Http en Wikipedia Org Wiki History of Unix

8/10/2019 Http en Wikipedia Org Wiki History of Unix

1/6

History of Unix

Unix

Evolution of Unix and Unix-like systems

Developer Ken Thompson, Dennis

Ritchie, Brian

Kernighan, Douglas

McIlroy, and Joe

Ossannaat Bell Labs

Written in CandAssembly

language

OS family Unix

Working state Current

Source model Historically closed

source, now some Unix

projects (BSDfamily

and Illumos) are open

sourced.

Initial release 1973; 41 years ago

Available in English

Kerneltype Monolithic

Default user interface Command-line

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main article: Unix

The history of Unixdates back to the mid-1960s when the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology,AT&T Bell Labs, and General Electricwere developing an experimental

time sharingoperating system called Multicsfor the GE-645mainframe.[1]Multics

introduced many innovations, but had many problems.

Bell Labs, frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not the aims, slowly

pulled out of the project. Their last researchers to leave Multics, Ken Thompson,

Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna, decided to redo the work on a much

smaller scale.[2]In 1979, Dennis Ritchie described their vision for Unix:[2]

What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to

do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We

knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as

supplied by remote-access, time-sharedmachines, is not just to type

programs into a terminalinstead of a keypunch, but to encourage close

communication.

Contents [hide]

1 1969

2 1970s

3 1980s

4 1990s

5 2000s

6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

Article Talk Read Edit View history Search

Main page

Contents

Featured content

Current events

Random article

Donate to Wikipedia

Wikimedia Shop

Interaction

Help

About Wikipedia

Community portal

Recent changes

Contact page

Tools

What links here

Related changes

Upload file

Special pages

Permanent link

Page information

Wikidata item

Cite this page

Print/export

Create a book

Download as PDF

Printable version

Languages

Deutsch

Create account Log in

$3 $5 $10 $20

$30 $50 $100OTHER

Dear Readers:

Well get right to it: This weekwe ask you to help Wikipedia.

Toprotect our independence, we'll never run ads. We survive

on donations averaging about $15. Only a tiny portion of our

readers give.

If Wikipedia is useful to you, please take one minute to keep

it online and ad-free. Were a small non-profit with costs of a

top website: servers, staff and programs. We serve millions ofreaders, but we run on a fraction of what other top sites

spend. Wikipedia is something special. It is like a library or a

public park where we can all go to learn. Wikipedia is written

by a community of volunteers with a passion for sharing the

worlds knowledge. Please help us end the fundraiser and get

back to improving Wikipedia. Thank you.

Quote from a Donor:

"Every day I findsomething new."

ONE-TIME MONTHLY*

CREDIT CARD

PAYPAL

AMAZON

Problems donating?| Other ways to give| Frequently asked questions| By donating, you are agreeing to our donor privacy policy. The Wikimedia Foundation is a nonprofit,tax-exempt organization. *Recurring payments will be debited by the Wikimedia Foundation until you notify us to stop. We'll send you an email receipt for each payment,

which will include a link to easy cancellation instructions.

Now is the time we ask. If everyone reading this

rightnow gave , our fundraiser would be done within an

hour. That's right, the price of a cup of coffee is all we need.

$3$

Created by PDFmyURL Remove this footer and set your own layout? Geta license!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://shop.wikimedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?basic=true&landing_page=Tax_Deductibility&country=US&language=en&uselang=enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://pdfmyurl.com/http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=infohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&oldid=636024766http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contentshttp://shop.wikimedia.org/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Randomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_eventshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:History_of_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Unix&type=signuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keypunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ossannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McIlroyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics#Novel_ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE-600_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ossannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McIlroyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson_(computer_programmer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svghttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?basic=true&landing_page=Cancel_or_change_recurring_payments&country=US&language=en&uselang=enhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?basic=true&landing_page=Tax_Deductibility&country=US&language=en&uselang=enhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?basic=true&landing_page=Donor_policy&country=US&language=en&uselang=enhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?landing_page=FAQ&basic=true&country=US&language=en&uselang=enhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?basic=true&landing_page=Ways_to_Give&country=US&language=en&uselang=enhttps://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Special:LandingCheck?basic=true&landing_page=Problems_donating&country=US&language=en&uselang=en


