HTML

HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language

A markup language is a set of markup tags HTML uses markup tags to describe web

pages

Tags, Attributes, and Elements

The basic structure of an HTML document includes tags, which surround content and apply meaning to it.

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>

HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>

The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag

Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags


Tags <html> <head> <title>web technology</title> </head> <body> Welcome to my web page </body> </html>


Attributes Tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of

information. Attributes appear inside the opening tag and their their value is always inside quotation marks .

They look something like <tag attribute="value">text</tag>. <html> <head> <title>web technology</title> </head> <body bgcolor="yellow" text="red"> Formatting my web page <font face="comic sans MS" color="blue" size="4"><b>changing

the font</b></font> </body> </html>


Elements Tags tend not to do much more than mark the

beginning and end of an element. Elements are the bits that make up web

pages. You would say, for example, that everything

that is in-between and includes the <body> and </body> tags is the body element.

Example <title>Rumple Stiltskin</title>' is a title element.

<html> Element...</html>

<html> begins and ends each and every web page.

Its sole purpose is to encapsulate all the HTML code and describe the HTML document to the web browser.

One should close our HTML documents with the corresponding </html> tag at the bottom of the document.

Paragraphs

If we want text to appear on different lines, we need to explicitly state that.

The p tag is for paragraph. <p>This is my first web page</p> <p>How

exciting</p>

http://htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/p/

Emphasis

You can emphasise text in a paragraph using em (emphasis) and strong (strong emphasis).

These are two ways of doing pretty much the same thing,

although traditionally, browsers display em in italics and strong in bold.

http://htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/em/

http://htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/strong/

http://htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/em/

http://htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/strong/

Line breaks

The line-break tag can also be used to separate lines .

If we want more than one line breaks instead of the paragraph tag we should use the line break tag.

Example: <br><br>break tag can give more than one line break while paragraph tag can provide only one

Headings

If we have documents with genuine headings,

then there are HTML tags specifically designed just for them.

They are h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 and h6,

http://htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/h1h2h3h4h5h6/






Headings example <html> <head> <title>web technology</title> </head> <body> <h1>Introduction</h1> <h2>HTML</h2 > <h3>DHTML</h3> <h4>XHTML</h4> </h5>VBscript</h5> <h6>JavaScript</h6> <h7>ASP</h7> </body> </html>

Drawing Lines

The tag <hr> draws lines and horizontal rules. The attributes of <hr> tag are:- Align :Aligns line on the browser screen which is by

default aligned to the center. Align=“left” :will align the line to the left of screen Align=“right” :will align the line to the right of screen Align=“ center “ :will align the line to the center of

screen Size:Changes the size of the rule. Width:Sets the width of the rule to a percentage of

available screen width.

Text Styles

Bold:-Displays text in bold face style.The tags used are <b>…</b>

Italics:-Displays text in italics.The tags used are between <I>…</I>

Underline:-Displays text as underlined.The tags used are between <U>….</U>

Example:<B><I><U>Welcome to our home page </U></I></B>

Text Effects

Font tag:-All text specified within the tags <font> and </font> will appear in the font ,size and color as specified as the attributes of the tag <font>.

Attributes Face:Sets the font to the specified font name. Size:Sets the size of the text.(range 1 to 7) Color:Sets the color of the text Example: <font face=“comic sans MS” size=“6”

color=“red”>Welcome to our home page</font>

Lists

There are three types of list; unordered lists ordered lists definition lists.

Unordered Lists

An unordered list or bulleted list starts with the tag <UL> and </UL>

Each list item starts with the tag <LI> The attributes with the tag<UL> are:- Type=“fillround” Type=“square”

Example UL list

<ul type=“fillround”>types of memories</ul> <li>floppy <li>hard disk <li>CDROM </ul>

Ordered lists

Ordered lists or lists with numbering starts with <OL> and ends with </OL>

Attributes Type=“1”:will give counting numbers(1,2……) Type=“A” will give uppercase

letters(A,B,C….) Type=“a” will give lowercase letters(a,b,c….) Type=“I”:will give uppercase roman numerals Type=“I”:will give lowercase roman numerals

Definition list

The <dl> tag defines a description list. The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt>

(definition term) and <dd> (definition description)

http://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_dt.asp



http://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_dd.asp



<dl> <dt>Coffee</dt> <dd>Black hot drink</dd> <dt>Milk</dt> <dd>White cold drink</dd></dl>

Div

The <div> tag acts as a container for the other tags.

The div element can contain any type of HTML tags.

They structure the HTML document using unique divisions that can be identified with unique ids.

