How were women employed in the early twentieth century in Wales and England? Traditional employment ...
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How successful have women been in taking advantage of new employment opportunities from 1900 to the present day? L.O. To evaluate the changing role of women in the workplace.
How were women employed in the early twentieth century in Wales and England? Traditional employment Domestic service and textile trade pre 1914
How were women employed in the early twentieth century in Wales
and England? Traditional employment Domestic service and textile
trade pre 1914. Wage levels and working conditions Impact of WWI
Work done on home front. Work done near frontlines. Situation after
the war. Impact of World War Two Work done on home
front/consceription. Work done on frontlines. Situation after the
war.
Slide 4
Describe traditional work done by women. (4 marks) The textile
industry employed a great many women both married and unmarried
from the age of twelve upwards. The conditions were unpleasant with
the humidity and dust in cotton mills leading to skin and eye
infections and often instances of the deadly tuberculosis. The
metal industries also employed many women who separated plates of
rolled tin, this was very dangerous work with injuries being
common. A census in 1901 showed that 40.3% of women working in
England worked in domestic service. This was seen as good training
for future wives as it was focused on looking after the home of a
middle class or upper class family. These women may work in large
mansions as part of the downstairs service team, in middle class
households or on farms. In large mansions there were usually large
teams with each person having a specific job. They were known as
the downstairs team as the preparation usually occurred on the
ground floor or in the cellar. In truth the servants quarters were
usually on the very top floor. The lowest ranked role was that of a
scullery maid.
Slide 5
Describe traditional work done by women. (4 marks) 1-2 marks
Brief overview, lacks detail. 1-2 marks Brief overview, lacks
detail. 3-4 marks More detailed and accurate description 3-4 marks
More detailed and accurate description In 1900 the single biggest
employer of women was domestic service. The hours were long the pay
poor, and many lived in with their employers. They may have worked
in the kitchen or as parlour maids, attending to the familys needs
at meal times. Many women also worked in factories or textile
mills. New jobs were starting to become available in department
stores and also as clerks due to the development of the telephone
and the type writer. In 1900 the single biggest employer of women
was domestic service. The hours were long the pay poor, and many
lived in with their employers. They may have worked in the kitchen
or as parlour maids, attending to the familys needs at meal times.
Many women also worked in factories or textile mills. New jobs were
starting to become available in department stores and also as
clerks due to the development of the telephone and the type
writer.
Slide 6
The women in the WLA did all the jobs that were required to
make a farm function normally - threshing, ploughing, tractor
driving, reclaiming land, drainage. There was an agreed maximum
working week - 50 hours in the summer and 48 hours in the winter.
By 1917 there were over 260,000 women working as farm labourers.
The women in the WLA did all the jobs that were required to make a
farm function normally - threshing, ploughing, tractor driving,
reclaiming land, drainage. There was an agreed maximum working week
- 50 hours in the summer and 48 hours in the winter. By 1917 there
were over 260,000 women working as farm labourers. This work was
vital as they were creating the bombs, and bullets Britain
desperately needed during the war. by mid 1917 it is estimated that
women produced around eighty per cent of all munitions. One of the
largest munitions factories was the Woolwich Arsenal in London. In
1914 it employed 125 women; by 1917, 25,000 women worked there.
VERY DANGEROUS WORK BUT VERY IMPORTANT FOR WAR EFFORT! This work
was vital as they were creating the bombs, and bullets Britain
desperately needed during the war. by mid 1917 it is estimated that
women produced around eighty per cent of all munitions. One of the
largest munitions factories was the Woolwich Arsenal in London. In
1914 it employed 125 women; by 1917, 25,000 women worked there.
VERY DANGEROUS WORK BUT VERY IMPORTANT FOR WAR EFFORT! WAAC formed
in 1917. Women to provide logistical support to army such as
answering phones, serving as clerks and cooks. 57,000 women served
in WAAC. The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) was founded in 1907
by Captain Edward Baker. Those who joined the First Aid Nursing
Yeomanry were sent to battlefronts in both World War One and World
War Two. the original members of FANY were trained in cavalry work,
signaling and camping out. Work done by women was vital in the war
effort. War work was the first time women had opportunity to do
male jobs and prove they could do it forcing many traditionalists
to accept it. HOWEVER, women expected to go back to traditional
roles once war was over. Women still paid less than men for same
jobs. Work done by women was vital in the war effort. War work was
the first time women had opportunity to do male jobs and prove they
could do it forcing many traditionalists to accept it. HOWEVER,
women expected to go back to traditional roles once war was over.
Women still paid less than men for same jobs. Women also did jobs
left vacant by men such as civil service, bus conducting, engineer
work.
Slide 7
How important was World War One in changing attitudes towards
women in the work place? (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or
description 3-4 marks Explains how the development of birth control
changed womens lives Consider: New opportunities Proved that they
could do same work as men such as HOWEVER Pay/conditions remained
same after war By 1921 female workforce 2% lower than in pre war
England Many reverted to domestic roles and traditional jobs. 5-6
marks Developed explanation, balanced judgement with counter
argument.
