R i l S iRegional Symposiumon the Management of Fruit Flies in 

Near East Countries

H t T i i 6 8 N b 2012Hammamet, Tunisia, 6‐8 November 2012

CURRENT STATUS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CURRENT STATUS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY IN MONTENEGROFRUIT FLY IN MONTENEGROFRUIT FLY IN MONTENEGROFRUIT FLY IN MONTENEGRO

Sanja RadonjićSanja RadonjićUniversity of MontenegroUniversity of Montenegro

Biotechnical FacultyBiotechnical Faculty

Montenegro INTRODUCTION

• Montenegro is located in southeastern EuropeMontenegro is located in southeastern Europe   (West Balkan). 

• It has 298 km long coast on the Adriatic SeaIt has 298 km long coast on the Adriatic Sea   located between 41052` and 42029`north latitude.

• Montenegro coast borders with Croatian and Albanian coast.

• The coast is a narrow strip separated from the• The coast is a narrow strip, separated from the hinterland by the karstic mountains which protectit from the cold air flowsit from the cold air flows.

• Due to its favorable geographic position and Mediterranean climate Montenegro coast isMediterranean climate, Montenegro coast is suitable for fruit and vegetable production.

Morinj, Boka Kotor Bay

... on way from Podgorica to Budva

• The most important tree fruit crops are olive and citrus (mainly mandarins).

• Although figs, persimmons, pomegranate, kiwi, g g p p gsporadically apples, pears and stone fruits (peaches, cherries, plums) are present, they are of p p p yless or without economic importance.

• They are mainly grown in backyards or smallThey are mainly grown in backyards or small orchards.

• Majority of Montenegro fruit production along the coast is characterized by small, mixed, family orchards, with the most abundant mandarins (from tens up to few hundreds of trees) and almost as a rule certain number of fig or persimmon trees nearby mandarins. 

• The most important mandarin production is particularly located around cities Bar and Ulcinj.  p y j

• Plantations have from few hundreds up to few thousands trees.

• This is also the main orange production area.

The Mediterranean Fruit Fly in Montenegro

• The Mediterranean fruit fly has been considered as• The Mediterranean fruit fly has been considered as an established pest in Montenegro coast for more than 10 yearsthan 10 years. 

• Although present in Mediterranean region for more than a century it was not officiallymore than a century, it was not officially confirmed as established pest in Montenegro until 2002.until 2002. 

• All  previous records in low population level were considered as occasional outbrakes:were considered as occasional outbrakes:‐ 1988 ‐1990: area of Bar and Ulcinj in citrus plantationsplantations

‐ 1991‐1995 no presence were detected(with exception in 1992)(with exception in 1992).

‐ 1998 ‐mandarins, locality in the Boka Kotor BayBay. 

• After severe infestations in mandarin plantations in 2000 and 2001 in area of Ulcinj and Barin 2000 and 2001 in area of Ulcinj and Bar, distribution, host plants and population dynamic of C capitata started monitoring from 2002of C. capitata started monitoring from 2002. 

Monitoring

• Different lures were used since 2002 ……

angelica seed oil(2002-2003)

Trimedlure (2004‐2006)

Buminal+diammonium hydrogen phosphate 4:1 (2006-2008)( )

From 2008 only 3 component female‐targeted attractant (ammonium acetate, trimethylamine and putrescine) in Tephri traps has been used.

DISTRIBUTION of C. capitata pin Montenegro

• Initially,  presence of C. capitata was restricted  to hthe coast.

• In inland it was detected for the first time in surrounding areas of the city Podgorica in 2008 and around Skadar Lake in 2010.

HOST PLANTSHOST PLANTS

• Mandarins, oranges, lemon (cultivar Lunario), grapefruit figs persimmon jujube and applesgrapefruit, figs, persimmon, jujube and apples were confirmed as host plants.

