How to write a great paper

8/13/2019 How to write a great paper

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/how-to-write-a-great-paper 1/86

!"# %" &'(%) *')+% ,+-)'.

!"#$ &'() '# ")*)")+,)-

!"#$ -./$0--0#+ '# 1,,)2'1+,)

Presented by: Anthony Newman

Senior Publisher,

Elsevier, Amsterdam

Location/Date: Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

February 2014



2

&"'/.0"- 12%3(4)

! !"# %" 5)% ,263(.0)7! !"#$%" '$( )"*+,

! -"."/0 '$(% 1(2+",/"

! 34" 1%5/." 60%(/0(%"

! 34" %"7+"8 1,2 "2+0$%+1. 9%$/"66

! &0+% 4"% %" 7"888 9+2%0"' )%0(:.;



3

1

100

10000

1665 1765 1865 1965

Year

N o o f t i t l e s l a u n c h e d a n d s t i l l e x t a n t 2 0 0 1

Source:

M A Mabe The number and growth of journals

Serials 16(2).191-7, 2003

,))' <=)>()#)7 ?"2'4+3 *'"#%0 @AABCDEE@

Philosophical Transactionsof the Royal Society (London) 2009

1,4 million articles

in 23,000 journalsby 2,000 publishers



4

F3.)>()' ?"2'4+3 -263(.0(45 >"32G)

Solicit and manage submissions

Manage peer review

Production

Publish and disseminate Edit and prepare

Archive and promote

• 1,000 new editors per year• 20 new journals per year • 600,000+ article submissions per year

• 200,000 reviewers

• 1 million reviewer

reports per year

• 7,000 editors

• 70,000 editorial board

members

• 6.5 million author/publisher

communications /year

• 280,000 new articles produced per year

• 190 years of back issues scanned, processed and data-tagged

• 11 million

researchers

• 5,000+

institutions• 180+ countries

• 400 million+

downloads per

year

• 3 million print

pages per year

• 11 million articles

now available

• Organise editorial boards

• Launch new specialist

journals

• 40%-90% of

articles rejected



5

H')47. (4 -263(.0(45

5

! Rapid conversion from “print” to “electronic”! 1997: print only

! 2009: 55% e-only (mostly e-collections)25% print only20% print-plus-electronic

! 2013: 95+% e-only

! Changing role of “journals” due to e-access

! Increased usage of articles

! at lower cost per article

! Electronic submission

! Increased manuscript inflow

! Experimentation with new publishing models! E.g. “author pays” models, “delayed open access”, etc.



6

1-)4 I::)..



7

*"37 1-)4 I::)..

*"37 1-)4 I::)..

! After acceptance, research is made

immediately, permanently open access

! Readers can copy and reuse the

content as defined by user licenses.

! Costs are covered by a open accesspublication fee

! Some funding bodies & institutions will

reimburse authors for such fees.

7

J)4)K%. "L *"37

! Immediate open access

! You can choose your user license

! Authors retain copyright

! Share the final published article



8

Green Open Access

• After publication and acceptance in a

subscription journal author publish in a journal

• The article is immediately available to

subscribers

• After a delayed period of time ( an embargo)

authors can post their manuscript to aninstitutional repository for public use

• Applies to the accepted author manuscript and

preprint versions

• Cost of publication are covered and dependent

on the subscription model.

Green Open Access



9

Look for reputable journals

Tips for publishing Gold Open Access?

Find theright

journal

Collect keyinfo

Keep yourAAM

Make yourarticle OA

Publish OA

Check your funding body and

institution’s policies

See your journal’s posting policy

Select a license and pay an OA fee

Share the final version of your article!



10

Complying with new polices

Three key funder developments:

! Research Councils UK

! European Commission - Horizon 2020

! Every EU country to develop their own policy

! Office of Science and Technology Policy (US)



11 11

3#." 2)"-#+1( ")1-#+ L"' -263(.0(45

! !"#)>)'M )7(%"'.M ')>()#)'.M +47 %0) ').)+':0:"GG24(%N 7"4O% :"4.(7)' %0).) ')+."4. #0)4+..)..(45 N"2' #"'/8

G e t f u n d i n g

?



12

I3#+N. /))- (4 G(47 %0+% P

!. your published papers, as a

permanent record of your research,

are your passport to

your community !



13

&0N -263(.0Q

,263(.0(45 +6 $," $# 04" ,"/"661%' 60"96 )G6)77)7 (4 %0) 6/+",5:/

').)+':0 -'":)..; <0 +6 1.6$ ,"/"661%' #$% *%12(15$, 1,2 /1%""%9%$*%"66+$,;

&0+% %" -263(.0R

! S)# +47 "'(5(4+3 ').23%. "' G)%0"7.

! =)>()#. "' .2GG+'(). "L 91%5/(.1% 6()="/0

! T+42.:'(-%. %0+% +7>+4:) 04" /4"#3)75) 1,2 (,2"%601,2+,* +, 1/"%01+, 6/+",5:/ :".2

>410 ?@3 0$ -263(.0A! B"9$%06 $# ,$ 6/+",5:/ +,0"%"60

! @(0 $# 210" 8$%C

! U2-3(:+V"4. $# 9%"7+$(6.' 9().+64"2 8$%C

! <,/$%%"/0D(,1//"901)." /$,/.(6+$,6

W"2 4))7 + XH=1S* G+42.:'(-% %" -').)4% N"2' :"4%'(62V"4. %" %0).:()4VK: :"GG24(%N



14

&0+% (. + .%'"45 G+42.:'(-%Q

! !+. + 4">)3M :3)+'M 2.)L23M +47 )Y:(V45G)..+5)

! ,').)4%)7 +47 :"4.%'2:%)7 (4 + 3"5(:+3G+44)'

! =)>()#)'. +47 )7(%"'. :+4 5'+.- %0) .:()4VK:.(54(K:+4:) )+.(3N

Editors and reviewers are all busy scientists –

make things easy to save their time



!"# H" *)% W"2' I'V:3) ,263(.0)7

!"#$%" '$( )*+%*



16

3$$ E1,' %"6"1%/4"%6 417" 1)1,2$,"2 1.. 04" 71.("$# .+)%1%+"6 84", 04"' 60$99"2 *$+,* 04"%"94'6+/1..'F

34"%" +6 E$%" 041,

G"1%, 8410 $,.+," %"6$(%/"6 1%" 171+.1)." 10 '$(%

+,650(0"H 1,2 ."1%, 0$ 6"1%/4 +, 1 /."7"% 81';

!+53247 +47 13."4M DEEZR

P ').)+':0)'. 0+>) 7([:23V). (4 (7)4VLN(45 :"''):% .)+':0%)'G.8 X)+':0). +') "\)4 24.2::)..L238]

=)K4) N"2' .)+':0 .%'+%)5().



