hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student

8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student

1/26

9.2 Production of materials: 1. Fossil fuel products

1. Fossil fuelsprovide both

energy and rawmaterials such

as ethylene, for

the productionof other

substances

Students learn to:

construct word and balanced

formulae equations ofchemical reactions as they

are encountered

identify the industrial source

of ethylene from the crackingof some of the fractions fromthe refining of petroleum

identify that ethylene,

because of the high reactivityof its double bond, is readilytransformed into many usefulproducts

identify that ethylene servesas a monomer from whichpolymers are made

identify polyethylene as an

addition polymer and explainthe meaning of this term

outline the steps in the

production of polyethylene asan example of a commerciallyand industrially importantpolymer

identify the following ascommercially significantmonomers:

o vinyl chloride

o styrene

o by both their

systematic andcommon names

describe the uses of the

polymers made from the

above monomers in terms oftheir properties

Students:

gather and present

information from first-hand orsecondary sources to write

equations to represent allchemical reactionsencountered in the HSCcourse

identify data, plan and

perform a first-handinvestigation to compare thereactivities of appropriatealkenes with thecorresponding alkanes in

bromine water

analyse information from

secondary sources such ascomputer simulations,molecular model kits ormultimedia resources tomodel the polymerisationprocess

Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem921/chem921net.html#c11


2/26

Alkene + bromine water

e.g.

Word equation propene + bromine water

Chemical

equation

+ Br!aq"

#bservable changes$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&'planation$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Alkane + bromine water

(o reaction

Production of polyethylene from natural raw material :%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% is e'tracted from subterranean deposits and separated into component

h)drocarbon molecules using %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. * portion of the higher boiling point

fractions are converted to eth)lene in a chemical process called %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% whereb) these

larger molecules are bro,en into smaller ones b) using %%%%%%%%%%% and/or pressure.

crude oilcomponents of h)drocarbon molecules - fractional distillation

C10C1+ C1 - crac,ing

C1C02+ C3!eth)lene"

&th)lene is used b) the petrochemical industr) as a monomer substrate for the production of a number of

different %%%%%%%%%%%%%% !long chain molecules made up of repeating monomer units". 4an) different

t)pes of plastic bottles are manufactured from one such pol)mer %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 5his

molecule is formed when man) eth)lene monomer units chemicall) 6oin b) 7opening out8 their

%%%%%%%%%%% bonds to form single bonds between neighbouring units without the loss of an) atoms.

5herefore pol)eth)lene is ,nown as an %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% pol)mer. 5he following equation

describes this pol)merisation process.

C- C + C- C + C- C CCCCCC

5he pol)merisation of eth)lene as an industrial process is carried out using one of two methods both of

which involve a form of chemical initiation and termination.

5he older gas phase results in significant chain branching between pol)eth)lene molecules resulting in a

%%%%%%%%%%9densit) pol)eth)lene product. :t is relativel) soft and is well suited for the production of soft

plastic bottles li,e mil, and personal drin,ing bottles.

5he newer ;iegler < (atta process forms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% pol)eth)lene molecules resulting in a harder

tougher %%%%%%%%%%%%% densit) pol)eth)lene product which can be used for plastic bottles that need to

be harder and more durable.

Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p.


3/26

Polyethylene is produced by addition polymerisation. The following graph shows the distribution of

moleuvular weight of polymer molecules in the sample:

5ermination of the pol)merisation process occurs

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% at different stages for different

molecules in the reaction mi'ture. Pol)mers of different

lengths and hence different molecular weight are produced.

5he reaction conditions influences the average chain length.



4/26

4onomer Pol)mer =ses

>tructural formula Common

name

>)stemic name

&th)lene

Cling9wrap film

?le'ible food bag

@arbage bin rigid

plastic to)

Ain)l

chloride

!PAC"

&lectric wire

coating water

pipe

>t)rene isposable foam

drin,ing cup

pac,aging of

fragile devices

Biopolymer should be used to replace plastic

ong9lasting non9%%%%%%degradable pol)mers such as pol)st)rene greatl) affect the environment as

microorganisms cannot brea, them down. Pol)st)rene is lightweight and can be made into a solidif)ing

foam to be used in insulating cups. :t can also be manufactured into a clear hard and brittle plastic for

drin,ing cups. 5hese properties ma,e pol)st)rene a useful pol)mer. owever due to its inabilit) to

biodegrade and most of its uses being short9lived pol)st)rene debris builds up in the environment.

