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Method of Using Hydroelectricity
• Dams trap river water in a reservoir
• The moving water turns turbines
• Electricity is produced by generator
http://www.energy.ca.gov/education/story/story-html/chapter06.html
Impacts of Hydroelectricity (1/3)
• Atmosphere– Greenhouse gas from decay of biomass in reservoir
• More for shallow reservoirs
– Vegetations removal less CO2-O2 Exchange
– Bodies of water change climate
• Lithosphere– Water causes changes in landscape
– Silting up of reservoirs
– Less deposition in lower river
Impacts of Hydroelectricity (2/3)
• Hydrosphere– Slows water movement
– Reduce flow of water
– Affects temperature of water
– Water level fluctuate with electric demands
http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/qa/105-10focus/focus.html
Impacts of Hydroelectricity (3/3)
• Biosphere– Prevents fish from spawning – Creates and destroys habitats– Reservoir may promotes water related disease– Provides usable water– Loss of plants
To ratify the impact
• Removal of dams
• Build smaller dams
• Divert water through pipes to generator instead
• Fish ladders
Tidal Energy
How It Works:A dam stretched across a tidal basin
allow the tide to flow into the basin through a sluice.
The elevated water in the basin is utilized for electricity by producing mechanical energy over water wheels.
Tidal Energy
Pros Predictable, reliable Sustainable Widely available Few greenhouse gas emissionsCons Variable power throughout day Expensive Potential negative impact on estuaries and
shorelines
Tidal Energy
Effects on Biosphere:• Interruption of ocean wildlife
– Potential destruction of estuaries
Effects on Atmosphere:• Less gas exchange if marine plants affectedEffects on Lithosphere• Potential to change shorelinesEffects on Hydrosphere• Disruption of water flow
Method of Using Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic cells– Makes up of
semiconductors
– Produces energy when sunlight hits its surface
Solar Thermal Electricity
• Uses mirror to reflect sunlight to a central receiver
• Heat is used to generate electricity– Fluid circulated to
drive a generator
•http://www.solardev.com/SEIA-makingelec.php
Solar Thermal Heater
• Solar collector absorbs heat from sunlight
• Solar collector then heats the air or water
http://www.irish-energy.ie/abouten/main3l.html
Impacts of solar energy
• Atmosphere– No impacts
• Lithosphere– No impacts
• Hydrosphere– No impacts
• Biosphere– No impacts
Indirect cost of solar energy
• Battery production
• Panel production uses up resources
• Uses of land spaces
Wind Power-How it is generated
• Turbine blades rotate when wind hits them which causes a rotor to turn and then drives an electrical generator
Wind Power-Impacts
• Atmosphere– NONE, Wind power does not polute the
atmosphere
• Lithosphere– Wind turbines have to be anchored to the
ground which could impact soil structure
Wind Power-Impacts
• Hydrosphere– None
• Biosphere– The building of wind turbines could result in
less habitat for animals and plants
Wind Energy
• Wind Energy is a renewable source of energy
• Wind energy is the fastest growing energy source on earth
Management of Wind Energy
• Wind turbines should be used where there is plenty of wind
• More wind turbines should be built because the resource is currently not being used as well as it could be
Wind Energy Poorly Managed• The United States has the wind energy
potential to supply one and a half times the current electricity consumption but only a very small amount electricity is generated by wind
Wind Energy-Well Managed• In Europe wind energy capacity has increased by
40% in the last six years and there is currently enough wind electricity to meet the needs of 5 million people and by 2010 there should be enough for 75 million
Geothermal Power-How It Works
• Water travels through pipes deep into the Earth’s surface where the temperature is hotter, the water than turns to steam which drives the turbine
Geothermal Power -Impacts
• Atmosphere – geothermal plants emit carbon dioxide
• Lithosphere– geothermal plants require pipes to be dug
through soil and rock to get deep into the earth’s surface
Geothermal Power-Impacts
• Hydrosphere– Geothermal plants require the use of water in
order to produce electricity
• Biosphere– The Building of geothermal plants could result
in less habitat for animals
Management of Geothermal Energy• Buil geothermal plants in areas where heat
from magma is closer to the surface of the earth so that it is easier to generate electricity
Geothermal Energy-Well Managed
• In the Philippines geothermal power provides 27% of the nations total electrical generation
Nuclear Energy
How It Works:Uranium atoms are bombarded with
neutrons causing fission.Neutrons from the split uranium atoms
collide with other atomsThe energy from fission heats waterHot water is used to spin turbines
Nuclear Energy
Benefits: Few greenhouse gas emissions High energy yield compared to fossil fuels
Consequences: High cost of repairing aging plants High cost of plant shutdowns Radioactive waste