2/6

Created by PDFmyURL Remove this footer and set your own layout? Get

interface& Graphical

(X Window System)

License Proprietary

Official website unix.org

Ken Thompson(sitting) and Dennis

Ritchieworking together at a PDP-11

Ken Thompsonand Dennis Ritchie

Version 7 Unixfor the PDP-11,

running in SIMH

Unix time-sharingat the University

of Wisconsin, 1978

9 External links

1969 [edit]

While Ken Thompson still had access to the Multics environment, he wrote simulations

for the new file and paging system on it. He also programmed a game called Space Travel, but the game needed a more efficient

and less expensive machine to run on, and eventually he found a little-used PDP-7at Bell Labs.[3]On this PDP-7, in 1969, a team of

Bell Labs researchers led by Thompson and Ritchie, including Rudd Canaday, developed a hierarchical file system, the concepts of

computer processesand device files, a command-line interpreter, and some small utility programs.[2]

1970s [edit]

In 1970, Peter Neumanncoined the project name UNICS(UNiplexed Information and

Computing Service) as a punon Multics(Multiplexed Information and Computer Services):

the new operating system was an emasculatedMultics.[4]

Up to that point, there had been no financial support from Bell Labs. When the Computing

Sciences Research Center wanted to use Unix on a machine much larger than the PDP-7,

Thompson and Ritchie managed to trade the promise of adding text processing capabilities

to Unix, for a PDP-11/20machine. This led to some financial support from Bell. For the first

time in 1970, the Unix operating system was officially named and ran on the PDP-11/20. A

text formatting program called roffand a text editorwere added. All three were written in

PDP-11/20 assembly language. Bell Labs used this initial text processing system, consisting

of Unix, roff, and the editor, for text processing of patentapplications. Roff soon evolved into

troff, the first electronic publishing program with full typesettingcapability. The UNIX

Programmer's Manualwas published on 3 November 1971.

The first commercial instance of Unix worldwide was installed in early 1972 at New York

Telephone Co. Systems Development Center, under the direction of Dan

Gielan.[citation needed]An Operational Support System was developed entirely in assembly

language by Neil Groundwater that survived nearly 7 years, without change. [citation needed]

In 1972, Unix was rewritten in the C programming language, contrary to the general notion

at the time "that something as complex as an operating system, which must deal with time-

critical events, has to be written exclusively in assembly language".[5]

The migration fromassembly to the higher-level languageC, resulted in much more portablesoftware, requiring

only a relatively small amount of machine-dependent code to be replaced when porting Unix

to other computing platforms.

Under a 1956 consent decree in settlement of an antitrust case, AT&T (the parent

organization of Bell Labs) had been forbidden from entering the computer

business[citation needed]. Unix could not, therefore, be turned into a product. Indeed, under the

terms of the decree, Bell Labs was required to license its non-telephone technology to

anyone who asked. Ken Thompson quietly began answering requests by shipping out tapes

and disks, each accompanied by according to legend a note signed, "Love, Ken. [6]

AT&T made Unix available to universities and commercial firms, as well as the United States

government, under licenses. The licenses included all source code including the machine-

dependent parts of the kernel, which were written in PDP-11 assembly language. Copies of

the annotated Unix kernel sources circulated widely in the late 1970s in the form of a much-

copied book by John Lionsof the University of New South Wales, the Lions' Commentary on

UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code , which led to considerable use of Unix as an educational

example.

Versions of the Unix system were determined by editions of its user manuals. For example,

"Fifth Edition UNIX" and "UNIX Version 5" have both been used to designate the same

version. Development expanded, with Versions 4, 5, and 6being released by 1975. These

versions added the concept of pipes, which led to the development of a more modular code base, and quicker development cycles.

