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Energy and HeadEnergy and HeadSPONSORED LINKS
Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work
are measured in Newton-meter(or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic
energy and potential energy are the two commonlyrecognized forms of
energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be
subdivided intoenergy due to position or elevation above a given
datum, and energy due to pressure in thefluid. Head is the amount
of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.
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Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
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fluid. Head is the amount of energy per Newton (or per pound) of
fluid. Kinetic Energy and Velocity HeadKinetic energy is the
ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity. The kinetic
energy ofa mass M having a velocity v is Mv2. Since M = W/g,
Velocity Head of Circular PipesThe velocity head of circular
pipe of diameter D flowing full can be found as follows.
Elevation Energy and Elevation HeadIn connection to the action
of gravity, elevation energy is manifested in a fluid by virtue of
itsposition or elevation with respect to a horizontal datum
plane.
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Pressure Energy and Pressure HeadA mass of fluid acquires
pressure energy when it is in contact with other masses having
someform of energy. Pressure energy therefore is an energy
transmitted to the fluid by anothermass that possesses some
energy.
Total Energy of FlowThe total energy or head in a fluid is the
sum of kinetic and potential energies. Recall thatpotential
energies are pressure energy and elevation energy.
Total energy = Kinetic energy + Pressure energy + Elevation
energyTotal head = Velocity head + Pressure head + Elevation
head
In symbol, the total head is
Where:v = mean velocity of flow (m/sec in SI and ft/sec in
English)p = fluid pressure (N/m2 or Pa in SI and lb/ft2 or psf in
English)z = position of fluid above or below the datum plane (m in
SI and ft in English)g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec2 in
SI and 32.2 ft/sec2 in English) = Unit weight of fluid (N/m3 in SI
and lb/ft3 in English)
Strength of MaterialsSurveying
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Daniel Bernoulli(1700 - 1782)
Power and EfficiencyPower is the rate of doing work per unit of
time. For a fluid of unit weight (N/m3) flowing atthe rate of Q
(m3/sec) with a total energy of E (m), the power (Watt) is
Note:1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts1 horsepower (hp) = 550
ft-lb/sec1 Watt = 1 N-m/sec = 1 Joule/sec
Bernoulli's Energy Theorem andEquationsBernoullis Energy
TheoremApplying the law of conservation of energy to fluids that
may beconsidered incompressible, Bernoullis theorem may be statedas
follows:Neglecting head lost, the total amount of energy per unit
weightis constant at any point in the path of flow.
Bernoulli's Energy EquationsEnergy Equation Neglecting Head
LossWithout head losses, the total energy at point (1) is equal to
the total energy at point (2). Nohead lost is an ideal condition
leading to theoretical values in the results.
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Energy Equation Considering Head LossThe actual values can be
found by considering head losses in the computation of flow
energy.
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Energy Equation with PumpIn most cases, pump is used to raise
water from lower elevation to higher elevation. In a moretechnical
term, the use of pump is basically to increase the energy of flow.
The pumpconsumes electrical energy (Pinput) and delivers flow
energy (Poutput).
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Energy Equation with TurbineTurbines extract flow energy and
converted it into mechanical energy which in turn convertedinto
electrical energy.
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Hydraulic and Energy Grade LinesHydraulic Grade Line
(HGL)Hydraulic grade line, also called hydraulic gradient and
pressure gradient, is the graphicalrepresentation of the potential
head (pressure head + elevation head). It is the line to
whichliquid rises in successive piezometer tubes. The line is
always at a distance (p/ + z) above thedatum plane. Characteristics
of HGL
HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or
fall due to change inpressure.HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform
pipe cross section.For horizontal pipes with constant cross
section, the drop in pressure gradient betweentwo points is
equivalent to the head lost between these points.
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Energy Grade Line (EGL)Energy grade line is always above the
hydraulic grade line by an amount equal to the velocityhead. Thus,
the distance of energy gradient above the datum plane is always
(v2/2g + p/ +z). Energy grade line therefore is the graphical
representation of the total energy of flow. Characteristics of
EGL
EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow and will only rise
with the presence of pump.The vertical drop of EGL between two
points is the head lost between those points.EGL is parallel to HGL
for uniform pipe cross section.EGL is always above the HGL by
v2/2g.Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
Illustration showing the behavior of EGL and HGL
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Tags: power pressure head velocity head elevation head totalhead
efficiency horsepower Watt Bernoullis energy equation neglecting
headloss considering head loss theoretical value ideal value actual
value flow with turbine flowwith pump energy equation input power
output power Daniel Bernoulli Bernoullistheorem HGL EGL energy
grade line energy gradient hydraulic grade line hydraulicgradient
pressure gradient
Problem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 02 | Bernoulli's
Energy TheoremProblem 03 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 04 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 05 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 06 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 07 |
Bernoulli's Energy Theorem
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02 Graph of velocity of flow againstlength of pipe
upProblem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy
Theorem
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Problem 08 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 09 | Bernoulli's
Energy TheoremProblem 10 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 11 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 12 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 13 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 14 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 15 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 16 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 17 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 18 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 19 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 20 |
Bernoulli's Energy Theorem
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Fluid Mechanics and HydraulicsPrinciples of Hydrostatic
PressuresHydrostatic Pressure on SurfacesRelative Equilibrium of
LiquidsFundamentals of Fluid Flow
Discharge | Flow RateEnergy and Head
Problem 01 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 02 | Bernoulli's
Energy TheoremProblem 03 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 04 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 05 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 06 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 07 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 08 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 09 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 10 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 11 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 12 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 13 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 14 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 15 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 16 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 17 | Bernoulli's Energy
TheoremProblem 18 | Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 19 |
Bernoulli's Energy TheoremProblem 20 | Bernoulli's Energy
Theorem
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