Slide 8
How significant was the Second World War in changing attitudes
to women in paid employment? (8 marks) Sort the statements into two
categories: WAR WORK IMPROVED THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE
WAR WORK DID NOT IMPROVE THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE Many
traditional prejudices against the employment of women had been
evident during the war and were to continue afterwards. At the end
of the war it was expected that many women would return to their
traditional roles. The war provided an opportunity for women to
show that they could do the same work as their male counterparts.
Conscription started in 1941 and, by 1943, seven and a quarter
million women had been conscripted into war work as a form of
national service. When the war ended, many women lost their jobs.
Some women became determined to build on the progress made during
the Second World War. In the years after the war women were still
paid less than men for the same work.
Slide 9
How did employment opportunities for women in Wales and England
change after the Second World War? Changes in education Education
Act, 1944 New secondary education opportunities. Increased
participation in higher education and impact on employment
opportunities. Changes in working opportunities. Light Industry
work. Development of service industry, examples and its
appeal.
Slide 10
Explain how increased opportunities in secondary and higher
education since 1945 have benefitted women in the workplace. (6
marks) EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EDUCATION TODAY TRIPARTATE HIGHER
EDUCATION EDUCATION ACT 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description.
1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than
one reason. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks
Explains three or more reasons. 5-6 marks Explains three or more
reasons.
Slide 11
Before the education act: Education only guaranteed up to the
age of ten. Focus of education very much on domestic work. Only
richer women could attend universities and even those could only
attend lectures, with express permission Before the education act:
Education only guaranteed up to the age of ten. Focus of education
very much on domestic work. Only richer women could attend
universities and even those could only attend lectures, with
express permission What was the Education Act, 1944? Called the
"Butler Act" after the Conservative politician R.A. Butler,
introduced the Tripartite System of secondary education. (Grammar
Schools for more academic pupils; Technical Schools for vocational
pupils; and Secondary Modern Schools which were a mix. Pupils sat
11 plus exam to decide which secondary school they would attend.
Made all schooling-- especially secondary education, free for all
pupils. It raised the school leaving age to 15 (raised to 16 in
1947), but kept age 11 as the decision point for sending children
to higher levels. What was the Education Act, 1944? Called the
"Butler Act" after the Conservative politician R.A. Butler,
introduced the Tripartite System of secondary education. (Grammar
Schools for more academic pupils; Technical Schools for vocational
pupils; and Secondary Modern Schools which were a mix. Pupils sat
11 plus exam to decide which secondary school they would attend.
Made all schooling-- especially secondary education, free for all
pupils. It raised the school leaving age to 15 (raised to 16 in
1947), but kept age 11 as the decision point for sending children
to higher levels. Why was it important for women in the workplace?
It opened secondary school to girls, and the working class, and as
a result, a far higher percentage attended higher education after
secondary school. This newly found education increased working
class awareness of their disadvantaged social position and created
a bitter class division between the working and middle class. More
women were able to go on to further education, and attend
university increasing their chances of entering higher paid
professions such as law. Why was it important for women in the
workplace? It opened secondary school to girls, and the working
class, and as a result, a far higher percentage attended higher
education after secondary school. This newly found education
increased working class awareness of their disadvantaged social
position and created a bitter class division between the working
and middle class. More women were able to go on to further
education, and attend university increasing their chances of
entering higher paid professions such as law..
Slide 12
Light industry Post war England was seen as the heyday of mass
production in England. Light industry assemblers fit components and
parts together to make products in a range of industries, including
furniture making, automotive supplies and textiles. Typical duties
include: working on an assembly line, for example fixing
microchips, connectors and other parts onto printed circuit boards
(PCBs) for electronic consumer goods following set instructions,
putting together parts in the right sequence reporting problems in
the assembly process to line managers keeping administrative
records up to date carrying out simple quality checks. Light
industry Post war England was seen as the heyday of mass production
in England. Light industry assemblers fit components and parts
together to make products in a range of industries, including
furniture making, automotive supplies and textiles. Typical duties
include: working on an assembly line, for example fixing
microchips, connectors and other parts onto printed circuit boards
(PCBs) for electronic consumer goods following set instructions,
putting together parts in the right sequence reporting problems in
the assembly process to line managers keeping administrative
records up to date carrying out simple quality checks. After the
Second World War Fords UK operation set the pace for the UK
auto-industry and Dagenham products included models such as the
Zephyr, Cortina and (until production of Fords smaller saloons
transferred to Halewood), the Anglia. This plant employed many
women to stitch the car interiors at a nearby location. In October
1948 the American-owned Hoover Company opened a large washing
machine factory and depot in Merthyr Tydfil, a few miles south of
the town. The factory was purpose-built to manufacture the Hoover
Electric Washing Machine, and at one point Hoover was the largest
employer in the borough. This factory provided many working
opportunities to women including motor assembly and rotor assembly.
In October 1948 the American-owned Hoover Company opened a large
washing machine factory and depot in Merthyr Tydfil, a few miles
south of the town. The factory was purpose-built to manufacture the
Hoover Electric Washing Machine, and at one point Hoover was the
largest employer in the borough. This factory provided many working
opportunities to women including motor assembly and rotor
assembly.