Pol)lactic acid !P*" is an alternative to traditional pol)mers. P* is classed as a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

as it is biodegradable. :t is used for short9lived applications such as cold/warm drin,ing cups and plastic

bags. *s P* is made from the waste products of corn crops which are converted b) bacteria into lactic

acid and then reacted to form P* it is easil) bro,en down b) microorganisms once it has been disposed

of.

5herefore biopol)mers such as P* should be used instead of traditional pol)mers such as pol)st)rene

as biopol)mers brea, down in the environment and do not accumulate as debris.



5/26

Syllabus reference !ctober 2""2 version#

2. Some

scientistscontinue to

research thee$traction of

materials frombiomass to

reduce our

dependence onfossil fuels

Students learn to:

discuss the need for

alternative sources of thecompounds presentlyobtained from thepetrochemical industry

explain what is meant by a

condensation polymer

describe the reaction involved

when a condensation polymeris formed

describe the structure of

cellulose and identify it as anexample of a condensationpolymer found as a maorcomponent of biomass

identify that cellulose

contains the basic carbon-chain structures needed tobuild petrochemicals anddiscuss its potential as a rawmaterial

Students: use available evidence to

gather and present data fromsecondary sources andanalyse progress in thedevelopment and use of anamed biopolymer! "hisanalysis should name thespecific en#yme$s% used ororganism used to synthesisethe material and anevaluation of the use orpotential use of the polymerproduced related to itsproperties

Comparison between polymerisation of ethylene and polymerisation of glucose

pol)merisation of eth)lene pol)merisation of glucose

5)pe of reaction

Pol)mer

?eatures monomer units chemicall) 6oin b)7opening out8 their double bonds to form

single bonds between neighbouring units

* %%%%%%%%%%% molecule is releasedwhen a monomer is added

&quation

http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem922/chem922net.html#sylla7


6/26

=sing the date from the table what would be the appro'imate molecular weight of a pol)mer made from

11 glucose monomers !C21#2"D

4olecular mass of glucose - 1E

4olecular mass of water - 1E

1 water molecules are released from the pol)merisation of 11 glucose monomer

4olecular mass nof pol)mer - 11!1E"


7/26

Assess the suitability of biomass to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels

?ossil fuels such as crude oil are used to produce compounds which are used as source of

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% for industr).

*s fossil fuels are %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% resource the) could be completel) used up within a few

decades. *lternate energ) source has to be found to replace fossil fuels.

Biomass is a fuel source made up of %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and lignin from plants. 5he cellulose

components can be converted to glucose b) acid h)drol)sis.

@lucose can be then %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% to ethanol using )east.

&thanol can be used as a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%on its own.

C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g) + energy

&thanol can also be deh)drated to form %%%%%%%%%%%%%% b) using %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

as catal)st. &th)lene can be used as a starting material to produce pol)eth)lene and other plastics.

5he problem with using biomass is that cellulose needs to be grown. 5his ma) result in a large amount of

land clearing. 5he acid h)drol)sis of cellulose is ver) inefficient and polluting and not currentl)

economicall) viable.

Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. F


8/26

%. !ther resources,

such as ethanol, are

readily availablefrom renewable

resources such asplants

Students learn to:

describe the dehydration

of ethanol to ethyleneand identify the need fora catalyst in this processand the catalyst used

describe the addition of

water to ethyleneresulting in theproduction of ethanol andidentify the need for acatalyst in this processand the catalyst used

describe and account for

the many uses of ethanol

as a solvent for polar andnon-polar substances

outline the use of ethanol

as a fuel and explain whyit can be called arenewable resource

describe conditions under

which fermentation ofsugars is promoted

summarise the chemistry

of the fermentationprocess

define the molar heat of

combustion of acompound and calculatethe value for ethanolfrom first-hand data

assess the potential ofethanol as an alternativefuel and discuss theadvantages anddisadvantages of its use