17

,'+:V:+3 I7>(:) C ^4L"'G+V"4

! _(47 "2% #0+%O. !"%! 4I9ADD+,#$;6/$9(6;/$ED0$9/+0"2D ! 4I9ADD0$9JK;6/+",/"2+%"/0;/$ED

! L.E"0%+/6 L99.+/15$,

! _(47 %0) %')47. "L %0) .26`):% +')+ ! -"1%/4 596 M+,/.(2+,* 1."%06N

! O$(%,1.6H 1(04$%6H 9().+/15$,6 9"% '"1% M-/$9(6N

! F>+32+%) #0(:0 `"2'4+3 (. '(50% L"' N"2' G+42.:'(-%! <E91/0 P1/0$%

! O$(%,1. L,1.'Q"% M-/$9(6N

! -?<R S -OB M888;=$(%,1.E"0%+/6;/$E N

! ,-<,2"T

! _(47 "2% G"') +6"2% %0) `"2'4+3.! >4$ 1%" 04" "2+0$%6U

! V(+2" #$% 1(04$%6

IF & SNIP & SJR





19

_(47 "2% #0+%O. !"% 97"#43"+7.;



20

_(47 "2% #0+% (. 6)(45 :(%)7 +47 L'"G #0)')



21

_(47 "2% #0" (. 6)(45 :(%)7



22

_(47 "2% #0" (. 6)(45 :(%)7



23

_(47 "2% #0" (. 6)(45 :(%)7 < (4 G"') 7)-%0



24

34+,C 1)$(0 &!W N"2 #+4% %" -263(.0 N"2'#"'/;

! <6 +0 4)# +47 (4%)').V45U

! <6 +0 1 /(%%",0 0"% %"-(:U

! Z17" '$( -'">(7)7 ."32V"4. 0$ 6$E"2+[/(.0 9%$)."E6U

! L%" '$( ')+7N 0$ 9().+64 10 04+6 9$+,0U

<# +33 +4.#)'. +') dN).]M 04", 601%09%"91%15$,6 #$% '$(% E1,(6/%+90

e2).V"4. %" +4.#)' 6)L"') N"2 #'(%)



25

! _233 +'V:3).b1'(5(4+3 +'V:3).f

! g)h)'.b=+-(7 i"GG24(:+V"4.bX0"'%

:"GG24(:+V"4.f

! =)>()# -+-)'.b-)'.-):V>).f

X)3LC)>+32+%) N"2' #"'/R ^. (% .2[:()4% L"' + L233 +'V:3)Q 1' +') N"2' ').23%.

." %0'(33(45 %0+% %0)N 4))7 %" 6) .0"#4 +. .""4 +. -"..(63)Q

I./ N"2' .2-)'>(."' +47 :"33)+52). L"' +7>(:) "4 G+42.:'(-% %N-)8

X"G)VG). "2%.(7)'. .)) %0(45. G"') :3)+'3N %0+4 N"28

&0+% %N-) "L G+42.:'(-%Q



26

! Look at your references – these will help you narrow your

choices.

! Review recent publications in each candidate journal. Find outthe hot topics, the accepted types of articles, etc.

! Ask yourself the following questions:

! Is the journal peer-reviewed to the right level?

! Who is this journal’s audience?

! How fast does it make a decision or publish your paper?

! What is the journal’s Impact Factor?

! Does it really exist or is dubious? (check for example Beall’s

List of Predatory Open Access Publishers)

! DO NOT gamble by submitting your manuscript to more thanone journal at a time.

! International ethics standards prohibit multiple/simultaneoussubmissions, and editors DO find out! (Trust us, they DO!)

X)3):% %0) 6).% `"2'4+3 L"' .26G(..("4



27

^7)4VLN %0) '(50% +27()4:) L"' N"2' -+-)'

! Identify the sector of

readership/community for

which a paper is meant

! Identify the interest of your audience

! Is your paper of local or internationalinterest



28

i0"".) %0) '(50% `"2'4+3

! ^4>).V5+%) +33 :+47(7+%) `"2'4+3. %" K47 "2%

! L+E6 1,2 6/$9"

! L//"90"2 0'9"6 $# 1%5/."6

! B"12"%64+9

! \(%%",0 4$0 0$9+/6

! *$ 04%$(*4 04" 1)60%1/06$# %"/",0 9().+/15$,6N



29

^G-+:% _+:%"'.*," +/"%+0" +11(+2 1(34"% $# 56*+7$1) 8"% +%752" 8(426),"9:

! P$% "T1E9."H 04" J]^X +E91/0 #1/0$% #$% 1 =$(%,1. +6 /1./(.10"2 16 #$..$86A

! ; _ 04" ,(E)"% $# 5E"6 1%5/."6 9().+64"2 +, J]^^ 1,2 J]^J 8"%" /+0"2 +,

+,2"T"2 =$(%,1.6 2(%+,* J]^X

! ! _ 04" ,(E)"% $# `/+01)." +0"E6` M(6(1..' 1%5/."6H %"7+"86H 9%$/""2+,*6 $%

,$0"6a ,$0 "2+0$%+1.6 1,2 ."I"%6Y0$Y04"YW2+0$%N 9().+64"2 +, J]^^ 1,2 J]^J

! J]^X +E91/0 #1/0$% _ ;D!

! )858 AEE :(%+V"4. j D8EEE

@BE k @BE +'V:3).

&0+% (. %0) ^G-+:% _+:%"' 9^_;Q



30

^G-+:% _+:%"' +47 "%0)' 6(63("G)%'(: -+'+G)%)'.



31

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Mathematics & Computer Sciences

Social Sciences

Materials Science & Engineering

Biological Sciences

Environmental Sciences

Earth Sciences

Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

Physics

Pharmacology & Toxicology

Clinical Medicine

Neuroscience

Fundamental Life Sciences

Mean Impact Factor

^4l2)4:). "4 ^G-+:% _+:%"'.R X26`):% I')+



32



33

W"2' ?"2'4+3. 3(.% L"' %0(. G+42.:'(-%

X" N"2 4"# 0+>) + .)m2)4:) 3(.% "L :+47(7+%)

`"2'4+3. L"' N"2' G+42.:'(-%Q

&'(%) N"2' 7'+\ +. (L N"2 +') 5"(45 %" .26G(% %"

%0) K'.% "4 N"2' 3(.%8 a.) (%. *2(7) %" I2%0"'.



