Upload
shankardeshmukha
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
1/35
The Dimensions of Health
Education Literature
An Evaluation of Published Health
Education Research(20002005)
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
2/35
Examples of Information Sources
Newspapers
Magazines
Professional Journals
Internet Based
Information
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
3/35
Types of Information Sources
Primary Sources
Written by people who actually conducted the data collectionor had first hand experience
Refereed journals publish information only after thatinformation has been reviewed by peers
Secondary Sources Written by someone who was not present at the data
gathering or did not participate as part of the study team
Value is that it provides a summary of many sources ofinformation and provides a bibliography of original sources
Can also be found in refereed journals
Popular Press Publications Newspapers
Magazines
Tabloids
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
4/35
Identifying the Components of a
Research Article
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
5/35
Critically Reading a Research Article
Were the aims of the study defined in a clear manner?
Were the research questions/hypotheses clearly stated?
Was the description of the subjects clear?
Did the article state how the subjects were recruited?
Were the design and location of the study described clearly? Were the data collection instruments described?
Did the results directly address the researchquestions/hypotheses?
Were the conclusions logical in terms of the research designand data analyses performed?
Were the study implications meaningful to the population youserve?
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
6/35
Evaluating the Accuracy of Non-
Research-Based Sources
What are the authors qualifications?
What is the style of presentation? Scientific writing?
Generalities?
Testimonials? Are references included?
What is the purpose of the publication? Biases
What is the reputation of the publication?
Is the information new? Is the information reliable
Is the information valid?
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
7/35
Professional Health Education Journals
Journal/Availability at CSUN Print On-Line
American Journal of Health Behavior Yes Yes
American Journal of Health Education Yes Yes
American Journal of Health Promotion Yes No
American Journal of Health Studies No Yes
Health Promotion Practice No Yes
International Quarterly of Community Health Education No No
Journal of School Health Yes Yes
Health Education Research No Yes
Health Promotion International No Yes
Health Education & Behavior No Yes
International Electronic Journal of Health Education No Yes
Promotion and Education Yes No
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
8/35
Indexes
Indexes are books that provide a link to articles of a
category of interest from many refereed journals,
books and research reports
Example: Index Medicus lists articles relating to clinical
and preventive medicine and does not includereferences to social science articles
The list of journals that are included in the index are
found in the front pages of each volume
Many indexes are now on CD-ROM Users begin by looking up a topic of interest in the
index (e.g., health behavior)
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
9/35
Example of Using Index Medicus
Looking up health behavior
Two sample citations come up
The transitional model of change and HIV
prevention: a review. Prochaska JO. Et al.Health Educ Q 1995 May; 22(2): 190-200 (48
ref)
Self-esteem and the value of health as
determinants of adolescent health behavior.Torres R. et al. J Adolesc Health 1995 Jan;
16(1): 60-83. (43 ref).
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
10/35
Other Health Education Related
Indices
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
Health Literature
Education Index
Physical Education Index
Current Index to Journals in Education
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
11/35
Abstracts
Abstracts are book volumes that include short
summaries of research studies that have
appeared in other journals
An abstract is usually more valuable than anindex in that an abstract provides both a
reference and a summary for each article
included.
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
12/35
Using Abstracts
Locate the index at the end of each volume
You can such by both subject or author
Find the subject or author you are interested in, and
look at the titles of the articles listed under thatsubject/author heading
At the end of each article reference there is a number
G0 to the volume of the abstract that includes that
number (the numbers included in each volume arelisted on the outside binding of the volume
Turn to the number of the article you are interested in
and locate the desired article abstract
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
13/35
A Sample Abstract #34782 from
Psychological Abstracts34782. Fleury, Julie. (U of North Carolina, School of Nursing, ChapelHill) The appl icat ion of motivat ional theory to cardiovascular r iskreduct io n. IMAGE:Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 1992(Fall), Vol
24(3), 229-239. The level of motivation sustained by an individualhas been identified as a primary predictor of success insustained cardiovascular risk factor modification efforts. Thisarticle reviews the primary motivational theories that have beenused to explain and predict cardiovascular risk reduction.Specifically, the application of the Health Belief Model, HealthPromotion Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory ofPlanned Behavior and Self-efficacy Theory to the initiation and
maintenance of cardiovascular health behavior is addressed.The implication of these theories for the development of nursinginterventions as well as new directions for nursing research andpractice in the study of individual motivation in health behaviorchange are discussed.