Version 5, and especially Version 6, led to a plethora of different Unix versions both inside and outside Bell Labs, including

PWB/UNIXand the first commercial Unix, IS/1. As more of Unix was rewritten in C, portability also increased. A group at the

University of Wollongongported Unixto the Interdata 7/32. Bell Labs developed several ports for research purposes and internal

use at AT&T. Target machines included an Intel 8086-based computer (with custom-built MMU) and the UNIVAC 1100.[7]

In May 1975,ARPAdocumented the benefits of the Unix time-sharing system which "presents several interesting capabilities" as an

ARPA networkmini-host in RFC 681.

In 1978, UNIX/32Vwas released for DEC's then new VAXsystem. By this time, over 600 machines were running Unix in some form.

Version 7 Unix, the last version of Research Unixto be released widely, was released in 1979. In Version 7, the number of system

callswas only around 50, although later Unix and Unix-like systems would add many more later: [8]

Version 7 of the Research UNIX System provided about 50 system calls, 4.4BSDprovided about 110, and SVR4had

Edit links

http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://pdfmyurl.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=infohttp://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://pdfmyurl.com/http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14664#sitelinks-wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Systems_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWB/UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_6_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions%27_Commentary_on_UNIX_6th_Edition,_with_Source_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_quality#Portabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typesettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11/20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_playhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G._Neumannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_Timesharing_UW-Madison_1978.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_Timesharing_UW-Madison_1978.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_7_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ken_n_dennis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ken_n_dennis.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_(sitting)_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_(2876612463).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_(sitting)_and_Dennis_Ritchie_at_PDP-11_(2876612463).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interpreterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_filehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system#Aspects_of_file_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=1http://www.unix.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface


3/6

The DECVT100terminal, widely

used for Unixtimesharing

USENIX1984 Summer speakers.

USENIX was founded in 1975, focusing

primarily on the study and development

of Unix and similar systems

The X Window Systemwith twmand

a number of core X applications

around 120. The exact number of system calls varies depending on the operating system version. More recent

systems have seen incredible growth in the number of supported system calls. Linux3.2.0 has 380 system calls and

FreeBSD8.0 has over 450.

Research Unix versions 8, 9and 10were developed through the 1980s but were only released to a few universities, though they did

generate papers describing the new work. This research led to the development of Plan 9 from Bell Labs, a new portable distributed

system.

1980s [edit]

For internal use, Bell had developed multiple versions of Unix, such as CB UNIX(with

improved support for databases) and PWB/UNIX, the "Programmer's Workbench", aimed at

large groups of programmers. It advertised the latter version, as well as 32V and V7, stating

that "more than 800 systems are already in use outside the Bell System" in 1980, [9]and

"more than 2000" the following year. [10]

AT&T licensed UNIX System III, based largely on Version 7, for commercial use, the first

version launching in 1982. This also included support for the VAX. AT&T continued to issue

licenses for older Unix versions. To end the confusion between all its differing internal

versions, AT&T combined them into UNIX System VRelease 1. This introduced a few

features such as the vieditor and cursesfrom the Berkeley Software Distributionof Unix

developed at the University of California, Berkeley. This also included support for the

Western Electric3B seriesof machines. AT&T provided suppo rt for System III and System V

through the Unix Support Group (USG), and these systems were sometimes referred to as

USG Unix.[citation needed]

In 1983, the U.S. Department of Justice settled its second antitrust case against AT&T and

broke up the Bell System. This relieved AT&T of the 1956 consent decree that had

prevented them from turning Unix into a product. AT&T promptly rushed to commercialize

Unix System V, a move that nearly killed Unix. [6]The GNU Projectwas founded in the same

year by Richard Stallman.

Since the newer commercial UNIX licensing terms were not as favorable for academic use

as the older versions of Unix, the Berkeley researchers continued to develop BSD Unix as

an alternative to UNIX System III and V. Many contributions to Unix first appeared in BSD

releases, notably the C shellwithjob control(modelled on ITS). Perhaps the most important

aspect of the BSD development effort was the addition of TCP/IPnetworkcode to the

mainstream Unix kernel. The BSD effort produced several significant releases that contained

network code: 4.1cBSD, 4.2BSD, 4.3BSD, 4.3BSD-Tahoe ("Tahoe" being the nickname of

the Computer Consoles Inc.Power 6/32 architecture that was the first non-DEC release of

the BSD kernel), Net/1, 4.3BSD-Reno (to match the "Tahoe" na ming, and that the release

was something of a gamble), Net/2, 4.4BSD, and 4.4BSD-lite. The network code found in

these releases is the ancestor of much TCP/IP network code in use today, including code

that was later released in AT&T System V UNIX and early versions of Microsoft Windows.

