Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc0LPn1-vwA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns2dkT2sIug
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6uog6zt79Y&feature=related
Unit 2 Skeletal SystemSC 11.1.1, SC11.2.1,2,3,5
1. List and describe the components of the skeletal system. 2. Describe the components of the connective tissue matrix and state the function of
each. 3. Describe the structure of compact and cancellous bone.
4. Outline the process of bone ossification, growth, remodeling, and repair. 5. Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal, internal,
and inferior views. 6. Describe the shape of the vertebral column and list its divisions. Describe the
general features of each vertebra and the differences among vertebrae from each region of the vertebral column.
7. List the bones of the thoracic cage, including the three types of ribs. 8. Name and describe the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb.
9. Name and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb.10. Be able to properly sex a skeleton.
11. List and describe the various types of joints. 12. Describe the major types of joint movement.
Obj #1:List and describe the component/functions of the skeletal system.
1. Supporting & protecting soft tissues2. Attachment site for muscles making movement possible3. Storage of the minerals, calcium & phosphate -- mineral homeostasis 4. Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)5.Energy storage in yellow bone marrow
5 functions of the skeletal system:
Bone is LIVING connective tissue made of many kinds of specialized cells
A human fetus is born with 300 bones but a mature adult human has 206 bones
Men and women have the same number of bones – Women DO NOT have one fewer rib than men
Our bone is six times stronger than steel if both are of the same weight.
The size of the smallest bone is equivalent to the size of a rice grain.
Of the 206 bones in the skeletal system, 52 of them make both our feet and 27 are in our hands.
The entire human skeleton replaces itself, bit by bit, all the time to stay healthy and strong. You essentially have a new skeleton every 2 years.
Teeth are the hardest bones in the skeleton!
The Femur is the largest bone in the skeleton.
Interesting Facts About BONE!
Axial Skeleton:Bones of the Skull, Thoracic cage, and vertebral column
Includes the bones of the shoulders, arms, pelvis, and legs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWmAy4kJDIw&feature=fvst
Teach your partner…
What is the difference between the Axial and Appendicular skeleton
Pass around bones and have students ID what type they are…
We could play the…
“This is a___________. A What? A __________”
game
HEY! Grab a femur and teach one another the
parts of a bone…
Obj #2: Describe the components of the connective tissue matrix and state the function of each.
• Bone is a type of connective tissue as seen by widely spaced cells separated by matrix
• Matrix of 25% water, 25% collagen fibers(flexibility & tensile strength) & 50% crystallized mineral salts(hardness)
Obj #3: Describe the structure of compact and cancellous bone
(Also called the central canal)purpose
See the bone model in class
2 types of bone marrow:1.Red – makes RBC’s2.Yellow – Makes
some WBC’s and stores fat
Responsible for gas exchange. O2 for CO2
Responsible for immunity.
Responsible for blood clotting
Obj #4: Outline the process of bone ossification, growth, remodeling, and repair.
If it weren't for ossification, or bone growth and remodeling, you'd be a soft
mound of blood, water, and flesh as your bones wear out
FACT:
Compact bone is a dense layer made up of structural units, or lacunae, arranged in concentric circles called Haversian systems (or osteons), each of which has a central, microscopic Haversian canal. A perpendicular system of Volkmann's canals penetrate and cross between the Haversian systems, ensuring circulation into even the hardest bone structure.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qTiw8lyYbs
The bulbous ends of each long bone, known as the epiphyses (or singularly as an epiphysis), are made up of spongy, or cancellous, bone tissue covered by a thin layer of compact bone. This is where most bone growth occurs.
The diaphysis, or shaft, contains the medullary cavity and blood cell–producing marrow. A membrane called the periosteum covers the outer bone to provide nutrients and oxygen, remove waste, and connect with ligaments and tendons. It also contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts which form and destroy bone matrix.
The endosteum is a thin membrane which consists of connective tissue and lines the medullary cavities. It is highly vascular and contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Bones grow through the cellular activities of osteoblasts on the surface of the bone, which produce layers of mature bone cells called osteocytes. Osteoclasts are cells that function in the developing fetus to absorb cartilage as ossification occurs and in adult bone to break down and remove spent bone tissue.