Example

<html> <head> <title>Delta engineering company</title> <h1 align =center>Delta Engineering company pvt ltd</h1> </head> <body bgcolor="yellow" > <hr align=left width=100% size=5 color=violet> <div> <p> IDENTIFY METRICS CUSTOMERS </p> <p> Functional Management: Interested in applying greater control to the software

development process, reducing risk and maximizing return on investment. </p> </div></body></html>

Span

The HTML <span> element is a generic inline container for structuring content.

It can be used to group elements for styling purposes (using the class or id attributes),

<span> is very much like a <div> element, but <div> is a block-level element whereas

a <span> is an inline element.

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div

<html> <head> <title>Delta engineering company</title> <h1 align =center>Delta Engineering company pvt ltd</h1> </head> <body bgcolor="yellow" > <hr align=left width=100% size=5 color=violet> <div> <p> IDENTIFY METRICS CUSTOMERS </p> <p> Functional Management: </p></div> <div>Interested in applying greater control to the<span> software development

process</span>, reducing risk and <span>maximizing return on investment.</span></div></body></html>

Div Tag Block level element It creates a line break. A <div> tag can contain

several <p> element but a <p> tag cannot contain div element.

Span Tag Inline element It does not create a visual

difference. A <span> tag cannot

contain <p> tags.A<p> element can contain several span elements.

Attributes supported by <div> and <span> tags Id class Align Bgcolor Width Height Title Style

Meta Tag

Metadata means data which is stored about data.

Metadata help search engines in finding a match when it performs the search.

The search engines will look at any meta data attached to a page.

We can add metadata to our web pages by placing meta tags within the <head> tags.

Attributes of the meta tag

Name Content Scheme http-equiv

NAME attributes

META tags with a name attribute are used for the types which do not correspond to HTTP headers.

Value Robots:Controls Web robots on a per-page basis <META NAME="ROBOTS"

CONTENT="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> NOINDEX prevents anything on the page from being indexed. NOFOLLOW prevents the crawler from following the links on the

page and indexing the linked pages. NOIMAGEINDEX prevents the images on the page from being

indexed but the text on the page can still be indexed. NOIMAGECLICK prevents the use of links directly to the

images, instead there will only be a link to the page.

Name attribute

Description:A short, plain language description of the document. Used by search engines to describe your document.

<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Citrus fruit wholesaler.">

Name attribute

Keywords:Keywords used by search engines to index your document in addition to words from the title and document body. Typically used for synonyms and alternates of title words. E.g.

<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="oranges, lemons, limes">

HTTP-EQUIV attribute

• META tags with an HTTP-EQUIV attribute are equivalent to HTTP headers.

• Typically, they control the action of browsers, • may be used to refine the information provided

by the actual headers

HTTP-EQUIV attribute cont

Expires:The date and time after which the document should be considered expired.

Dates must be given in in GMT.<META HTTP-EQUIV="expires" CONTENT="Wed, 26 Feb 1997

08:21:57 GMT"> Content-Type:The HTTP content type may be extended to give the

character set. As a META tag, it causes Netscape Navigator to load the appropriate

charset before displaying the page.<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html;

charset=ISO-2022-JP"> It is now recommended to always use this tag,Failure to do so may

cause display problems

HTTP-EQUIV attribute cont

Content-Script-Type:Specifies the default scripting language in a document.

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Script-Type" CONTENT="text/javascript">

Content-Language:May be used to declare the natural language of the document.

languages are specified as the pair (language-dialect); here, English-British

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Language" CONTENT="en-GB">

Refresh:Specifies a delay in seconds before the browser automatically reloads the document. Optionally, specifies an alternative URL to load. E.g.

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="3;URL=http://www.some.org/some.html">

Working with Tables

Objectives

Understand table basics Format tables Follow table pointers to create well-designed

tables Create a page template Evaluate examples of page templates

Understanding Table Basics

Using Table Elements

To build effective page templates, you must be familiar with the HTML table elements and attributes

The <table> element contains the table information, which consists of table row elements <tr> and individual table data cells <td> These are the three elements you will use

most frequently when you are building tables

Basic Table Code<table border="1"><tr><td>Breed</td><td>Description</td><td>Group</td></tr><tr><td>French Bulldog</td><td>Loyal Companion</td><td>Non-Sporting</td></tr><tr><td>Wheaten Terrier</td><td>High energy, friendly</td><td>Terrier</td></tr><tr><td>English Pointer</td><td>Hunting companion</td><td>Sporting</td></tr><tr><td>Australian Cattle Dog</td><td>Guarding, herding</td><td>Working</td></tr></table>

Captions and Table Header

<caption> lets you add a caption to the top or bottom of the table

By default, captions display at the top of the table; you can use the align=“bottom” attribute to align the caption at the bottom of the table

The <th> tag lets you create a table header cell that presents the cell content as bold and centered

Global attributes of table tag

ATTRIBUTES DESCRIPTION

BGCOLOR Sets the background color of the table

ALIGN Indicates the position of the table on the web page Left/Right/Center

BORDER Indicates the thickness of the table.