The accompanying Berkeley socketsAPIis a de facto standard for networking APIs and has

been copied on many platforms.

Other companies began to offer commercial versions of the UNIX System for their own mini-

computers and workstations. Many of these new Unix flavors were developed from the

System V base under a license from AT&T; others were based on BSD. One of the leading developers of BSD, Bill Joy, went on to

co-found Sun Microsystemsin 1982 and created SunOSfor their workstationcomputers. In 1980, Microsoftannounced its first Unix

for 16-bitmicrocomputers called Xenix, which the Santa Cruz Operation(SCO) ported to the Intel 8086processor in 1983, andeventually branched Xenix into SCO UNIXin 1989.

During this period, industry observers expected that UNIX, with its portability and rich capabilities, was likely to become the industry

standard operating system for microcomputers.[11]In 1984, several companies established the X/Openconsortium with the goal of

creating an open system specification based on UNIX. Despite early progress, the standardization effort collapsed into the "Unix

wars", with various companies forming rival standardization groups. The most successful Unix-related standard turned out to be the

IEEE's POSIXspecification, designed as a compromiseAPIreadily implemented on both BSD and System V platforms, published in

1988 and soon mandated by the United States governmentfor many of its own systems.

The increasing power of microcomputers in the late 1980s, and in particular the introduction of the 32-bit Intel 80386, caused Unix

to "explode" in popularity for business applications; Xenix, 386/ixand other Unix systems for the IBM PC compatiblemarket

competed with OS/2in terms of networking, multiuser support, multitasking and MS-DOScompatibility.[12]

AT&T added various features into UNIX System V, such as file locking, system administration, STREAMS, new forms of IPC, the

Remote File Systemand TLI. AT&T cooperated with Sun Microsystems and between 1987 and 1989, merged features from Xenix,

BSD, SunOS, and System V into System V Release 4(SVR4), independently of X/Open. This new release consolidated all the

previous features into one package, and heralded the end of competing versions. It also increased licensing fees. [citation needed]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_warshttp://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_warshttp://pdfmyurl.com/http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X/Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_socketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Consoles_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible_Time_Sharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_AT%26Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3B_series_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWB/UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-Window-System.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-Window-System.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usenix84_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usenix84_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEC_VT100_terminal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DEC_VT100_terminal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_10_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_9_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_8_Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux


4/6

Unix workstationsof the 90s,

including those made by DEC, HP, SGI,

and Sun

The Common Desktop Environment

(CDE) was widely used on Unix

workstations

Ken Thompsonand Dennis Ritchie

being awarded the National Medal of

Technologyfrom Bill Clinton

History of computingHardware

Hardware before 1960

Hardware 1960s to present

Hardware in Soviet Bloc countries

Software

Software Unix

Free software and open-source software

Computer science

Artificial intelligence Compiler construction

Computer science Operating systems

Programming languages

Software engineering

Modern concepts

Graphical user interface Internet

Personal computers Laptops Video games

During this time a number of vendors including Digital Equipment, Sun,Addamaxand others began building trusted versionsof

UNIX for high security applications, mostly designed for military and law enforcement applications.

1990s [edit]

In 1990, the Open Software Foundationreleased OSF/1, their standard Unix

implementation, based on Machand BSD. The Foundation was started in 1988 and was

funded by several Unix-related companies that wished to counteract the collaboration of

AT&T and Sun on SVR4. Subsequently, AT&T and another group of licensees formed the

group UNIX Internationalin order to counteract OSF. This escalation of conflict between

competing vendors again gave rise to the phrase Unix wars.