identify the &'()C

nomenclature forstraight-chained alkanolsfrom C* to C+

Students:

process information from

secondary sources suchas molecular model kits,digital technologies orcomputer simulations to

model:o the addition of

water to ethyleneo the dehydration of

ethanol


secondary sources tosummarise the processesinvolved in the industrialproduction of ethanol

from sugar cane


secondary sources tosummarise the use ofethanol as an alternativecar fuel, evaluating thesuccess of current usage

solve problems, plan and

perform a first-hand

investigation to carry outthe fermentation ofglucose and monitormass changes

present information from

secondary sources bywriting a balancedequation for thefermentation of glucoseto ethanol

identify data sources,

choose resources andperform a first-handinvestigation todetermine and compareheats of combustion of atleast three liquid alkanolsper gram and per mole

Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. E
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12


9/26

Conversion between ethanol and ethylene

!1" deh)dration of ethanol to form eth)lene with concentrated sulfuric acid /phosphoric acid as

catal)st

Write an equation for the deh)dration of ethanol$ !indicate catal)st used"

!" h)dration of eth)lene to form ethanol with dilute sulfuric acid / phosphoric aid as catal)st

Write an equation for the h)dration of eth)lene$ !indicate catal)st used"

ermentation of sugarWrite an equation for the fermentation of glucose$

H = -ve

The conditions that promote the ermentation o s!gar are"

o #east to provide en$ymes

o %il!te a&!eo!s s!gar sol!tion

o Temperat!re in range o 3'oC to 'oC

o naero*ic environment (a*sence o oygen)

Combustion of ethanol

,rite an e&!ation or the complete com*!stion o ethanol

thanol is a _________________reso!rce"

o thanol can *e derived rom non-ossil !el so!rces. s!ch as the

ermentation o s!gar

o The s!gar can *e derived rom s!gar cane

starch (mainly rom corn crops)

Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. G


10/26

*acterial decomposition o cell!lose (c!rrently not commercially

via*le)



11/26

!thanol is e"tensively used as a solvent

&thanol is widel) used as a solvent due to its structure. &thanol can act as a solvent for both %%%%%%%%%%%%%

and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% substances. &thanol is a small molecule. 5he ethanol molecule has a polar

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end and a non9polar %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end.

5he polar end dissolves polar substances b) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% or %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% interactions.

5he non9polar end can dissolve non9polar substances b) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% forces.

Comparison between water and ethanol as solvent

Water &thanol

Water is a small %%%%%%%%%%%%% molecule

containing onl) polar covalent bonds.

&thanol is also a small molecule but it contains

both %%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

ends.

:t is attracted to other substances b) strong

h)drogen bonds and dipole9dipole attractions.

5his ma,es it an e'tremel) good solvent for

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and some ionic

compounds. 7i,e dissolves %%%%%%%%%%%8.

5he polar end dissolves polar substances b)


12/26

#pecific heat and molar heat of combustion

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$of a compound is the quantit) of heat required to increase the

temperature of 1g of the compound b) 1oC.

The ________________________________________ is the heat energy released /hen one

moleo a s!*stance !ndergoes complete com*!stion /ith oygen at a press!re o

0'013 a (or 0 atmosphere). /ith the 4nal prod!cts *eing CO2 and H2O



13/26

!"periment to measure heat of combustion

Apparatus

raw an e'perimental set which can be used to measure the molar heat of combustion of ethanol.

%esults:4ass of water 0 g

:nitial mass of burner 100. g

?inal mass of burner 10. g

:nitial temperature of water .oC

?inal temperature of water 3.oC

Calculation:

q - mc H5 >pecific heat capcacit) of water - 3.1E '10I ,g91J91

=se the data above the find the molare heat of combustion of ethanol.

!"perimental errors

9 eat loss to environment and heat lost in heating up the apparatus rather than water

9 :mpurities in the fuel

9 :ncomplete combustion of alcohol

5herefore e'perimental heat of combustion is significantl) %%%%%%%%%%%%% than the published value.