34

! XV:/ %" %0) *2(7) L"'I2%0"'. (4 N"2'G+42.:'(-%M )>)4 (4 %0)K'.% 7'+\ 9%)Y% 3+N"2%M4"G)4:3+%2')M K52'). n%+63).M ')L)')4:). )%:8;8^4 %0) )47 (% #(33 .+>) N"2VG)M +47 +3." %0))7(%"'O.8

! F7(%"'. 9+47 ')>()#)'.; 7"4"% 3(/) #+.V45 VG) "4-""'3N -')-+')7G+42.:'(-%.8 ^% (. + .(54 "L7(.').-):%8

34

=)+7 %0) o*2(7) %" I2%0"'.OC I5+(4 +47 +5+(4p



35 35

=)+7 %0) o*2(7) %" I2%0"'.OC I5+(4 +47 +5+(4p



36

I4 (4%)'4+V"4+3 )7(%"' .+N.P

d45) *#((#60+7 2"#/()$- 122)1" $.,5 '## *")8.)+'(9 :

! <(436))6$1 $# 8+8"%) =,65, +%" 52"+%2' $(* $# )5$8"

! >+62(%" *$ #$%3+* *," 8+8"% +55$%9610 *$ *," ?(69" #$%

;(*,$%)! @1+88%$8%6+*" A$% 1$B )(00")*"9 %"/6"="%)

! @1+9"C(+*" %")8$1)" *$ %"/6"="%)

! @1+9"C(+*" )*+19+%9 $# D1026),

! E")(436))6$1 $# %"F"5*"9 3+1()5%68*) =6*,$(* %"/6)6$1

b R1(. Z12212H W2+0$%H G$(%1+2 $# H,%$3+*$0%+8,' ;



37

&0N ^. g+452+5) ^G-"'%+4%Q

X+>) N"2' )7(%"' +47 ')>()#)'. %0) %'"263) "L 52)..(45#0+% N"2 G)+4

Complaint from an editor:

“[This] paper fell well below my threshold. I refuse to spend time trying

to understand what the author is trying to say. Besides, I really want to

send a message that they can't submit garbage to us and expect us to fix

it. My rule of thumb is that if there are more than 6 grammatical errors

in the abstract, then I don't waste my time carefully reading the rest.”



38

X:()4VK: g+452+5) < 1>)'>()#

! c)N %" .2::)..L23 .:()4VK: #'(V45 (. %" 6) +3)'% L"'

:"GG"4 )''"'.R

! -",0",/" /$,60%(/5$,! <,/$%%"/0 0",6"6

! <,1//(%10" *%1EE1%

! ?$0 (6+,* W,*.+64

Check the Guide for Authors of the target journal for language

specifications

Write with clarity, objectivity, accuracy, and brevity.



39

X:()4VK: g+452+5) < X)4%)4:). !

&'(%) 7('):% +47 .0"'% .)4%)4:).! 14) (7)+ "' -():) "L (4L"'G+V"4 -)'

.)4%)4:) (. .2[:()4%

! I>"(7 G23V-3) .%+%)G)4%. (4 "4) .)4%)4:)

An example of what NOT to do:

“If it is the case, intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has

higher intravenous administration retention concentration, but which is not in

accordance with the result, and therefore the more rational interpretation

should be that SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from

emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor, namely, it isprobably difficult for emulsion to enter and exit from tumor blood vessel as

freely as SLN, which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel

aperture is smaller.”



40

I2%0"'.0(-

! ,"3(:(). ')5+'7(45 +2%0"'.0(- :+4 >+'N! 14) )Y+G-3)R %0) ^4%)'4+V"4+3 i"GG(h)) "L

T)7(:+3 ?"2'4+3 F7(%"'. 9dq+4:"2>)' *'"2-];7):3+')7 %0+% +4 +2%0"' G2.%R

@8 .26.%+4V+33N :"4%'(62%) 0$ /$,/"95$, 1,2 2"6+*,H $%1/c(+6+5$, $# 2101H $% 1,1.'6+6 1,2 +,0"%9%"015$, $# 2101a

D8 7'+\ 04" 1%5/." $% ')>(.) +0 /%+5/1..' #$% +E9$%01,0+,0".."/0(1. /$,0",0a 1,2

r8 5(>) %0)(' +--'">+3 $# 04" :,1. #(.. 7"%6+$, 0$ )" 9().+64"2;

s8 Igg %0')) /$,2+5$,6 E(60 )" #(.:.."2 0$ )" 1, 1(04$%F

All others would qualify as “Acknowledged Individuals”



41

I2%0"'.0(- C 1'7)' n I62.).

! General principles for who is listed first

! First Author

! Conducts and/or supervises the data generation and analysis

and the proper presentation and interpretation of the results

! Puts paper together and submits the paper to journal

! Corresponding author! The first author or a senior author from the institution

! Particularly when the first author is a PhD student or

postdoc, and may move to another institution soon.

! Abuses to be avoided

! Ghost Authorship: leaving out authors who should be included

! Gift Authorship: including authors who did not contribute

significantly



42

I:/4"#3)75)7 ^47(>(72+3.

=):"54(t) %0".) #0" 0)3-)7 (4 %0) ').)+':0M 62% 7"4"% m2+3(LN +. +2%0"'. 9N"2 #+4% %0)G %" 0)3- +5+(4M

7"4O% N"2Q;

<,/.(2" +,2+7+2(1.6 84$ 417" 166+60"2 '$( +, '$(%60(2'A

L27+6$%6

P+,1,/+1. 6(99$%0"%6

R%$$#%"12"%63'9+606

-(99.+"%6 84$ E1' 417" *+7", E10"%+1.6



43

I2%0"' 4+G).R :"GG"4 -'"63)G. ! Different Spellings

! Järvinen / Jaervinen / Jarvinen

! Lueßen / Lueben / Luessen

! van Harten / Vanharten / Van

! First/Last Names

! Asian names often difficult for Europeans or Americans

! What in case of marriage/divorce?

Be consistent!

If you are not, how can others be?



44

I2%0"' ,'"K3).P6) :"4.(.%)4% (L N"2 :+4M "' :"''):%



45

•

1-)4• =).)+':0)' n

• i"4%'(62%"'

• ^U

H0) i0+33)45)R• The scholarly record is broken

• Name ambiguity is an issue

H0) X"32V"4R• Establish a researcher identifier registry (partnership

between Univs, Publishers, funding bodies…)!