In 1991, a gro up of BSD developers (Donn Seeley, Mike Karels, Bill Jolitz, and Trent Hein)

left the University of California to found Berkeley Software Design, Inc (BSDI). BSDI

produced a fully functional commercial version of BSD Unix for the inexpensive and

ubiquitous Intel platform. Shortly after it was founded, Bill Jolitz left BSDI to pursue

distribution of 386BSD, the free software ancestor of FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD.

By 1993, most commercial vendors had changed their variants of Unix to be based on

System Vwith many BSD features added. The creation of the Common Open Software

Environment(COSE) initiative that year, by the major players in Unix, marked the end of the

most notorious phase of the Unix wars, and was followed by the merger of UI and OSF in

1994. The new combined entity retained the OSF name and stopped work on OSF/1. By

that time the only vendor using it was Digital Equipment Corporation, which continued its

own development, rebranding their product Digital UNIXin early 1995.

Shortly after UNIX System V Release 4 was produced, AT&T sold all its rights to UNIX to

Novell. Dennis Ritchie likened this sale to the Biblical story of Esauselling his birthright for

the mess of pottage.[13]Novell developed its own version, UnixWare, merging its NetWare

with UNIX System V Release 4. Novell tried to use this as a marketing tool against Windows

NT, but their core markets suffered considerably.

In 1993, Novell decided to transfer the UNIX trademarkand certification rights to the X/Open

Consortium.[14]In 1996, X/Open merged with OSF, creating the Open Group. Various

standards by the Open Group now define what is and what is not a UNIX operating system,

notably the post-1998 Single UNIX Specification.

In 1995, the business of administering and supporting the existing UNIX licenses, plus rights

to further develop the System V code base, were sold by Novell to the Santa Cruz

Operation.[15]Whether Novell also sold the copyrights is currently the subject of litigation

(see below).

In 1997,Apple Computersought a new foundation for its Macintosh operating system and

chose NEXTSTEP, an operating system developed by NeXT. The core operating system,

which was based on BSDand the Mach kernel, was renamed Darwinafter Apple acquired it. The deployment of Darwin in Mac OS

Xmakes it, according to a statement made by an Apple employee at a USENIXconference, the most widely used Unix-based

system in the desktop computermarket.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, Unix had got competition from the open source Linuxoperating system, a reimplementation of Unix from scratch, using

parts of the GNUproject that had been underway since the mid-1980s. Work on Linux proper was begun in 1991 by Linus Torvalds;

in 1998, a confidential memoat Microsoft stated, "Linux is on track to eventually own the x86 UNIX market," and further predicted, "I

believe that Linux moreso than NT will be the biggest threat to SCO in the near future." [16]

2000s [edit]

In 2000, SCOsold its entire UNIX business and assets to Caldera Systems, which later

changed its name to The SCO Group.

The bursting of the dot-com bubble(20012003) led to significant consolidation of

versions of Unix. Of the many commercial variants of Unix that were born in the 1980s,

only Solaris, HP-UX, andAIXwere still doing relatively well in the market, though SGI's

IRIXpersisted for quite some time. Of these, Solaris had the largest market share in

2005.[17]

In 2003, the SCO Group started legal action against various users and vendors of

Linux. SCO had alleged that Linux contained copyrighted Unix code now owned by the

SCO Group. Other allegations included trade-secret violations by IBM, or contract

violations by former Santa Cruz customers who had since converted to Linux.

However, Novell disputed the SCO Group's claim to hold copyright on the UNIX source

base. According to Novell, SCO (and hence the SCO Group) are effectively franchise

operators for Novell, which also retained the core copyrights, veto rights over future

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIXhttp://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Soviet_Bloc_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Soviet_Bloc_countrieshttp://pdfmyurl.com/http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Soviet_Bloc_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_Documentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvaldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEXTSTEPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X/Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnixWarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess_of_pottagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_UNIXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386BSDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Jolitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Software_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medal_lg.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medal_lg.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_Workstation_Collection.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_Workstation_Collection.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addamax


5/6

World Wide Web

Timeline of computing

2400 BC1949 19501979 19801989

19901999 20002009 20102019

more timelines...