&ays to limit heat loss from apparatus

9 :nsulate bea,er of water

9 =ses an appropriate lid covering for bea,er

9 &nsure a minimal appropriate distance between spirit burner flame and bea,er



14/26

Ethanol is carbon neutral fuel while fossil fuel is not. Discuss.

thanol is prod!ced *y ermentation o s!gary crops s!ch as s!gar cane and corn1

CH02O(a&) 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)

thanol /hen com*!sted. orm car*on dioide and /ater and release heat and is

th!s a !se!l !el1

C2H5OH(l) + 3O22CO2+ 3H2O

To orm s!gars in the 4rst place. these crops !ndergo photosynthesis /here car*on

dioide is a*sor*ed1

CO2(g) + H2O(l) CH02O(s) + O2(g)

Thereore theoretically. the CO2 released /hen ethanol is com*!sted is *alanced *y

that a*sor*ed d!ring photosynthesis1

CO2 is tho!ght to *e the main ca!se o glo*al /arming and thereore ethanolconsidered to *e car*on ne!tral in that it does not lead to net increase in car*on

dioide in the atmosphere1

The com*!stion o ossil !els s!ch as octane does lead to an increase in CO2

*eca!se the photosynthesis that prod!ced the s!gars that t!rned into ossil !els

occ!rred millions o years ago1

Ho/ever. ossil !els are !sed in the arming process and in the distillation and

distri*!tion o ethanol1

Th!s. ethanol as a !el does lead to a net increase in car*on dioide levels1



15/26

&. !$idation'

reduction

reactions areincreasingly

important as asource of

energy

Students learn to:

explain the displacement of

metals from solution in termsof transfer of electrons

identify the relationshipbetween displacement ofmetal ions in solution byother metals to the relativeactivity of metals

account for changes in the

oxidation state of species interms of their loss or gain ofelectrons

describe and explain galvanic

cells in terms of

oxidationreduction reactions outline the construction of

galvanic cells and trace thedirection of electron flow

define the terms anode,

cathode, electrode andelectrolyte to describegalvanic cells

Students: perform a first-hand

investigation to identify theconditions under which agalvanic cell is produced

perform a first-handinvestigation and gather first-hand information to measurethe difference in potential ofdifferent combinations ofmetals in an electrolytesolution

gather and present

information on the structureand chemistry of a dry cell or

lead-acid cell and evaluate itin comparison to one of thefollowing:

o button cell

o fuel cell

o vanadium redox cell

o lithium cell

o liquid unction

photovoltaic device $egthe rat#el cell%

in terms of:

o chemistryo cost and practicality

o impact on society

o environmental impact

solve problems and analyse

information to calculate thepotential ./requirement ofnamed electrochemicalprocesses using tables ofstandard potentials and halfequations

http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem924/924net.html#net4


16/26

Redo' reaction !o'idation9reduction reaction"

Oxidation = _______________ of electrons. (OIL)

Reduction = _________________ of electrons (RIG)

The oidation and red!ction have to occ!r together1

n oxidising agent 6666666666666666 electrons rom another reactant in a

redo reaction1 7t ca!ses oidation o another reactant and itsel is66666666666666666661

reducing agent6666666666666666666666 electrons to another reactant in a

redo reaction1 7t ca!ses the red!ction o another reactant and itsel is

6666666666666666661

Dislace!ent reaction (an exa!le of redox reaction)"

n eperiment /as perormed to

investigate the relative activity ometals1 The *eaer initially contained25'1' m8 o '1'5' mol 81copper s!latesol!tion1

Exected results"Changes in the colo!r o the sol!tion"

Changes on the piece o $inc metal"

Exlanations"9inc is a more 666666666666666 metal than copper1 9inc /ill 6666666666666666666 thecopper ions in coper s!late sol!tion 1 The more active metal has a greater tendencyto *e 666666666666666666661 9inc metal 66666666666666666666666 electrons to orm $incions /hich goes into the sol!tion1 Th!s $inc is 6666666666666666661