Slide 13
Service sector This is an industry where a service is provided.
It includes cleaners, shop and office workers, police, doctors,
teachers and train drivers. Basically the service sector is any job
that provides a service. Service sector This is an industry where a
service is provided. It includes cleaners, shop and office workers,
police, doctors, teachers and train drivers. Basically the service
sector is any job that provides a service. Benefits They are often
flexible and part time. Many women were keen to work in these areas
because they provided variety. Many of these jobs are accessible
and do not require university education. Benefits They are often
flexible and part time. Many women were keen to work in these areas
because they provided variety. Many of these jobs are accessible
and do not require university education. The following job roles
are part of the service sector: Catering Hairdressing Supermarkets
Office work Tourism Banking The following job roles are part of the
service sector: Catering Hairdressing Supermarkets Office work
Tourism Banking Could you link these two examples of new employment
opportunities to war work or the Education Act?
Slide 14
What is the glass ceiling? The invisible barrier that prevents
women from advancing to the highest levels of power in the
workplace. What is the glass ceiling? The invisible barrier that
prevents women from advancing to the highest levels of power in the
workplace. Which women have broken through? Stella McCartney Helen
Mirren Cheryl Cole Karen Brady Which women have broken through?
Stella McCartney Helen Mirren Cheryl Cole Karen Brady What has
helped women break through? Access to a higher standard of
education Access to a University education Women can break away
from the stereotypical view of women being tied to the home Women
can now access highly paid, desirable career paths Women can stand
on their own two feet and dont need a man to support them Women can
access any career that they want to Women can often out-perform men
What has helped women break through? Access to a higher standard of
education Access to a University education Women can break away
from the stereotypical view of women being tied to the home Women
can now access highly paid, desirable career paths Women can stand
on their own two feet and dont need a man to support them Women can
access any career that they want to Women can often out-perform men
What has hindered women in breaking through? Maternity leave may be
seen as a weakness The need to work part-time may be seen as a
weakness Many women still give up their jobs to look after children
Many women still go into low-paid jobs because of convenience Some
employers are still sexist and prefer to employ men Some male
workers do not want to work for a female employer There is still a
stigma attached to powerful, female workers What has hindered women
in breaking through? Maternity leave may be seen as a weakness The
need to work part-time may be seen as a weakness Many women still
give up their jobs to look after children Many women still go into
low-paid jobs because of convenience Some employers are still
sexist and prefer to employ men Some male workers do not want to
work for a female employer There is still a stigma attached to
powerful, female workers How successful have women been in breaking
through? EOC found in 2005 11% of top positions in businesses were
female. In top positions 20% of women faced dismissal or financial
loss due to pregnancy. How successful have women been in breaking
through? EOC found in 2005 11% of top positions in businesses were
female. In top positions 20% of women faced dismissal or financial
loss due to pregnancy.
Slide 15
Founded the Body Shop Had a passion for social change and set
up a charity called Children on the edge Tried to give back to
society, through the profit that she made. Opened her first Body
shop store in Brighton in 1976 Made products out of natural
ingredients and grew her business by franchising it. Sold the Body
Shop to LOreal in 2006 Introduced new generations of women to
business Inspired many other women to go into business. Dame Anita
Roddick
Slide 16
Wrote the Harry Potter series The Goblet of Fire was the
fastest selling book in History and her series of books has been
turned into a film series Born in England in 1965 Has inspired many
other women to become writers and set up their own businesses
Graduated from Exeter University and previously worked as a teacher
Has shown that women can achieve anything that they want Single
mother who had to struggle initially Now a successful business
woman, who is Britains 13 th wealthiest woman JK Rowling
Slide 17
Started out in Womenswear Later expanded her business to
include home fixtures and furnishings Had a factory at Corno in Mid
Wales Employed many people in 219 shops around the world Opened her
first shop at Llanidloes Died in 1985 after an accident falling
down stairs Her company was worth over 200 million in 1985 Showed
that women could create a successful business Laura Ashley
Slide 18
Choose a female role model from the world of work that you have
studied. Explain why this person was important in regard to female
employment. (6 marks) Choose a female role model from the world of
work that you have studied. Explain why this person was important
in regard to female employment. (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview,
or description. 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks
Gives more than one reason. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason.
5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 5-6 marks Explains three
or more reasons. 5 minutes
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Slide 19
Some 113,000 women were dismissed from their jobs within two
weeks of World War One ending; five months later, the total was
600,000. At the end of the World War Two it was expected that many
women would return to their traditional roles Some women became
determined to build on the progress made during the Second World
War. Jobs such as Controller of BBC Wales, or the Chief Inspector
of Schools in Wales are now held by women. Many women took jobs in
new light industry and the service industry after World War Two.
Many women still find it difficult to break through the glass
ceiling. Some top jobs in business, the media, design and in
education and have been fulfilled the top roles effectively by
women since 1960. The Education Act 1944 gave women equal
educational opportunities with men and many more attended
university. At the beginning of the twentieth century most women
were limited to domestic service or basic factory work. Women are
still paid less on average than men.
Slide 20
How successful have women been in taking advantage of new
employment opportunities from 1900 to the present day?