

the

Franks,

Germans,

Vandals,

Ostrogoths,

Visigoths,

ombards,

and

dukes

of

Nor-

mandy

and

Apulia. In

some

ists

the

years

of

each

reign

re

indicated.

Many

of

the

ists

are

prefaced y

brief

arratives,

writtenn

small

script.

Both

the

names

and

the

narrative

are

generally

o

be

foundn

the

sixth

o

tenth

books

of

the

Excerptiones,4 hich

Haureau5

declares

o

be

un

abrege peu

pr6s itteral'

f

the

Historia

cclesiastica

f

Hugo of

Fleury,

written

bout

1109.

The

excerpts

rom

he

latter

work

published

by

Waitz6

hardlybear

out

Haureau's

statement.

Not

only

s

the

arrangement

f

the

Excerptiones ery

different

from

hat of

the

earlier

work,

ut

there

re

also

frequent

dditions

nd

changes n

thepas-

sages

which

an be

compared.

The

frequent

dentical

passages

show,of

course,

hat

Hugo

ofSt Victormusthave usedtheworkofthemonkofFleury, longwithotherchronicles.

x.

Fol.

27v.

Names

of

historiographers.

en

of

the

thirty-four

ames

are

from

osephus,

others

rom

ivy,

Eusebius,

Orosius,

nd

Gregory f

Tours.

The

listhas

been

published

by

Pertz.7

xi.

Fols

29r-40v

(fol.

28 is

blank).

Chronological

able

of

popes

and

emperors,

rom

Jesus

Christ

o

Honorius i.

A

different

anuscript

f

the

Liber

pontificalis

as

here

used,

hence

there

re

frequent

ariations

from

he

earlier

table

of

popes

(viii).

In

the

chron-

ology

f

the

emperors

he

Byzantine

uccession

s

followed

othe

time

f

Charlemagne,nd

thereafter

he

succession

of

Carolingian

and

German

emperors.

During

the

eleventh,

twelfth, nd

thirteenth

enturies

number

of

chronicles

resent

ynchronousables

of

popes

and

emperors. f

those

publishedby

Waitz,8

only

one is

earlier

than

Hugo's,

and

itwas evidently otusedbyhim.His ownchroniclewas frequentlysedbylaterwriters,

and

must

have

done

much

to

establish

he

popularity

f

the

type.9

I

P.

L.,

cIxxvii,

209-216.

2

Op. C.,

16.

8

P.

L.,

cIxxv,

555.

4

P.

L.,

cixxvii,

239-284.

'

Les

cEuvre8

e

Hugues,

p.

185.

6

M. G.

H.,

SS.,

ix, 354-364.

7

Archiv,

i

(1858),

307 f.

8

M. G.

H.,

SS.,

xxiv,

81-288.

?Wattenbach, eut8chlands eschicht8quellen6thed., Berlin,

1894),

I,

466 f.

Documents

Hugo de Tribus Maximis Circumstantiis Gestorum