An easy way to remember the work of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes is:
Osteoblasts giveth.Osteoclasts taketh away.Osteocytes maintaineth.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6E5Rz9tOKE
*Ossification – Growing of bone. Ossification relies on the thyroid hormone calcitonin, which regulates metabolism of calcium.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6E5Rz9tOKE
the process of bone ossification, growth, remodeling, and repair using the terms:
Teach your Partner….
Compact LacunaeHaversian systems (or osteons), Haversian canal. Volkmann's canals EpiphysesMetaphysis spongy, or cancellous, diaphysis, medullary cavity marrow. periosteum endosteumosteoclasts osteoblasts
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_med5bz1qgA
Fontanel's – A baby's head needs to change shape as it squeezes thru the birth canal and for brain enlargement as the baby grows. These ossify completely by age 1-3.
Full ossification of the entire human skeleton does not occur until the age
of 25.
Things that make you go “Huh?”
Rickets is a disorder caused by a lack of
vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It leads to
softening and weakening of the bones.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_hP53ew_8Q
Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkuvWKQnjjk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3v9cYKC8cvU
Osteoporosis is the thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time.
Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease.
Researchers estimate that about 1 out of 5 American women over the age of 50 have osteoporosis.
About half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine).
Osteoporosis occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both.
Calcium and phosphate are two minerals that are essential for normal bone formation. Throughout youth, your body uses these minerals to produce bones. If you do not get enough calcium, or if your body does not absorb enough calcium from the diet, bone production and bone tissues may suffer.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcsPjThU-5Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aN8cOTyQ3A&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEydeUcNxtI
Bone Fractures
Bone Repair
1.2.
3.
4.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVougiCEgH8
Teach your neighbor…
How does a bone repair itself after being broken?
Bone fracture and repair model activity:
Make a model (not a poster) of the 7 types of bone fractures we studied. Be sure to label each type of fracture and provide a short
written description under each that describes what your model shows.
Extra Credit: Make another model showing the steps in bone repair/growth that we
learned and describe each step.Test U2O#1-4
Due: Friday 9/25
Obj #5: Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior views.
(OOPS!!!!!)
Functions of the SkullThe skull protects the brain and sense organs, and it also helps form the facial features.FeaturesThe adult human skull is made up of 22 bones. Eight large, flat bones form the cranium, and 14 bones form the face. So the skull is made up of 2 regions (Cranium and face)
DevelopmentThe bones in babies' skulls are not yet fused together, which allows the skull to change shape slightly during birth. The bones fuse together around age 2, but the skull continues to grow rapidly until age 7.
IdentificationForensic anthropologists can identify the race, gender and approximate age of a skeleton by measuring the skull.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF1cVAb0J2Q
European American Indian African
MALE FEMALE
This is a real skull…one of many like it…found in central America. It is NOT an Alien skull but a skull of an individual whose head shape was altered by binding/boarding from birth as part of a well documented religious/cultural ritual
Mysterious Practice…Trepanation, or removing a piece of the skull, was practiced in ancient and even prehistoric times. The reason is not known, but it may have been a tribal ritual or rudimentary treatment for brain disorders and brain swelling due to injury.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgkrw68K5eM&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80dZ71Km6_g&feature=related
Phrenology
Styloid Process
Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Know and understand that the “holes” in bone are called “foramen”
Occipital Boneswag
Optic Canal/Foramin – Passage of optic nerve to brain
Foramen ovale – Passage of several cranial nerves and some blood vessels
Carotid Canal - Passage of the internal carotid artery (and some nerves) into the skull
Foramen magnum – Allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain (specifically the Medulla Oblongata) and also allows several arteries and veins passage into/out of the brain
Jugular Foramen – Passage of several cranial nerves and some blood vessels
External auditory meatus (also called external acoustic meatus) – forms ear canal
Infraorbital Foramen – Allows passage of veins/arteries/nerves around the eye
Supraorbital Foramen - Allows passage of veins/arteries/nerves around the eye and cheek
Mental Foramen - Allows passage of veins/arteries/nerves in mandible
Purpose of Foramen of the skull:
Other structures and their functions:
*Crista Galli – Olfactory nerve passage in bottom of it (Through the olfactory forminae) responsible for smell sense
*Sella Turcica – Holds pituitary gland which is responsible for growth and development and stimulation of several hormones
*Palatine process of Maxillary bone and Palatine bone – form the hard pallet (roof of mouth) important for speech and food consumption
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzAyA6z0lbw&feature=related
ConcussionA concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results from a blow to the head (or violent shaking) that causes brain movement within the skull, resulting in impaired neurotransmission, altered blood flow in the brain, and/or damage/swelling of brain tissue.