H0) J)4)K%.R• Current authors can claim already published work

• New authors can establish unique identifier

1=i^UR I2%0"' ,'"K3) D8E

Launched 16 October 2012



46

*)4)'+3 X%'2:%2') "L + =).)+':0 I'V:3) ! H(%3)

! I6.%'+:%! c)N#"'7.

! T+(4 %)Y% 9^T=IU;

! <,0%$2(/5$,

! d"04$26! B"6(.06

! L,2

! e+6/(66+$,6

! i"4:32.("4! I:/4"#3)75)G)4%

! =)L)')4:).

! X2--3)G)4%+'N U+%+

Journal space is not unlimited.

Your reader’s time is scarce.

Make your article as concise as possible -

more difficult than you imagine!.

Make them easy for indexing and

searching! (informative, attractive,

effective)



47

Methods Results Discussion

Conclusion

Figures/tables (your data)

Introduction

Title & Abstract

H0) -'":).. "L #'(V45 < 62(37(45 %0) +'V:3)



48

H(%3)

! I 5""7 V%3) .0"237 :"4%+(4 %0) L)#).% -"..(63) #"'7.%0+% +7)m2+%)3N 7).:'(6) %0) :"4%)4%. "L + -+-)'8

! Fu):V>) V%3).

! <2",5#' 04" E1+, +66(" $# 04" 919"%

! !"*+, 8+04 04" 6()="/0 $# 04" 919"%! L%" 1//(%10"H (,1E)+*($(6H 69"/+:/H 1,2 /$E9."0"

! L%" 16 64$%0 16 9$66+)."

! L%5/."6 8+04 64$%0H /10/4' 50."6 1%" $f", )"I"% /+0"2

! e$ ,$0 /$,01+, %1%".'Y(6"2 1))%"7+15$,6

! LI%1/0 %"12"%6 Y B"E"E)"%A %"12"%6 1%" 04" 9$0",51.1(04$%6 84$ 8+.. /+0" '$(% 1%5/."

48



49

c)N#"'7. <, 1, g"."/0%$,+/ 8$%.2H C"'8$%26 2"0"%E+,"84"04"% '$(% 1%5/." +6 #$(,2 $% ,$0F

L7$+2 E1C+,* 04"E

" 0$$ *","%1. Mg2%(* 2".+7"%'hH gE$(6"hH g2+6"16"hH "0/;N" 0$$ ,1%%$8 M6$ 0410 ,$)$2' 8+.. "7"% 6"1%/4 #$% +0N

Wi"/57" 199%$1/4A

G$$C 10 04" C"'8$%26 $# 1%5/."6 %"."71,0 0$ '$(% E1,(6/%+90R.1' 8+04 04"6" C"'8$%26H 1,2 6"" 84"04"% 04"' %"0(%,%"."71,0 919"%6H ,"+04"% 0$$ E1,' ,$% 0$$ #"8



50

I6.%'+:% H)33 ')+7)'. #0+% N"2 7(7 +47 %0) (G-"'%+4% K47(45.

! 14) -+'+5'+-0 96)%#))4 BECDBE #"'7.; "\)4M -32. !(503(50%

6233)% -"(4%.

! I7>)'V.)G)4% L"' N"2' +'V:3)

! I :3)+' +6.%'+:% #(33 .%'"453N (4l2)4:) (L N"2' #"'/ (.:"4.(7)')7 L2'%0)'

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of composition C x N(SO2CF3)2 ! !F

are prepared under ambient conditions in 48% hydrofluoric acid, using

K2MnF6 as an oxidizing reagent. The stage 2 GIC product structures are

determined using powder XRD and modeled by fitting one dimensional electron

density profiles.

A new digestion method followed by selective fluoride electrode elemental

analyses allows the determination of free fluoride within products, and the

compositional x and ! parameters are determined for reaction times from 0.25 to

500 h.

What are the

main findings

What has been

done

7



51

^4%'"72:V"4

H0) -3+:) %" :"4>(4:) ')+7)'. %0+% N"2 /4"##0N N"2' #"'/ (. ')3)>+4%M +3." L"' %0)G

I4.#)' + .)'(). "L m2).V"4.R

! >410 +6 04" 9%$)."EU

! L%" 04"%" 1,' "T+65,* 6$.(5$,6U

! >4+/4 $," +6 04" )"60U

! >410 +6 +06 E1+, .+E+015$,U

! >410 2$ '$( 4$9" 0$ 1/4+"7"U

51

General

Specific



52

,+N +h)4V"4 %" %0) L"33"#(45

! J)L"') N"2 -').)4% N"2' 4)# 7+%+M -2% %0)G (4%"

-)'.-):V>) K'.%

! J) 6'()LM (% (. 4"% + 0(.%"'N 3).."4

! U" 4"% G(Y (4%'"72:V"4M ').23%.M 7(.:2..("4 +47:"4:32.("4.8 c))- %0)G .)-+'+%)

! U" 4"% ">)'2.) )Y-')..("4. .2:0 +. d4">)3]M dK'.%

VG)]M dK'.% )>)']M d-+'+7(5G .0(\]M )%:8

! i(%) "43N ')3)>+4% ')L)')4:).

! @04"%8+6" 04" "2+0$% 1,2 04" %"7+"8"% E1' 04+,C '$( 2$,j0

417" 1 /.(" 84"%" '$( 1%" 8%+5,* 1)$(052



53

T)%0"7. b FY-)'(G)4%+3

k ^4:327) +33 (G-"'%+4% 7)%+(3. ." %0+% %0) ')+7)' :+4

')-)+% %0) #"'/8k e"01+.6 0410 8"%" 9%"7+$(6.' 9().+64"2 /1, )" $E+I"2 )(0 1

*","%1. 6(EE1%' $# 04$6" "T9"%+E",06 64$(.2 )" +,/.(2"2

k *(>) >)47"' 4+G). 9+47 +77')..).; "L )m2(-G)4% )%:82.)7

k

I33 :0)G(:+3. G2.% 6) (7)4VK)7k e$ ,$0 (6" 9%$9%+"01%'H (,+2",5:1)." /$E9$(,26 8+04$(02"6/%+95$,

k ,').)4% -'"-)' :"4%'"3 )Y-)'(G)4%.

k I>"(7 +77(45 :"GG)4%. +47 7(.:2..("48

k &'(%) (4 %0) -+.% %)4.)k d$60 =$(%,1.6 9%"#"% 04" 9166+7" 7$+/"H 6$E" 04" 1/57";

k i"4.(7)' 2.) "L X2--3)G)4%+'N T+%)'(+3.k e$/(E",06H 69%"1264""06H 1(2+$H 7+2"$H ;;;;;

53

Reviewers will criticize incomplete or incorrect descriptions, and may even

recommend rejection



54

=).23%. < #0+% 0+>) N"2 L"247Q

! H0) L"33"#(45 .0"237 6) (4:327)7

! 04" G+(4 K47(45.