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
14/35
Abstracts Most Commonly Used by
Health Educators
Psychological Abstracts
Sociological Abstracts
Biological Abstracts
Recourses in Education
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
15/35
Computerized Databases
An alternative to searching indexes or
abstracts manually
Like an index or abstract, each database has
a general subject area that it covers Education
Medicine
Psychology
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
16/35
The Power of Computerized Databases
Provides access to the cumulative informationfound in several index or abstract sources
Faster than manual searches
User can link several concepts together tonarrow the search
A user can link two terms such as healthbehavior and cardiovascular disease by using
the word and between the terms Eliminating any article that only address one
or the other of these topics
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
17/35
ERIC
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
18/35
ERIC: Health Behavior
1,762 hits
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
19/35
ERIC: Health Behavior and Cardiovascular
Disease
26 hits
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
20/35
Computerized Databases
Educational Resources Information Center
(ERIC)
MEDLINE
Cumulative Index to Nursing and AlliedHealth Literature (CINAHL)
BIOETHICSLINE
Psychological Abstracts (PsychLit) Health Services, Technology, Administration
and Research (Health-STAR)
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
21/35
The Internet and the World Wide Web:
Evaluating Information
Content
Authority
Publisher-source
References
Documentation
Facts
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
22/35
Example of Internet Information
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
23/35
Another Example of Internet
Information
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
24/35
The Kind of Articles You Will Find
A total of 2610 articles were reviewed.
52% of these articles were research reports
with an identifiable content focus,
28% dealt with the practice of healtheducation (including planning and process
evaluation research),
11% represented theoretical discussions and 9% were reviews of the literature.
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
25/35
Content Distribution
SocialHealth, 12%
Emotional
Health, 5%
Intellecutal
Health, 3% Spirtual
Health, 1%
Physical
Health, 79%
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
26/35
The General Goal of Health Education
To improve the health knowledge and
attitudes of individuals and thereby promote
personal behaviors that will lead to optimal
health and wellness or high levels offunctioning in all of the various dimensions of
health*
[*Butler J. Principles of Health Education and Health Promotion, 3rd ed. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 2001.]
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
27/35
Beliefs About the Nature of Health
Health is typically defined in the literature as being
multidimensional,
This requires a balance among such elements as
physical health, emotional health, intellectual health,
social health and spiritual health*
Further, these dimensions are considered to be
dynamic in as much as the status of one dimension
will often influence the condition of another**
[*Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF. Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 2nd ed.
San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.]
[**Butler J. Principles of Health Education and Health Promotion, 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001.]
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
28/35
The Ultimate Function of Health
It is argued that health is functional
primarily for its usefulness in the pursuit
of higher aims, rather than merely as an
end in itself*
[*Read DA. Health Education: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach. Boston, MA: Jones and
Bartlett, 1997.]
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
29/35
A Philosophical Inconsistency
For the most part the health education literature
ignores the multidisciplinary nature of health
And, emphasizes physical health to the detriment of
all other aspects of health
This is in direct contradiction with health educations
definition of health
The dynamic nature of health cannot be fully
appreciated since there is no way to take into
account the impact of each component of health on
one another
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
30/35
Inconsistencies in Theory and Practice
The national health objectives for most developednations (e.g. Healthy People 2010), continue torevolve almost exclusively around the prevention andtreatment of physical illness.
We now have firm evidence that the mind and body, far from
being separate, are intimately interwoven. There truly are many dimensions of health that interact with
each other.
It is therefore less effective, if not negligent, to research andpromote physical health without simultaneously addressing theduality of other dimensions of health in a truly integrative
fashion.
[USDHHS. Healthy People 2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000]
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
31/35
Barriers to Promoting Multidimensional
Wellness
1. Physical health is tangible, understandable, measurable
and objectiveand it is therefore easy to target (blood
pressure, blood lipid profiles, morbidity and mortality
rates, energy expenditure, body mass index, etc.).
2. A second barrier is the ambiguity of dealing withdimensions of health that have not achieved a
consensus definition, are less tangible and seemingly
immeasurable.
3. Finally, there is a reluctance to step into politicallycharged arenas as the promotion of spirituality
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
32/35
Overcoming Barriers
Pursue organized efforts to clearly define the variousdimensions of health in a way that builds consensus.
Place pressure on the crafters of national healthobjectives to develop objectives that represent a
dynamic, multidimensional view of health. Increase local control over resource allocation that
might include intervention and evaluation prioritiesthat target nonphysical dimensions of health.
A willingness to commit time and energy todesigning, implementing and evaluating the impact ofprograms that target various nonphysical dimensionsof health
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
33/35
What is a Professional Article
Professional articles are written for a
particular audience of professionals in a given
field (or sub-field).
These articles are usually technical in natureand follow a range of formats typical of
publications in the field.
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
34/35
Assessing Health Literature
In a nutshell, when assessing accuracy,
consider the following:
Is the information based on scientific
evidence? Is the information supported by data?
Is the original source referenced?
Do other sources substantiate theinformation?
Is the information current?
7/30/2019 HSci 237 the Dimensions of Health Education Literature
35/35
Red Flags to Watch Out For
The information is anonymous
There is a conflict of interest
The information is one-sided or biased
The information is outdated
There is a claim of a miracle or secret cure
No evidence is cited
The grammar is poor and words aremisspelled