It temporarily interferes with the way your brain works, and it can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance, coordination, and sleep patterns.
PRIMARY Symptoms:1. Altered level/loss of consciousness (drowsy, hard to arouse, or similar changes)2. Confusion, feeling spacey, or not thinking straight, memory loss3. Headache4. Nausea and vomiting5. Seeing flashing lights6. Feeling like you have "lost time"
OUCH!!!
What is wrong with this picture?
Teach your partner by…
Labeling as many parts of the skull as you can…on your partners head!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_iQHrlkLL0&feature=fvst
The Mandible
What was I thinking?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmQsBPy5Lcg&feature=related
*The primary purpose of teeth is to masticate (chew) food as an aid to digestion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIgES73BbDQ
The Hyoid bone is the only floating bones in the body
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jRGvM-J42A
The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above
It allows for the production of a wide range of sounds that other animals cannot produce.
1.Stapes2.Incus3.Malleus
Bones of the Acicular Chain
These bones are essential for sound wave transformation into neural impulses the brain can interpret as what we hear
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stiPMLtjYAw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66rQwocHahI
Skull LabWorking with partners, label the structures we have studied (the ones with stars next to them) on one of
the classroom skulls
Test/quiz U2O5 – Paper and lab Practical
Obj.#6: Describe the shape of the vertebral column and list its divisions. Describe the general features of each vertebra and the
differences among vertebra from each region of the vertebral column.
Chair lifting trick
1.Stand three feet away from a wall2.Bend over and put your head against the
wall3.Now try to stand up while lifting a chair.
What do you notice????
*HINT - To remember the number of each type of vertebrae just think “Breakfast at 7, Lunch at 12, Dinner at 5.”
Assuming Charlie Brown is human, what is wrong with his vertebrae?
Cervical – smaller bones support the weight of the head and are flexible to allow a wide range of head movement; also, the axis is the only vertebra with no vertebral body
Thoracic – larger bones than in the cervical region; more rigid to provide a framework for the ribcage and the torso in order to protect the inner organs
Lumbar – largest bones in the spine; support most of the weight of the upper body and allow for bending, twisting and hip flexion
Differences between Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0ynFnLD288
Cervical vertebrae - allows the neck and head substantial movement. It also allows the skull to move up and down, and the upper neck to twist left and right.
Thoracic vertebrae – have transverse processes and surfaces that articulate with the ribs. Thoracic vertebrae allows some rotation, but their connection with the rib cage prevents greater movement.
Lumbar vertebrae – are lower down in the body so they need to support greater body weight. They allow considerable forward and backward bending and extension, moderate side bending, and a small degree of rotation.
Cervical Vertebrae
Inferior articular facet
Thoracic Vertebrae
Superior Articular Facet
Inferior Articular Facet
Vertebral Foramen
Vertebral Notch
The Sacrum - The sacrum consists of 5 vertebrae, that start out as separate bones at birth and fuse by adulthood into one bone. It is at the lower portion of the vertebral column, below the lumbar vertebrae.
The sacrum forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the pelvis. Joined at the very end of the sacrum are two to four tiny, partially fused vertebrae known as the coccyx or "tail bone". The coccyx provides slight support for the pelvic organs but actually is a bone of little use.
Teach your partner all the parts of each
type of vertebrae and the sacrum!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RukqSLdbczE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WID1p_UJZIM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfSkOF_DAfA
What is the difference? - Quadriplegia: patient is unable, or has limited ability to move all 4 limbs- Paraplegia: Patient is unable, or has limited ability, to move lower limbs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XscoBz9BoMc&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=t7TNUGTCpEU&feature=endscreen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZMAoHwmzkE
Obj#7: List the bones of the thoracic cage, including the three types of ribs.