! 34(6 ,$0 +22 :,2+,*6

! P+,2+,*6 #%$E "T9"%+E",06 2"6/%+)"2 +, 04"

d"04$26 6"/5$,

! Z+*4.+*40 :,2+,*6 0410 7(u)' #%$E :,2+,*6+, 9%"7+$(6 9().+/15$,6H 1,2 24)Y-):%)7 :,2+,*6

! B"6(.06 $# 04" .%+V.V:+3 +4+3N.(.

5



55

"One Picture is Worth a

Thousand Words"

Sue Hanauer (1968)

=).23%. < _(52'). +47 %+63). !

^332.%'+V"4. +') :'(V:+3M 6):+2.)! P+*(%"6 1,2 01)."6 1%" 04" E$60 "[/+",0 81' 0$

9%"6",0 %"6(.06

! B"6(.06 1%" 04" 2%+7+,* #$%/" $# 04" 9().+/15$,

! \195$,6 1,2 ."*",26 E(60 )" 2"01+."2 ",$(*40$ E1C" :*(%"6 1,2 01)."6 6".#Y"T9.1,10$%'

! ?$ 2(9.+/15$, $# %"6(.06 2"6/%+)"2 +, 0"T0 $%

$04"% +..(60%15$,6



56

=).23%. < I--)+'+4:) :"24%.p ! l,Y/%$82"2 9.$06

" X $% m 2101 6"06 9"% :*(%"a 8"..Y6"."/0"2 6/1."6a 199%$9%+10"1T+6 .1)". 6+Q"a 6'E)$.6 /."1% 0$ %"12a 2101 6"06 "16+.' 2+65,*(+641).";

! W1/4 94$0$*%194 E(60 417" 1 6/1." E1%C"%

$# 9%$#"66+$,1. c(1.+0' +, 1 /$%,"%;

! 3"T0 +, 94$0$6 D :*(%"6 +, W,*.+64" ?$0 +, P%",/4H V"%E1,H \4+,"6"H n$%"1,H ;;;

! l6" /$.$% IJKL 84", ,"/"661%';" <# 2+i"%",0 .+," 60'."6 /1, /.1%+#' 04" E"1,+,*H

04", ,"7"% (6" /$.$%6 $% $04"% 04%+..+,* "i"/06;

! \$.$% E(60 )" 7+6+)." 1,2 2+65,*(+641)."

84", 9%+,0"2 +, ).1/C S 84+0";

! e$ ,$0 +,/.(2" .$,* )$%+,* 01)."6F



57

U(.:2..("4 < #0+% 7" %0) ').23%. G)+4Q

! ^% (. %0) G".% (G-"'%+4% .):V"4 "L N"2' +'V:3)8 !)') N"2 5)% %0)

:0+4:) %" XFgg N"2' 7+%+p! d1,' E1,(6/%+906 1%" %"="/0"2 )"/1(6" 04" e+6/(66+$, +6 8"1C

! i0):/ L"' %0) L"33"#(45R

! Z$8 2$ '$(% %"6(.06 %".10" 0$ 04" $%+*+,1. c("65$, $% $)="/57"6

$(0.+,"2 +, 04" <,0%$2(/5$, 6"/5$,U! e$ '$( 9%$7+2" +,0"%9%"015$, #$% "1/4 $# '$(% %"6(.06 9%"6",0"2U

! L%" '$(% %"6(.06 /$,6+60",0 8+04 8410 $04"% +,7"65*10$%6 417"%"9$%0"2U @% 1%" 04"%" 1,' 2+i"%",/"6U >4'U

! L%" 04"%" 1,' .+E+015$,6U

! e$"6 04" 2+6/(66+$, .$*+/1..' ."12 0$ '$(% /$,/.(6+$,U

! U" 4"%

! d1C" 6010"E",06 0410 *$ )"'$,2 8410 04" %"6(.06 /1, 6(99$%0

! -(22",.' +,0%$2(/" ,"8 0"%E6 $% +2"16

57



58

i"4:32.("4.

! ,').)4% 53"6+3 +47 .-):(K: :"4:32.("4.! ^47(:+%) 2.). +47 )Y%)4.("4. (L

+--'"-'(+%)

! X255).% L2%2') )Y-)'(G)4%. +47(47(:+%) #0)%0)' %0)N +') 247)'#+N

! U" 4"% .2GG+'(t) %0) -+-)'

! 34" 1)60%1/0 +6 #$% 0410 9(%9$6"! I>"(7 `275G)4%. +6"2% (G-+:%

58



59

=)L)')4:).R 5)% %0)G '(50%p ! ,3)+.) +70)') %" %0) *2(7) L"' I2%0"'. "L %0) `"2'4+3

! ^% (. N"2' ').-"4.(6(3(%NM 4"% "L %0) F7(%"'O.M %" L"'G+% ')L)')4:).:"''):%3Np! i0):/

! B"#"%",/+,* 60'." $# 04" =$(%,1.! 34" 69"..+,* $# 1(04$% ,1E"6H 04" '"1% $# 9().+/15$,! R(,/0(15$, (6"

! l6" $# g"0 1.;hA g"0 1.;h 0%1,6.10"6 0$ g1,2 $04"%6hH

! I>"(7 :(V45 %0) L"33"#(45 (L -"..(63)R

! R"%6$,1. /$EE(,+/15$,6H (,9().+64"2 $)6"%715$,6HE1,(6/%+906 ,$0 '"0 1//"90"2 #$% 9().+/15$,

! W2+0$%6 E1' 16C #$% 6(/4 2$/(E",06 #$% "71.(15$, $# 04"E1,(6/%+906

! L%5/."6 9().+64"2 $,.' +, 04" .$/1. .1,*(1*"H 84+/4 1%"2+[/(.0 #$% +,0"%,15$,1. %"12"%6 0$ :,2

59



60

X2--3)G)4%+'N T+%)'(+3

! U+%+ "L .):"47+'N (G-"'%+4:) L"' %0) G+(4 .:()4VK:%0'2.% "L %0) +'V:3)