HEIGHT Indicates the height of the Table in pixels

WIDTH Indicates the width of the Table in pixels

BORDERCOLOR Specifies the color for the table border.

Cell spacing Indicates the distance between edges of the cells

Cell Padding Indicates the distance between edges of cells and contents.

Table Grouping Attributes

The primary use of the grouping elements is to let you apply styles to groups of either rows or columns

Headers and Footers

thead, tfoot and tbody allow you to separate the table into header, footer and body, which can be handy when dealing with larger tables.

http://www.htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/thead/

http://www.htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/tfoot/

http://www.htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/tbody/

<html> <body> <table border="6"

bordercolor="blue" bgcolor="pink" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="8">

<thead> <td>Roll</td> <td>Name</td> <td>Percentage</td> </thead> <tfoot> <td>Today</td> <td>is</td> <td>wednesday</td> </tfoot>

<tbody> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>sagar</td> <td>85.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>Rekha</td> <td>90.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>Tina</td> <td>56%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>

Formatting columns

the colgroup and col tags have come to their used to format columns.

These tags allow you to define the table columns and style them as desired, which is particularly useful

if you want certain columns aligned or colored differently, as, without this, you would need to target individual cells.

http://www.htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/colgroup/

http://www.htmldog.com/reference/htmltags/col/

Colgroup tag

The <colgroup> tag specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting.

The <colgroup> tag is useful for applying styles to entire columns, instead of repeating the styles for each cell, for each row.

The <colgroup> tag must be a child of a <table> element, after any <caption> elements and before any <thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>, and <tr> elements.

To define different properties to a column within a <colgroup>, use the <col> tag within the <colgroup> tag.

http://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_col.asp



<html> <body> <table border="6"

bordercolor="blue" bgcolor="pink" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="8">

<colgroup > <col span=“2” style="background-

color:red"> <col style="background-color:yellow"></colgroup>

<thead> <td>Roll</td> <td>Name</td> <td>Percentage</td> </thead> <tfoot> <td>Today</td> <td>is</td> <td>wednesday</td> </tfoot>

<tbody> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>Rekha</td> <td>90.0%</td> </tr> </tbody>

</table> </body> </html>

Defining Table Attributes

Table attributes let you further define a number of table characteristics

You can apply attributes at three levels of table structure: global, row level, or cell level

Global Table Attributes

• Global attributes affect the entire table

Row-Level Table Attributes

• Row-level attributes affect the entire table

Cell-Level Table Attributes

• Cell-level attributes affect only the contents of one cell

Spanning Columns

The colspan attribute lets you create cells that span multiple columns of a table

Column cells always span to the right

Spanning Rows

The rowspan attribute lets you create cells that span multiple rows of a table

Rows always span down

Formatting Tables

Choosing Relative or Fixed Table Widths

Set relative table widths as percentages in the table width attribute If you choose relative table widths, your

tables will resize based on the size of the browser window

Set absolute table widths as pixel values in the table width attribute Fixed tables remain constant regardless of

the browser window size

Determining the Correct Fixed Width for a Table

The most common width for page template tables is approximately 975 pixels

This width supports the 1024 x 768 screen resolution

Adding White Space in a Table

You can add white space into a table with the cellpadding and cellspacing attributes

Removing Default Table Spacing

Default spacing values are included in the table even when you don’t specify values for the table’s border, cellpadding, or cellspacing attributes

Depending on the browser, approximately two pixels are reserved for each of these values

You can remove the default spacing by explicitly stating a zero value for each attribute

Image tag

Html embeds images in your web page using the <img> tag.

Image exists in different file formats:- JPEG :Join photographic experts group BMP:bitmap PNG:portable network graphics TIFF:Tagged Image File Format

Attributes of <img> tag

Attribute Description

Vspace Indicates the amount of space left to the top and the bottom of the image.

Hspace Indicates the amount of space left to the left and the right of the image.

Alt Will display alternate text when the image is not found.

Src Indicates the source file.

Border Specify the size of the border around the image.

Height and width Indicates the dimension of the image in pixels.

Align Controls the horizontal alignment of the image.

Valign Controls the vertical alignment of the image.

LONGDESC--Points to a resource that contains a longer description of the image’s content.

ISMAP--Identifies the image as being used as part of a server-side imagemap.