Pain when you take a deep breathPain that gets worse when you press on the injured area, or when you bend or twist your body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW0IijZEaKw
Vertebral column and Thoracic cage Lab
Grab an example of all 3 types of vertebrae, as well as a sacrum, and
label all the parts we learned.
Test/quiz
Obj#8: Name and describe the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qmJ9vMrk_k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8SWKH18FIQ&feature=fvst
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z66CEoUHgs0
What’s wrong in this picture?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J11EIfiHMYw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1u7f2A6k-c&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxqqX2pDryQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEmHv_VMe0w
Add next slide to student version!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ0TmPrtrvY
TYPES OF ARTHRITIS:Wear-and-Tear Arthritis (Osteoarthritis) Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis Pseudogout Arthritis Lupus Arthritis Spondyloarthropathies Infectious ArthritisHemorrhagic Arthritis
ARTHRITIS – inflammation of a joint.
Test
Obj #9: Name and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb.
Pelvic Girdle
Things that make you say “eeeeewwwwwwww???”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYwVaKkRdF4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTIrdGU175A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q96M0jRqn7k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFniNyUpVKw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngc7GPZPFdM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=ypDI3L74FwA&feature=endscreen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJGJJOA1Me0
Lisfrank Fracture
Direct Lisfranc injuries are usually caused by a crush injury, such as a heavy object falling onto the midfoot, or the foot being run over by a car or truck, or someone landing on the foot after a fall from a significant height
Neurofibromatosis Type I
A genetic disorder that cause extreme deformation of skeletal,
nerve and skin structures. The most famous sufferer (probably)
was John Merrick a.k.a.“The Elephant Man”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iNgqdNzpxo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF19L00KbAI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsSJYrRQxTA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye4YTZOq2fk
Obj #10: Be able to properly sex a skeleton.
MassIn general, male skeletons are larger and heavier than female skeletons. Most experts, however, would say that skeletal mass alone would not be a very accurate basis for determining whether a particular skeleton is male or female. There are, after all, tall women and short men. To make the comparison more meaningful, differentiations of size and weight should be made within the context of racial groups, e.g. Caucasoid male skeleton versus Caucasoid female skeleton.LimbsAnother general difference between male and female skeletons can be observed in the limbs. The humerus, ulna and radius, which are the major bones that comprise most of the arm, are thicker and longer in men. The phalanges--the bones that comprise the fingers--are also bigger, which is why most men have bigger hands than women. The same goes for the lower limbs, which are supported by the femur, tibla and fibula bones--all typically longer in men.SkullMale and female skulls also show significant differences in structure. The small bulge at the back of the head known as the external occipital protuberance is usually more pronounced in men. The male jawbone or mandible is typically angular and square-shaped at the chin area, while the female jawbone tends to be more rounded and pointed. The brow ridges of men are often more prominent than those of women. These distinctions in cranial and facial features underlie the basic difference between men's and women's faces.PelvisThe major difference between female and male skeletons is in the pelvis, which is due to another major difference between men and women--childbirth. The female pelvis is smaller, shallower and wider, and the cavity is more circular in shape. The coccyx or tailbone, which is the last bone of the spinal column, is more movable in female skeletons. The sacrum, which is a triangle-shaped bone also at the end of the spine and connected to the pelvis, is wider and flatter in females. All these distinctions contribute to the process of childbirth, particularly allowing for the head and shoulders of the child to pass through the cavity.
Female Male
Which is male and which is female?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8IHPq9VgWI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCyiczAcRBY&index=3&list=PLoNnmeqm6NkES4eedWp55GJ7kiTMba1rC
Body Farm – 45 minutes
Obj #11: List and describe the 8 (?) types of joints.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOMFX_83sqk
Obj#12: Describe the major types of joint movement.
• Joint movements are generally divided into four types:
1. Gliding – Between flat surfaces
2. Angular3. Rotation4. Circumduction