! ";*; +,2+7+2(1. /(%7"6H 84", 1 %"9%"6",0157" /(%7"$% 1 E"1, /(%7" +6 *+7", +, 04" 1%5/." +06".#

! 1' 7+%+ %0+% 7" 4"% K% (4%" %0) G+(4 6"7N "L %0)+'V:3)

! ";*; 1(2+$H 7+2"$H ;;;;

! S"% -+'% "L %0) -'(4%)7 +'V:3)

! >+.. )" 171+.1)." $,.+," 8+04 04" 9().+64"2 919"%

! T2.% ')3+%) %"M +47 .2--"'%M %0) +'V:3)

60



61

i">)' g)h)' W"2' :0+4:) %" .-)+/ %" %0) )7(%"' 7('):%3N

! X26G(h)7 +3"45 #(%0 N"2' G+42.:'(-%

! T)4V"4 #0+% #"237 G+/) N"2' G+42.:'(-% .-):(+3%" %0) `"2'4+3

! S"%) .-):(+3 ')m2(')G)4%. 9.255).% ')>()#)'.M

:"4l(:%. "L (4%)').%;

Final approval from all

authors

Explanation of

importance of research

Suggested reviewers



62

X255).% -"%)4V+3 ')>()#)'.

! o$(% 6(**"65$,6 8+.. 4".9 04" W2+0$% 0$ E$7" '$(%

E1,(6/%+90 0$ 04" %"7+"8 601*" E$%" "[/+",0.';

! o$( /1, "16+.' :,2 9$0",51. %"7+"8"%6 1,2 04"+%

/$,01/0 2"01+.6 #%$E 1%5/."6 +, '$(% 69"/+:/ 6()="/0

1%"1 M";*;H '$(% %"#"%",/"6N;

! 34" %"7+"8"%6 64$(.2 %"9%"6",0 10 ."160 08$

%"*+$,6 $# 04" 8$%.2; L,2 04"' .0"237 4"% )"

'$(% 6(9"%7+6$% $% /.$6" #%+",26;

! !" 9%"91%"2 0$ 6(**"60 XYp 9$0",51. %"7+"8"%6H

)16"2 $, 04" V(+2" 0$ L(04$%6;



63

U" )>)'N%0(45 %" G+/) N"2' .26G(..("4 + .2::).. ! S" "4) 5)%. (% '(50% %0) K'.% VG)p

! &'(%)M +47 ')C#'(%) P8

! X255).V"4.

! Lf"% 8%+5,* 1 :%60 7"%6+$,H 01C" 6"7"%1. 21'6 $# %"60;\$E" )1/C 8+04 1 /%+5/1.H #%"64 7+"8;

! L6C /$.."1*("6 1,2 6(9"%7+6$% 0$ %"7+"8 '$(%E1,(6/%+90; L6C 04"E 0$ )" 4+*4.' /%+5/1.H 1,2 /) #2)+

'# '5)0" -.77)-&#+-;

! d1C" /41,*"6 0$ +,/$%9$%10" /$EE",06 1,26(**"65$,6; V"0 1.. /$Y1(04$%6 0$ 199%$7" 7"%6+$, 0$

6()E+0;

45)+ 0' 0- '5) 2#0+' 0+ &$) '# -./$0' 9#." 1"&,(); 6



64

Submit a

paper

Basic requirements met?

REJECT

Assign

reviewers

Collect reviewers’

recommendations

Make a

decisionRevise the

paper

[Reject]

[Revision required]

[Accept]

[Yes]

[No]Review and giverecommendation

START

ACCEPT

Author Editor Reviewer

H0) ,))' =)>()# ,'":).. < 4"% + 63+:/ 0"3)p

Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.

http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf



( ( ( d 7] d ` 7]



66

_('.% U):(.("4R dI::)-%)7] "' d=)`):%)7]

I::)-%)7! q)'N '+')M 62% (% 0+--)4.

! i"45'+%23+V"4.p

! \1C" #$% 04" 2"91%0E",0

! ?$8 81+0 #$% 91*" 9%$$#6 1,2

04", #$% '$(% 1%5/." 0$ )" $,.+,"

1,2 +, 9%+,0

=)`):%)7! ,'"6+6(3(%N sECvEw 888

! U" 4"% 7).-+('

! <0 4199",6 0$ "7"%')$2'

! H'N %" 247)'.%+47 &!W

! \$,6+2"% %"7+"8"%6j 127+/"

! !" 6".#Y/%+5/1.

! ^L N"2 .26G(% %" +4"%0)'

`"2'4+3M 6)5(4 +. (L (% #)') +

4)# G+42.:'(-%

! 31C" 1271,01*" $# 04" %"7+"8"%6j

/$EE",06

! 34"' E1' %"7+"8 '$(% E1,(6/%+90

#$% 04" $04"% =$(%,1. 0$$F! B"12 04" V(+2" #$% L(04$%6 $# 04"

,"8 =$(%,1.H 1*1+, 1,2 1*1+,;



67

Submit a

paper

Basic requirements met?

REJECT

Assign

reviewers

Collect reviewers’

recommendations

Make a

decisionRevise the

paper

[Reject]

[Revision required]

[Accept]

[Yes]

[No]Review and giverecommendation

START

ACCEPT

Author Editor Reviewer

H0) ,))' =)>()# ,'":).. < ')>(.("4.

Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.

http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf

_( U ( ( dT ` ] dT( ] = ( (



68

_('.% U):(.("4R dT+`"'] "' dT(4"'] =)>(.("4

! Major revision

! The manuscript may finally be published in the journal

! Significant deficiencies must be corrected before

acceptance

! Usually involves (significant) textual modifications and/or

additional experiments

! Minor revision

! Basically, the manuscript is worth being published

! Some elements in the manuscript must be clarified,

restructured, shortened (often) or expanded (rarely)

! Textual adaptations

! “Minor revision” does NOT guarantee acceptance after

revision!

T ( % = ( (



69

T+42.:'(-% =)>(.("4

! Prepare a detailed Response Letter! Copy-paste each reviewer comment, and type your response below it! State specifically which changes you have made to the manuscript

! Include page/line numbers

! No general statements like “Comment accepted, and Discussion changed

accordingly.”

! Provide a scientific response to comments to accept, .....

! ..... or a convincing, solid and polite rebuttal when you feel the reviewer was

wrong.

! Write in such a manner, that your response can be forwarded to the reviewerwithout prior editing

! Do not do yourself a disfavour, but cherish your work! You spent weeks and months in the lab or the library to do the research

! It took you weeks to write the manuscript.........

.....Why then run the risk of avoidable rejection

by not taking manuscript revision seriously?