;n!s" ;n+!aq" + e

9 !o'idation"

Copper ions /ill 6666666666666666666666 the electrons released *y $inc to orm666666666666 66666666666 /hich is the red-*ro/n deposit1 Thereore copper ions are666666666666666661

Cu+ !aq" + e9 Cu!s" !reduction"

Write an overall reaction

!Redo'"

The copper (77) ions are *l!e1 s they are converted into solid copper. C!2+ ionsconcentration is 666666666666666666661 This eplain /hy colo!r o the sol!tion*ecomes lighter1



17/26Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1F


18/26

A galvanic cell

gal#anic cell(:oltaic;%aniel) is an electrochemical cell that

66666666666666666666 electrical energy rom oidation ; red!ction (redo)

reactions taing place /ithin the cell1

7t consist o t/o hal 6666666666666. the oidation hal cell and red!ction halcell1

hal cell consists o an 66666666666666666 and an 6666666666666666666661

The electrolyte sol!tions in the hal cells are O3sol!tion)

/hich allo/s the migration o ions to complete the circ!it1

o The t/o hal-cells may !se the same electrolyte. or they may !se di?erent

electrolytes1

The electrodes are


19/26Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1G


20/26Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p.


21/26

Comparison between a dry cell and a button cell

* dr) cell * button cell

%ry cell F!tton Cell

cost andpracticality

:ery cheap (' cents)Beadily availa*le (p!rchased roms!permarets)1Gsed in torches. T: remotes. porta*leC% players. alarm clocs. etc1Ho/ever they have a short lie1

They cannot *e recharged1They are *ig. *!ly and heavycompared to the *!tton cell. ho/ever

&!ite small and light compared to thelead-acid *attery1

o 0ery small and light

o 1elatively long life

o Silver is an expensive

metal, making the cell slightly

more expensive than the dry

cell, however it is still

relatively cheap, with a rough

price of about 23-24!

o Constant output voltageo 5on-rechargeable

impact onsociety

s they are relatively small and light.they can are !sed to mae porta*leappliances1 or eample. a porta*leradio. can impact society as it can *e!sed to inorm people on *oats oapproaching storms1 This /arning cansave them rom the storm1

o Small si#e has allowed for

miniature electric appliances

o 5on-toxic nature has

allowed for use inside the body

o .!g!Their !se in

pacemaers has allo/ed

people to live longer1

environmental impact

The dry cells are non-rechargea*le andas they donIt last long. many end !p inland4ll1 The o!ter $inc case corrodesand $inc ions escape into thes!rro!nding soil1 high concentration o$inc ions is toic to vegetation1

o Have to be

discardedrecycled after one

use

o (otassium hydroxide

electrolyte is caustic

o 5o highly toxic materials

that will harm the

environment



22/26

(. )uclear

chemistry

provides arange of

materials

Students learn to:

distinguish between stable

and radioactive isotopes anddescribe the conditions underwhich a nucleus is unstable

describe how transuranic

elements are produced

describe how commercial

radioisotopes are produced

identify instruments and

processes that can be used todetect radiation

identify one use of a namedradioisotope:

o in industry

o in medicine

describe the way in which the

above named radioisotopesare used and explain theiruse in terms of theirproperties

Students:


secondary sources to describerecent discoveries ofelements

use available evidence to

analyse benefits andproblems associated with theuse of radioactive isotopes inidentified industries andmedicine

http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net3http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem925/925net.html#net7


23/26

'sotopes

Isotoesare atoms o the same element /ith di?erent n!m*ers o

6666666666666666666661

They have the same 666666666666666666 n!m*er *!t di?erent

666666666666666 n!m*er1

s they have same electron con4g!rations. they have the same

666666666666666 properties1

Di$erence between stable and radioacti#e isotoes

sta*le isotope is one that doesnIt disintegrate1

radioactive isotope is an !nsta*le isotope that

___________________________________________________________ with

a change in the ______________________________________________1

Conditions under which a nucleus is unstable

1. atom with a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !atomic number K %%%%%%%%%%%%". high %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ratio

Alpha and beta decay

=nstable nuclei !radioisotopes" undergo radioactive deca) to form more stable daughter nuclei.