Category

v t e

Book: Unix

licensing activities of SCO, and 95% of the licensing reve nue. The SCO Group

disagreed with this, and the dispute resulted in the SCO v. Novelllawsuit. On 10

August 2007, a major portion of the case was decided in Novell's favor (that Novell had

the copyright to UNIX, and that the SCO Group had improperly kept money that was

due to Novell). The court also ruled that "SCO is obligated to recognize Novell's waiver

of SCO's claims against IBM and Sequent". After the ruling, Novell announced they

have no interest in suing people over Unix and stated, "We don't believe there is Unix

in Linux".[18][19][20]SCO successfully got the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals to partially

overturn this decision on 24 August 2009 which sent the lawsuit back to the courts for a jury trial. [21][22][23]

On 30 March 2010, following a jury trial, Novell, and not The SCO Group, was "unanimously [found]" to be the owner of the UNIX

and UnixWare copyrights.[24]The SCO Group, through bankruptcy trustee Edward Cahn, decided to continue the lawsuit against

IBM for causing a decline in SCO revenues.[25]

See also: SCO-Linux controversies

In 2005, Sun Microsystemsreleased the bulk of its Solaris system code (based on UNIX System VRelease 4) into an open source

project called OpenSolaris. New Sun OS technologies, notably the ZFSfile system, were first released as open source code via the

OpenSolaris project. Soon afterwards, OpenSolaris spawned several non-Sun distributions. In 2010, after Oracle acquired Sun,

OpenSolaris was officially discontinued, but the development of der ivatives continued.

See also [edit]

Comparison of operating systems

List of Unix systems

Operating systems timeline

Plan 9 from Bell Labs

References [edit]

1. ^Stuart, B rian L. (2009). Principles of operating systems: design & applications. Boston, Mass achusetts: Thompson Learning. p. 23.

ISBN1-4188-3769-5.

2. ^ abcRitchie, Dennis M. "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System" . Retrieved 2009-11-29.

3. ^"The Creation of the UNIX* Operating System: The famous PDP-7 comes to the rescue" . Bell-labs.com. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

4. ^Salus, Peter H. (1994).A Quarter Century of UNIX. Addison Wesley. p. 9. ISBN0-201-54777-5.

5. ^Stallings, William. "Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles" 5th ed, page 91. Pearson Education, Inc. 2005.

6. ^ ab"Origins and History of Unix, 19691995" . Faqs.org. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

7. ^D. E. Bodenstab, T. F. Houghton, K. A. Kelleman, G. Ronkin, and E. P . Schan (October 1984). "UNIX Operating System Porting

Experiences" (PDF).AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 8 Part 2. p. 9. Retrieved 2009-04-09.

8. ^Stevens, W Richard. Rago, Stephen A.Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, 3rd Edition.2013. p. 21

9. ^Bell Sy stem Software (April 1980). "(Advertisement)" .Australian Unix Users Group Newsletter2(4). p. 8.

10. ^Dennis M. Ritchie. "Unix Advertising" . former Bell Labs Computing and Mathematical Sciences Research. Retrieved 17 February

2014.

11. ^"UNIX" . The Computer Chronicles. 1985.

12. ^Jeff Tye; Lauren Black; Gregory Smith (10 July 1989). "Unix on the desktop: 80386-based Unix multiuser operating sys tems present

an alternative to LANs" . InfoWorld.

13. ^"comp.unix.questions | Google Groups" . Groups.google.com. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

14. ^ Chuck Karish View profile More options. "The name UNIX is now the property of X/Open comp.std.unix | Google Groups" .

Groups.google.com. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

15. ^"HP, Novell and SCO To Deliver High-Volume UNIX OS With Advanced Network And Enterprise Services" . Novell.com. 20

September 1995. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

16. ^Vinod Valloppillil (11 August 1998). "Open Source Software: A (New?) Development Methodology" . Retrieved 3 February 2014.

17. ^Stephen (7 December 2005). "Itanium: A cautionary tale" . Tech News. ZDNet. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006.