• All this fruit species were found infested in the• All this fruit species were found infested in the coast, while in area of Podgorica and Skadar Lake only persimmon and applesLake only persimmon and apples. 

Apples were detected as a new host plant in• Apples were detected as a new host plant in September 2010. 

• Presence of suitable hosts with different time of• Presence of suitable hosts with different time of ripeing (continuously from July to November/December) together with favourableNovember/December) together with favourable climatic conditions (mediterranean climate) makes Montenegro coast suitable for C capitatamakes Montenegro coast suitable for C. capitata development. 

Si i i h d i f i f• Since monitoring have started, infestation of mandarins (both early and late varieties), figs and persimmons were detected every yearpersimmons were detected every year. 

• Oranges are rarely attacked and infestation of lemon grapefruit and jujube were recorded onlylemon, grapefruit and jujube were recorded only in 2003 and 2007 when population level was high.  

• In an economic sense, the most important host , pplant is mandarin (cultivar Unshiu).  

AVAIBILITY OF HOST FRUITSAVAIBILITY OF HOST FRUITS

* the first infested fruits are figs (July and August) followed byAugust), followed by... 

* the earliest mandarin varieties (Wakyama, Ch h ) i fi h lf f S bChahara) in first half of September....

* early mandarin variety Kawano Wase (up to mid October)....

* perssimon (end of September‐October)... p ( p )

* late mandarin variety Owari (second half of October‐mid November) andOctober mid November)….. and….

* oranges, as the latest ripeing fruits in avegetation season in period end Novembervegetation season, in period end November ‐beginning of December.

• Figs and persimmons has been confirmed as veryFigs and persimmons has been confirmed as very important for breeding of the fly in early summer and early autunmand early autunm.

• They are usually present nearby mandarin orchards with small number of trees and servesorchards with small number of trees and serves as reservoars for fly population maintaince  before mandarins become suspectiblebefore mandarins become suspectible. 

• Farmers usually do not apply control measures i t C it t thi l t b thagainst C. capitata on this plants because they 

are with no importance in an economic sense.

persimmon

mandarin

Figs

Mandarins

POPULATION DYNAMIC

• Results of four years monitoring with 3 component female targeted attractantcomponent female‐targeted attractant (ammonium acetate, trimethylamine and putrescine) (2008 2011) showed that along theputrescine) (2008‐2011) showed that along the coast first flies were detected in July with an exception in 2011 when the first fly was detectedexception in 2011 when the first fly was detected on 17 June. 

Fig. 4. Population dynamic of C. capitata in 2009

120140160180

Darza

G. ŠtojD. Štoj

Bar 1

Bar 2

Šušanj

Fig. 3 . Population dynamic of C. capitata in 2008

100

120

140

160

DarzaG.Štoj

D. ŠtojBar 1

Bar 2Šušanj

020406080

100

07.

07.

08.

09.

09.

09.

09.

10.

10.

11.

11.

11.

12.

12.

FTD

jL. Grbaljska

Radanovići

Baošići

ĐenovićiKumbor

0

20

40

60

80

100

07.

07.

07.

08.

08.

09.

09.

09.

10.

10.

10.

11.

12.

12.

FTD

L. GrbaljskaRadanovići

BaošićiĐenovići

Kumbor

05.07

17.07

10.08

01.09

08.09

15.09

28.09

14.10

24.10

03.11

18.11

30.11

11.12

26.12

Monitoring date

07.07

23.07

31.07

15.08

29.08

11.09

23.09

30.09

07.10

21.10

31.10

11.11

02.12

15.12

Monitoring date

Fig. 5. Population dynamic of C. capitata in 2010

220

Darza

D. Štoj

G. Štoj

B 1

Fig. 6. Population dynamic of C. capitatain 2011

5560

Darza

D. Štoj

G. Štoj

Bar 1

6080

100120140160180200

FTD

Bar 1

Bar 2

Šušanj

L. Grbaljska

Radanovići

Baošići

Đenovići 152025303540455055

FTD

Bar 1

Bar 2

Šušanj

L. Grbaljska

Radanovići

Baošići

Đenovići

02040

1.06

15.06

.05

.07.