USEMAP--Set equal to the name of the client-side imagemap to be used with the image.

Img tag <html> <head> </head> <body> The koala(Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial

native to Australia, and the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae. It is classified in the suborder

Vombatiformes within the order Diprotodontia, and its closest living relatives are the wombats.

<br> <img src="Koala.jpg" border="4" align="right" valign="bottom" height="400"

width="500" vspace="100" hspace="50" longDesc="koala.html"> <script> Document.write(Document.longDesc); </script></body> </html>

Align =“left”

Align=“right”

Image with border

Inserting links

The main purpose of web page is to create the documents that navigate in any order.

Hypertext document is a document which links to the other documents through hyperlinks.

The browser distinguishes the hyperlinks from normal text.

The hyperlink appears blue in color. Hyperlink is underlined. When the mouse cursor moves over the hyperlink ,it

changes to the shape of a hand.

Hyperlink types

There are three types of hyperlinks:-

1. Internal: Links to anchors in the current page.

2. It is necessary to mark the location with the help of <a> tag using name attribute.

3. Then link with the help of href attribute followed by # symbol.

4. <a href=“#top”>

<html> <head> <title>Delta engineering company</title> <h1 align =center>Delta Engineering company pvt ltd</h1> </head> <body bgcolor="yellow" > <hr align=left width=100% size=5 color=violet> <div> <p> <a name="top">IDENTIFY METRICS CUSTOMERS </p> <p> Functional Management: </p></div> <a href="#top">top</a> </body></html>

Local

Links to the other pages within your domain or web site.

<html> <body> <a href="list.html">link to a list</a> <br> <a href="frame.html">link to a frame</a> <br> <a href="img.html">link to an image</a> </body> </html>

Global links

Links to domains outside your web site. <html> <body> <a href="list.html">link to a list</a> <br> <a href="frame.html">link to a frame</a> <br> <a href="img.html">link to an image</a> <br> <a href="http://www.google.com">link to Google</a> </body> </html>

Attributes of the body tag to change the default color of the hyperlink

Link :Changes the default color of the hyperlink

Alink:Changes the default color of the active hyperlink.

Vlink:Changes the default color of the visited hyperlink.

Anchor tag

• The <a> tag can be used in two ways: To create a link to another document, by

using the href attribute To create a bookmark inside a document, by

using the name attribute

HTML Links - The target Attribute

• The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

• The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window or a new tab:

• <a href=" http://www.mu.ac.in " target="_blank">Visit mumbaiuniversity</a>

Target

Value Description

_blank Opens the linked document in a new window or tab

_selfOpens the linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (this is default)

_parent Opens the linked document in the parent frame

_topOpens the linked document in the full body of the window

framename Opens the linked document in a named frame

Attribute of <A >tag

ACCESSKEY--An access key is a shortcut key a reader can use to activate the hyperlink.

If you set the access key to the letter "C", for example, Windows users can press shift +Alt+C

on their keyboards to activate the link. CHARSET--Denotes what character encoding to use

for the linked document.

HREF--Gives the URL of the Web resource to which the hyperlink should point.

HREFLANG--Denotes the language context of the linked resource.

NAME--Specifies the name of the anchor being set up.

<html> <body link="red" alink="green" vlink="cyan"> <a href="list.html" target="_blank" accesskey="A">link to a

list</a> <br> <a href="frame.html" accesskey="B">link to a frame</a> <br> <a href="img.html" accesskey="C">link to an image</a> <br> <a href="http://www.google.com">link to Google</a> <br> <a href="html1.html" > <img src="koala.jpg"></a> </body> </html>

REL--Describes the nature of the forward link.

Value Description

alternateLinks to an alternate version of the document (i.e. print page, translated or mirror)

author Links to the author of the documentbookmark Permanent URL used for bookmarkinghelp Links to a help document

license Links to copyright information for the document

next The next document in a selection

nofollowLinks to an unendorsed document, like a paid link.("nofollow" is used by Google, to specify that the Google search spider should not follow that link)

noreferrerSpecifies that the browser should not send a HTTP referer header if the user follows the hyperlink

prev The previous document in a selection

<html> <head> <title>Write title of document.</title> </head> <body> <p>rel attribute of anchor tag in HTML5.</p> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.google.co.in/" >

Do not follow this link.</a><br> <a rel="alternate" href=“ass1.html"

hreflang="en">English version of document</a><br> <a rel="next" href=“frame.html">Open previous document</

a><br> <a rel="prev" href=“img.html">Open next document</a><br> </body> </html>

TABINDEX--Specifies the link's position in the document's tabbing order.

TARGET--Tells the browser into which frame the linked document should be loaded.

Documents

HTML