Retrieved 2006-10-04. "In the third quarter of this year, 7,845 Itanium servers were sold, according to research by Gartner. That

compares with 62,776 machines with Sun Mic rosystems' UltraSparc, 31,648 with IBM's Power, and 9,147 with HP's PA-RISC."

18. ^"Memorandum and Decision Order in SCO v. Novell" . Groklaw.net. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

19. ^"Tuxrocks.com" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-01-06.

20. ^Novell Won't Pursue Unix Copyrights 15 August 2007

21. ^Groklaw.net 24 August 2009

22. ^Novell.com 24 August 2009

23. ^Wired.com 24 August 2009

24. ^"03/30/2010 846 JURY VERDICT for Defendant Novell. (slm) (Entered: 03/30/2010)" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-09.

25. ^http://www.sltrib.com (30 March 2010). "Jury says Novell owns Unix copyrights" . Sltrib.com. Retrieved 2012-01-06.

Further reading [edit]

Books

Salus, Peter H.:A Quarter Century of UNIX, Addison Wesley, 1 June 1994; ISBN 0-201-54777-5

Television.

http://www.groklaw.net/pdf/AppealRuling.pdfhttp://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://pdfmyurl.com/http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://www.novell.com/prblogs/?p=1134http://www.groklaw.net/pdf/AppealRuling.pdfhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135959-c,unix/article.htmlhttp://sco.tuxrocks.com/Docs/Novell/Novell-377.pdfhttp://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=20070810205256644http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-5984747.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20060923185730/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9584_22-5984747.htmlhttp://www.catb.org/~esr/halloween/halloween1.htmlhttp://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/09/pr95220.htmlhttp://groups.google.com/group/comp.std.unix/msg/c9974cf0022884f8http://groups.google.com/group/comp.unix.questions/browse_frm/thread/2f0b5e719fa3a3ec/3fa5e5fe4d58f96bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoWorldhttps://books.google.com/books?id=ijAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Chronicleshttp://www.archive.org/details/UNIX1985http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/unixad.htmlhttp://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Documentation/AUUGN/AUUGN-V02.4.pdfhttp://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/otherports/newp.pdfhttp://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch02s01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54777-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/pdp7.htmlhttp://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4188-3769-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems_timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolarishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO-Linux_controversieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_v._Novellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_computing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computing_timelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2010%E2%80%9319http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2000%E2%80%9309http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1990%E2%80%9399http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%9389http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1950%E2%80%9379http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_2400_BC%E2%80%931949http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web


6/6

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view

This page was last modified on 30 November 2014 at 13:39.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Useand Privacy

Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

[show]v t e

[show]v t e

[show]v t e

Look up Unixin Wiktionary,

the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to History of

Unix.

The Wikibook Guide to Unix

has a page on the topic of:

Commands

Computer Chronicles(1985). "UNIX ".

Computer Chronicles(1989). "Unix ".

External links [edit]

The UNIX System , at The Open Group.

The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System

The Creation of the UNIX Operating System

The Unix Tree: files from historic releases

History of Unix at DMOZ

The Unix 1st Edition Manuals .

1982 film about Unix featuring Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Alfred

Aho, and more

A History of UNIX before Berkeley: UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984

Unixcommand-line interfaceprograms and shell builtins

Unixand Unix-likeoperating systems

Operating system

Categories: Unix history

a license!
http://pdfmyurl.com/http://pdfmyurl.com/browser-license?ref=pdfhttp://www.mediawiki.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/http://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobilehttps://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contributehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_ushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Abouthttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Operating_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-likehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Unix&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_builtinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Unix_commands&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Unix_commandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unix_commandshttp://www.darwinsys.com/history/hist.htmlhttp://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2012/2/22/AT&T-Archives-The-UNIX-Systemhttp://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZhttps://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Unix/http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Grouphttp://www.unix.org/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix/Commandshttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unixhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Unixhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Unix&action=edit&section=9http://www.archive.org/details/unix_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Chronicleshttp://www.archive.org/details/UNIX1985http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Chronicles