20.07

.04

.08.

11.08

.23

.08.

03.09

.24

.09.

12.10

.30

.10.

15.11

.07

.12.

24.12

.

Monitoring date

Đenovići

Kumbor05

1027

.05.

19.06

.09

.07.

19.07

.01

.08.

11.08

.20

.08.

08.09

.21

.09.

06.10

.16

.10.

31.10

.30

.11.

20.12

.

Monitoring date

Đenovići

Kumbor

• Number of captured flies per trap per day (FTD) also indicated that after low capture rates in July and August, level of population reached peak from mid September tolevel of population reached peak from mid‐September to end of October and started decreasing in November.

• Flies capture ending in December. 

• No flies were detected between January and June/July. / y

• In 2008‐2010 maximum FTD reached 153.3, 162.07 and 197.19 and was recorded in locality Baošići inand 197.19  and was recorded in locality Baošići  in the second half of October 2008 while in 2009 and 2010 in the last week of September. p

• In 2011 maximum FTD was in locality Lastva Grbaljska ‐ 53.5 in the second half of October. j

• Results of monitoring also showed fluctuation of FTD depending on monitoring date and localityFTD depending on monitoring date and locality, with statistical significant differences in adult population densitypopulation density.

• In every year high population density was reached in localities of the Boka Kotor Bay (Baošići, Kumbor,  Đenovići)  y ( , , )and in Lastva Grbaljska which is approx. 40 km far in southeastern direction.

• In inland first captures were in August and• In inland first captures were in August and September with low number until mid‐NovemberNovember. 

• During period of monitoring low number of t d fli d dcaptured flies was recorded. 

Fig. 7. Population dynamic of C. capitata (Podgorica, 2008)

0.4

0.5

0.6

Fig. 8. Population dynamic of C. capitata (Podgorica, 2009)

456

D

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

5.08. 16.08. 01.09. 16.09. 29.09. 18.10. 22.10. 11.11. 24.11.

FTD

0123

28.08. 10.09. 19.09. 10.10. 27.10. 11.11. 20.11.

FTD

Fig. 9. Population dynamic of C. capitata (Podgorica, 2010)

4.5

Fig. 10. Population dynamic of C. capitata (Podgorica, 2011)

0.3

Monitoring dateMonitoring date

11.5

22.5

33.5

4

FTD

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

FTD

00.5

1

20.08. 12.09. 28.09. 08.10. 24.10. 01.11. 17.11.

Monitoring date

0

0.05

18.08. 08.09. 19.09. 05.10. 31.10. 22.11.

Monitoring date

Fig 11 Populationdynamic of C capitata (Godinje 2011)Fig. 11. Population dynamic of C. capitata (Godinje, 2011)

0060.090.120.150.18

FTD

00.030.06

27.08. 08.09. 19.09. 18.10. 31.10.

Monitoring date

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

O fi di t th t C it t i• Our findings suggest that C. capitata isestablished pest in Montenegro which hasspread from the coast in inland and graduallyspread from the coast in inland and graduallyincreasing number of host plants.

• Period of adult detection is restricted up to 6• Period of adult detection is restricted up to 6months and the earliest detection was in seconddecade of June.decade of June.

• After low population level during July and Augustit starts increasing in September and reach theit starts increasing in September and reach thepeak from mid September and October.

• The most important host plant is mandarin.The most important host plant is mandarin.

• In recent years the fly showed tendency toestablish its population inland, particullaryaround city of Podgorica and area of Skadar Lakewhich are in climatic conditions very similar withthe coast, as well in hosts presence.

• Regarding surrounding of Podgorica is thebiggest and most important area for peachproduction in Montenegro, C. capitata couldbecome a serious threaten for it.

Thank you for your attentiony f y