^ ( 0 3(/ 3(0 7 L



70 70

^4:')+.(45 %0) 3(/)3(0""7 "L +::)-%+4:)

All these various steps are not difficult

You have to be consistent.

You have to check and recheck before submitting.

Make sure you tell a logical, clear, story about your findings.

Especially, take note of referees’ comments. They improve your

paper.

This should increase the likelihood of your paper being

accepted, and being in the 30% (accepted) not the 70%

(rejected) group!

&0 % 3 7 % % Q



71

&0+% 3)+7. %" +::)-%+4:) Q

! Attention to details

! Check and double check your work

! Consider the reviewers’ comments

! English must be as good as possible

! Presentation is important

! Take your time with revision

! Acknowledge those who have helped you

! New, original and previously unpublished

! Critically evaluate your own manuscript

! Ethical rules must be obeyed

– Nigel John Cook

Editor-in-Chief, Ore Geology Reviews

71

= (6(3(V



72

=).-"4.(6(3(V).

I2%0"'. 0+>) 3"%. "L '(50%. +47

-'(>(3)5). 62% +3." #) 0+>) %0)

').-"4.(6(3(%N %" 6) )%0(:+38

F%0( ^ ( , 63( 0(



73 73

F%0(:. ^..2). (4 ,263(.0(45

Scientific misconduct! Falsification of results

Publication misconduct! Plagiarism

! Different forms / severities! The paper must be original to the authors

! Duplicate publication

! Duplicate submission

! Appropriate acknowledgement of prior research and

researchers! Appropriate identification of all co-authors

! Conflict of interest

U+%+ L+6'(:+V"4 +47 L+3.(K:+V"4



74

U+%+ L+6'(:+V"4 +47 L+3.(K:+V"4

Fabrication: Making up data or results, and

recording or reporting them

“! the fabrication of research data! hits at the heart of our

responsibility to society , the reputation of our institution, the trustbetween the public and the biomedical research community, and

our personal credibility and that of our mentors, colleagues!”

“It can waste the time of others, trying to replicate false data ordesigning experiments based on false premises, and can lead to

therapeutic errors. It can never be tolerated.”Professor Richard Hawkes

Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy

University of Calgary

“The most dangerous of all falsehoods is aslightly distorted truth.”

G.C.Lichtenberg (1742-1799)

U+%+ L+6'(:+V"4 +47 L+3.(K:+V"4



75

Falsification:! Manipulation of research materials, equipment, processes

! Changes in / omission of data or results such that the research is notaccurately represented in the research record

“Select data to fit a preconceived hypothesis:

! We do not include (data from) an experiment because ‘it did not work ’, or

! We show ‘representative’ images that do not reflect the total data set, or

! We simply shelve data that do not fit.”

Richard Hawkes

U+%+ L+6'(:+V"4 +47 L+3.(K:+V"4

,3+5(+'(.G



76

,3+5(+'(.G

! I .0"'%C:2% %" 3"45C%)'G :"4.)m2)4:).p

! ,3+5(+'(.G (. :"4.(7)')7 + -)"0#.- #<)+-) 6N N"2' (4.V%2%)M 6N

`"2'4+3 )7(%"'.M +47 6N %0) .:()4VK: :"GG24(%N8

! ,3+5(+'(.G G+N ').23% (4 1,1=)$0, ,51"7)-M 62% #(33 :)'%+(43N

:+2.) ')`):V"4 "L N"2' -+-)'8

! ,3+5(+'(.G #(33 5."' 9#." ")2.'1&#+ (4 %0) .:()4VK:

:"GG24(%N8

U2-3(:+%) ,263(:+V"4



77

U2-3(:+%) ,263(:+V"4

! H#" "' G"') -+-)'.M #(%0"2% L233 :'".. ')L)')4:)M .0+') %0) .+G)

0N-"%0).).M 7+%+M 7(.:2..("4 -"(4%.M "' :"4:32.("4.

! I4 +2%0"' .0"237 4"% .26G(% L"' :"4.(7)'+V"4 (4 +4"%0)' `"2'4+3 +-')>("2.3N -263(.0)7 -+-)'8

! R().+64"2 60(2+"6 2$ ,$0 ,""2 0$ )" %"9"10"2 (,."66 #(%04"%/$,:%E15$, +6 %"c(+%"2;

! R%"7+$(6 9().+/15$, $# 1, 1)60%1/0 2(%+,* 04" 9%$/""2+,*6 $#/$,#"%",/"6 2$"6 ,$0 9%"/.(2" 6()6"c(",0 6()E+66+$, #$% 9().+/15$,H)(0 #(.. 2+6/.$6(%" 64$(.2 )" E12" 10 04" 5E" $# 6()E+66+$,;

! B"Y9().+/15$, $# 1 919"% +, 1,$04"% .1,*(1*" +6 1//"901)."H 9%$7+2"20410 04"%" +6 #(.. 1,2 9%$E+,",0 2+6/.$6(%" $# +06 $%+*+,1. 6$(%/" 10 04"5E" $# 6()E+66+$,;

! L0 04" 5E" $# 6()E+66+$,H 1(04$%6 64$(.2 2+6/.$6" 2"01+.6 $# %".10"2919"%6H "7", +# +, 1 2+i"%",0 .1,*(1*"H 1,2 6+E+.1% 919"%6 +, 9%"66;

! 34+6 +,/.(2"6 0%1,6.15$,6

,3+5(+'(.G U)%):V"4 H""3.



78

,3+5(+'(.G U)%):V"4 H""3.

! Elsevier is participating in 2 plagiarism detection

schemes:! TurnItIn (aimed at universities)

! IThenticate (aimed at publishers and corporations)

Manuscripts are checked against a database of 20

million peer reviewed articles which have been donated

by 50+ publishers, including Elsevier.All post-1994 Elsevier journal content is now included,

and the pre-1995 is being steadily added week-by-week

! Editors and reviewers

! Your colleagues! "Other“ whistleblowers

! “The walls have ears", it seems ...

,263(:+V"4 )%0(:. X)3L -3+5(+'(.G



79

79

,263(:+V"4 )%0(:. < X)3LC-3+5(+'(.G

Same colour left and

right

Same text

2003 2004



8080

An article in which the authors committed plagiarism: it will not beremoved from ScienceDirect ever. Everybody who downloads it will

see the reason for the retraction…

,263(:+V"4 )%0(:. < !"# (% :+4 )47



81

,263(:+V"4 )%0(:. < !"# (% :+4 )47 88888

_(52') T+4(-23+V"4 < ."G) %0(45. +') +33"#)7



82

_(52') T+4(-23+V"4 < ."G) %0(45. +') +33"#)7



=)L)')4:). +47 I:/4"#3)75)G)4%.