!1" *lpha deca)

:t involves emitting a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nucleus from the isotope nucleus

!" Beta deca)

:t involves the conversion of a neutron into a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and an %%%%%%%%%%%%

(3) Jamma radiationJamma radiation accompanies most other types o radioactive decay tored!ce the 666666666666 o the n!cle!s1



24/26

Transuranic elements

%ransuranicelements are elements /ith atomic n!m*ers greater than

66666666666666666K that is 9 L 66666666 (more than 666666666 protons)1

>one o these elements are sta*le and each decays radioactively into other

666666666666666661

Production of transuranic elements

ll trans!ranic elements are arti4cially prod!ced *y"

(0) _____________________________ in a n!clear reactor"

>!clear reactors prod!ce lots o ne!trons rom 4ssion reactions1

o Target n!cle!s is *om*arded /ith ne!trons in a n!clear reactor1 The

target n!cle!s a*sor*s the ne!trons to orm a radioisotope1

o E.g. for!ation of &etuniu!'* fro! uraniu!'+"

,hen Grani!m-23M is *om*arded /ith ne!trons in a n!clear

reactor. it can *e converted to G-23N1 Grani!m-23N can then convert to nept!rni!m-23N *y *eta decay.

in /hich one ne!tron converts to a proton. an electron (*eta

particle)

>ept!rni!m-23N can then convert to pl!toni!m-23N *y *eta

decay. in /hich one ne!tron converts to a proton. an electron

(*eta particle)

o

(2) _________________________________ in article accelerators"

o 5here are three t)pes of accelerators$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and

s)nchrotrons.

o &ach uses alternating %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% fields to accelerate

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% particles !such as protons alpha particles or nuclei of larger atoms" at

high speed to penetrate a target nucleus to produce a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9deficient

radioisotope

o &.g. production of prod!ction o %armstadti!m



25/26

Application of radioisotopes in industry and medicine in relation to their properties:

Radioisotopes have made man) procedures easier safer more cost effective more accurate and more

reliable for societ). owever there are ris,s and problems associated with their use.

()* edical use of radioisotopes

e.g. :odine9101

9 to treat or diagnose th)roid disorders

Radioisotopes usuall) have the same chemical properties to non9radioactive isotopes. 5hus when iodine9101 is ingested the) will concentrated in th)roid gland.

:odine9101 has a half9life of 6ust over E da)s and emit L9particles and M9ra)s as it deca)s. 5he half9life is

long enough to be transported from where it is produced to where it is to be used while short enough to

minimise a patient8s e'posure to radiation.

5he L9particles can penetrate and destro) abnormal tissues while the M9ra)s allow e'ternal imaging to

ensure the target region has been reached.

(,* 'ndustrial use of radioisotopes

>odium93 has a ver) short half9life and so it disappears rapidl) after its use and is not a threat to the

environment. 5hus it can be used to detect lea,s in underground water or gas pipes.

Cobalt92 releases M9ra)s which is effective in destro)ing biological molecules such as bacteria. >o it can

be used to sterilise food and medical supplies such as dressing and bandages.

*mericium931 is used in smo,e detectors. *mericium931 emits alpha particles. :t has a long half9life of

30 )ears meaning that it never needs replacing. 5he alpha particles do not themselves pose a health

haNard as the) are absorbed in a few centimetres of air or b) the structure of the detector.

%isks of using radioisotopes:

Radioisotopes present problems if mishandled or not shielded properl) as radiation can cause tissuedamage cancers and or genetic mutation. People must therefore ta,e care to monitor and minimise their

e'posure to radioisotopes.

#ther possible problems include accidents during the production of radioisotopes at nuclear reactors and

disposal of radioactive wastes.

owever if care is ta,en and radioisotopes are used properl) and the problems are managed adequatel)

the benefit of radioisotopes outweigh the problems.



26/26

*n unstable isotope can undergo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% or %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% in order to

achieve greater %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

&'ample of alpha deca)$

&'ample of beta deca)$

Documents

hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student