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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTIONSeventh Edition
byKaren Huffman
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 3
Stress & Health PsychologyLynn Gussman
Forsyth Technical Community College
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Note to the Instructor
The following set of slides provides a basicfoundation for your PowerPointpresentation of the core concepts found inChapter 3 of Psychology in Action (7e).
Please consult our website:http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman orthe Instructor's Resource CD for additionaloptions, including video clips, figures,tables, key terms, etc.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Lecture Overview
Stress and Health
Stress and Serious Illness
Coping with Stress
Promoting wellness
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Health Psychology
Health psychology examines the relationshipbetween psychological behavior and physicalhealth/illness.
Focus of health psychology is on
Wellness Prevention of illness
Many major causes of death are related tobehavior and lifestyle rather than to infections.
Smoking, drinking, risky sex are causes of death thatcan be prevented.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Stress Stress is a nonspecific response of the body to
any demand made on it. Eustress: pleasant, desirable stress as in the stressassociated with exercise
Distress: is unpleasant stress as in illness
Stressors are stimuli that cause stress. Stressors can be major (loss of a parent) or can be
minor (parking your car).
Body eventually fails when subjected to chronicstress.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Life Changes as Stressors
Life events can function as stressors. When many life events occur in a short
period of time, enough stress can be
induced to alter health. Holmes and Rahe developed the Social
Readjustment Rating scale (SRRS).
Assesses the number of life changes in aperiod of time and predicts the likelihood ofdeveloping illness
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Daily Stress
Some stressors are chronic: Job-related (shift work, co-workers)
Environmental stressors (aircraft noise)
Hassles are small problems that
accumulate to induce major stress. Time pressures to get things done
Financial concerns
Problems with family and coworkers Frustration is a negative emotional state
associated with a blocked goal.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Conflicts
Conflicts arise when choosing betweenincompatible alternatives.
Approach-approach: choosing betweendesirable alternatives
Avoidance-avoidance: choosing betweenundesirable alternatives
Approach-avoidance: choosing between
alternatives which have both desirable andundesirable results
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Effects of Stress The sympathetic portion of the autonomic
nervous system is activated during stress. Increased heart rate, muscle tension,blood
pressure
HPA Axis: Release of adrenaline and cortisol These physiological changes use up energyand can be sustained for only a period oftime.
Prolonged stressor exposure leads toexhaustion and death.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
General Adaptation Syndrome
Hans Selye Three phases:
Alarm: body mobilizes energy to defend againststressor.
Resistance: arousal declines somewhat; people maydevelop diseases of adaptation.
Exhaustion: energy becomes depleted; ability to resiststressors may collapse.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Stress and the Immune System
Immune system functioning is impaired byexposure to stress. Cortisol suppresses immune system functioning.
Compromised immune system is less able to resistinfection and cancer development.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Stress and Serious Illness Cancer is caused by:
-hereditary dispositions-environmental factors that lead to changes in body chemistry and
the immune system
Heart disease is associated with the buildup offats in blood vessels; stress increases this effect. Type A personalities (ambitious, time urgent) are more likely to
suffer heart disease.
Reducing stress alters blood cholesterol so as to reduce chance
of blood vessel blockage. Behaviors such as smoking, obesity and lack of exercisecontribute to heart disease.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Personality and Stress
Type A personality traits include time pressure,anger, and hostility. Behavior modification is used to encourage Type A
persons to slow down, follow a diet, to exercise, and toavoid cynical hostility.
Hardiness is a personality type that is resistant tostress.
Hardiness involves: Commitmentto personal goals
Personal view of being in control
Viewing change as a welcome challenge
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD is an anxiety disorder followingexposure to a horrifying event.
Characterized by flashbacks, nightmaresand impaired functioning.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Coping with Stress Stressors are pervasive in our lives.
Reducing stress can be accomplished byeither avoiding stressors or by reducingour response to stressors.
Coping: managing stress in someeffective way Emotion-focused forms of coping change
how we view a situation (our reaction).
Problem-focused forms of coping dealdirectly with the stressor to eliminate it .
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Resources to Manage Stress
Health and energy are key aspects to minimizethe damage produced by stress.
Positive beliefs are important for reducing stressimpact.
Social skills lead to social support. Social support (network of friends, family)
reduces stress impact.
Material resources can help to minimize the
sources and types of stress. Personal control allows people to buffer the
negative reactions to stress.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Locus of Control
External Locus of Control: believing thatchance or outside forces beyond onescontrol determine ones fate
Internal Locus of Control: believing thatone controls ones own fate
People with an internal locus of control aremore likely to adopt more positive coping
strategies.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Active Coping Strategies
Relaxation during stress exposureminimizes the impact of the exposure.
Exercise leads to physical fitness and
good health. Reduces likelihood of illness
Reduces negative impact of stress
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Smoking
Cigarette smoking is the single most
preventable cause of death and disease in theUnited States.
Smoking is a major risk factor for: Coronary heart disease
Cancer
Low birth weight, prenatal death
Fire deaths
Secondhand smoke exposure is also asignificant health risk.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Smoking Prevention
Different factors may initiate and maintainsmoking:
Teens may start smoking as a means of rebellion orbecause of peer pressure, imitation of role models,learned associations.
People may continue to smoke because nicotine isaddictive.
Nicotine releases transmitters such as acetylcholine,dopamine, and norepinephrine.
These transmitters increase alertness and are rewarding.
Smoking relieves withdrawal symptoms.
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Prevention and Treatment
Most anti-smoking programs focus onpsychosocial factors:
Minimize peer pressure to smoke
Educate about long- and short-termconsequences of smoking
Help smokers resist social pressures
Use of cognitive and behavioral techniques to
deal with withdrawal Supplement with nicotine replacement therapy
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Causes of Cancer
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Binge Drinking in Colleges Student binge drinkers believe their drinking
levels are normal, when in fact their consumptionis above the norm.
Many students believe that binge drinking isharmless.
Some students infer that binge drinking is finebecause the college does not tell themotherwise.
Binge drinking is often a key aspect of the Greek
experience of college life. Alumni who binge drink give the impression that
such behavior is expected of students.
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Binge Drinking
Binge drinking refers to the consumption ofsome number of alcoholic drinks in a singlesession: Male: 5 or more drinks
Female: 4 or more drinks
Approximately 5.1 million Americans could belabeled as binge drinkers.
Binge drinking is a major problem on college
campuses: 43% of college students are binge drinkers 20% of college students binge frequently
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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
Cross-Cultural Binge Drinking
Mexico: binge drinking is an issue at fiestasand can contribute to aggression.
Spain/South America: young binge drinkingmales are more likely to exhibit aggression.
Denmark: wine drinkers are more likely tobinge than are beer drinkers.
Russia: 44% of males qualify as bingers. Japan: binge drinking is reduced in persons
who are unable to metabolize alcohol.
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Chronic Pain
Pain is the most common symptom reportedby patients in visits to physicians.
Chronic pain involves continuous or
recurrent pain over a 6 month or longerperiod.
Chronic pain produces irritation, depression,
anxiety, and dependence on others.
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Treatment of Chronic Pain
Treatment of chronic pain can involve:Exercise programs promote release ofendorphins which reduce pain perception.
Operant conditioning techniques rewardwell behaviors.
Biofeedback (electromyography) canreduce muscle tension.
Relaxation training reduces impact of pain.
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Copyright
Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protectedby this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without written permissionof the copyright owner.