84

=)L)')4:). +47 I:/4"#3)75)G)4%.

! *2(7) L"' I2%0"'. "L F3.)>()' `"2'4+3.8

! 0h-Rbb"#38)453(.08-2'72)8)72b"#3b ! 0h-Rbb###8-0N.(:.8"0("C.%+%)8)72bx#(3/(4.b#'(V45b(47)Y80%G3

! ,)%)N W"2458 &'(V45 +47 ,').)4V45 (4 F453(.08 H0) =".)h+ X%"4)"L X:()4:)8 F3.)>()' DEEA

! FUISy F7(V45 %'+(4(45 G+%)'(+3.8 DEEA

! ?233(+4 F+.%")8 i"C)7(%"'M ?"2'4+3 "L i"33"(7 +47 ^4%)'L+:) X:()4:)! ,)%)' H0'"#)'8 F7(%"'C(4C:0()LM i+'6"4

! =")3 ,'(4.8 F7(%"'C(4C:0()LM ?"2'4+3 "L i+%+3N.(.

! S(5)3 i""/8 F7(%"'C(4C:0()LM 1') *)"3"5N =)>()#.8

! _'+4. ,8 S(`/+G-M ?"2'4+3 "L F%04"-0+'G+:"3"5N

! &(3L')7 i* ,)08 F7(%"'M X(45+-"') T)7(:+3 ?"2'4+3! T+3:"3G &8 c)44)7N8 ,'"L).."'M ^4.V%2) "L J("G)7(:+3 +47 g(L)

X:()4:).M a4(>)'.(%N "L *3+.5"#M ac

_2'%0)' ')+7(45 L"' N"2



85

_2'%0)' ')+7(45 L"' N"2

! T+'/ &+') i"4.23V45 g%7M ,263(.(45 +47 FC3)+'4(45 i"4.23%+4:N8 X:()4VK: -263(.0(45 (4 %'+4.(V"4R +4 ">)'>()# "L :2'')4%

7)>)3"-G)4%.8 X)-%8M DEEA8 ###8.%GC+..":8"'5b.%"'+5)bX:()4VK:z,263(.0(45z(4zH'+4.(V"4z&0(%)z,+-)'8-7L

! F%0(:+3 *2(373(4). L"' ?"2'4+3 ,263(.0(45M F3.)>()'80h-Rbb###8)3.)>()'8:"Gb#-.bK47b(4%'"8:#.z0"G)b)%0(:+3z52(7)3(4).{U2V).wDE"LwDEI2%0"'.

! ^4%)'4+V"4+3 i"GG(h)) "L T)7(:+3 ?"2'4+3 F7(%"'.8 a4(L"'G =)m2(')G)4%. L"' T+42.:'(-%. X26G(h)7 %" J("G)7(:+3 ?"2'4+3.R

&'(V45 +47 F7(V45 L"' J("G)7(:+3 ,263(:+V"48 _)68 DEEA

! 0h-Rbb###8-263(:+V"4)%0(:.8"'582/b52(7)3(4).

! 0h-Rbb###8(:G`)8"'5b(47)Y80%G3{)%0(:

! 0h-Rbb###8"43(4))%0(:.8"'5b

! 0h-Rbb"#38)453(.08-2'72)8)72b"#3b

! 0h-Rbb###8-0N.(:.8"0("C.%+%)8)72bx#(3/(4.b#'(V45b(47)Y80%G3

! *)"'5) U8 *"-)4M ?27(%0 I8 X#+48 H0) .:()4:) "L X:()4VK: &'(V458 IG)'(:+4 X:()4V.% 9S">CU): @vvE;M q"38 |ZM BBECBBZ8

! T(:0+)3 U)'4%38 J+.(:. "L =).)+':0 ,+-)' &'(V45 +47 ,263(.0(458

0h-Rbb###8-'(824(>()8+:8+%bx7)'4%3b-+-)'.bG)%0C.)8-7L

! H0"G+. ! I7+('8 ,'"L).."'M ,0N.("3"5N n J("-0N.(:. i)4%)' "L FY:)33)4:) (4 i+'7(">+.:23+'C=)4+3 =).)+':0M a4(>)'.(%N "L T(..(..(--(

T)7(:+3 i)4%)'8 0h-Rbb7"'82G:8)72bI=i!^qFXb&'(V45+47-263(.0(45+').)+':0+'V:3)I7+('8--%

! J'2:) =+(3.6+:/8 ,'"L).."'M U)-+'%G)4% "L *)"3"5NM a4(>)'.(%N "L *)"'5(+8 X"G) i"GG)4%. "4 F%0(:+3 (..2). +6"2% ').)+':08

###853N825+8)72b'+(3.6+:/b@@@@@G(.:b=).)+':0F%0(:.80%G3

! ,)%)' W"2458 &'(V45 +47 ,').)4V45 (4 F453(.08 H0) =".)h+ X%"4) "L X:()4:)8 F3.)>()' DEEA8

! ,0(3(- i+G-6)338 F7(%"'C(4Ci0()LM S+%2')8 _2%2'). "L .:()4VK: :"GG24(:+V"4 +47 "2%')+:08 ?24) DEE|8

! 0h-Rbb.:0"3+'3N"+8:"GbDE@Db@DbEAb6)+33.C3(.%C"LC-')7+%"'NC-263(.0)'.CDE@rb

! 0h-Rbb###8N"2%26)8:"Gb#+%:0Q>j/5).rGSB'U/nL)+%2')jN"2%26)z57+%+z-3+N)'

! W+"m( y!1a8 =):(-) L"' + m2+3(%N X:()4VK: ,+-)'R _23K33 =)+7)'.O +47 =)>()#)'.O FY-):%+V"4.8 0h-Rbb.-+'/.8(4L"'G+V:.8(2-2(8)72

! FUISy F7(V45 %'+(4(45 G+%)'(+3.8 DEEA 0h-Rbb3(#)46(+4`(8:"GM 0h-Rbb###8)7+4t)7(V458:"Gb)453(.080%G3

! I4%0"4N S)#G+4M F%0(:. &0(%) ,+-)' 0h-Rbb###8(L::8"'5bG)7(+b@A@ZDDb^_iiwDEF%0(:.wDE(4wDEX:()4:)8-7L

e2).V"4.Q



e2).V"4.Q

Or for questions later please contact a newman@elsevier com

Documents

How to write a great paper