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Chapter Presentation

Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Visual Concepts

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BiochemistryChapter 3

Table of Contents

Section 1 Carbon Compounds

Section 2 Molecules of Life



Section 1 Carbon CompoundsChapter 3

Objectives

• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.

• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.

• Identify functional groups in biological molecules.

• Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.

• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.




Carbon Bonding

• Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things.

• Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.




Carbon Bonding, continued

• Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds.



Chapter 3

Carbon Bonding





Functional Groups

• Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.




Large Carbon Molecules

• Condensation reactions join monomers (small simple molecules) to form polymers. A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product.

• In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.




Energy Currency

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.



Chapter 3

Comparing ADP and ATP




Section 2 Molecules of LifeChapter 3

Objectives

• Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides.

• Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.

• Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.

• Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.

• Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.




Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

• Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.



Chapter 3

Carbohydrates





Carbohydrates, continued

• Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called

monosaccharides.




Carbohydrates, continued

• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides– Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar

called a disaccharide. – A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of

three or more monosaccharides.



Chapter 3

Disaccharides





Proteins

• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

• Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.




Proteins, continued

• Amino Acids– Proteins are made up of monomers called amino

acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.



Chapter 3

Amino Acid





Proteins, continued

• Dipeptides and Polypeptides– Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to

form a dipeptide.– A long chain of amino acids is called a

polypeptide.



Chapter 3

Structure of Proteins





Proteins, continued

• Enzymes– Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind

to specific substrates. – The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes

a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction.



Chapter 3

Enzyme Activity





Lipids

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes.



Chapter 3

Fats





Lipids, continued

• Fatty Acids– Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched

carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.



Chapter 3

Fatty Acids





Lipids, continued

• Triglycerides– Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one

molecule of glycerol.




Lipids, continued

• Phospholipids– Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes,

consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.




Lipids, continued

• Waxes– A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined

to one long alcohol.

• Steroids– A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.




Nucleic Acids

• A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.



Chapter 3

Structure of Nucleic Acids




Chapter 3

Nucleic Acids





Nucleic Acids, continued

• The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities.

• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.



Chapter 3

DNA Overview




Chapter 3

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)




Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides?

A. energy source

B. energy storage

C. structural support

D. storage of genetic information

Standardized Test PrepChapter 3



Multiple Choice, continued

1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides?

A. energy source

B. energy storage

C. structural support

D. storage of genetic information





2. Which of the following statements is false?

F. A wax is a lipid.

G. Starch is a lipid.

H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.

J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.





2. Which of the following statements is false?

F. A wax is a lipid.

G. Starch is a lipid.

H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.

J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.





3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information?

A. ATP

B. DNA

C. protein

D. carbohydrates





3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information?

A. ATP

B. DNA

C. protein

D. carbohydrates





4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars?

F. starch

G. protein

H. cellulose

J. glycogen





4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars?

F. starch

G. protein

H. cellulose

J. glycogen





5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane?

A. waxes

B. steroids

C. fatty acids

D. phospholipids

Chapter 3

The figure below illustratesthe basic structure of a cell membrane. Use thefigure to answer the questions that follow.

Standardized Test Prep




5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane?

A. waxes

B. steroids

C. fatty acids

D. phospholipids

Chapter 3






6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water?

F. polar

G. adhesive

H. hydrophilic

J. hydrophobic

Chapter 3






6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water?

F. polar

G. adhesive

H. hydrophilic

J. hydrophobic

Chapter 3






7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :

A. lipids

B. proteins

C. nucleic acids

D. amino acids

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep




7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :

A. lipids

B. proteins

C. nucleic acids

D. amino acids





8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula?

F. amino

G. hydroxyl

H. phosphate

J. carboxyl

Chapter 3

The figure below representsthe structural formula of a molecule. Use thefigure to answer the question that follows.





8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula?

F. amino

G. hydroxyl

H. phosphate

J. carboxyl

Chapter 3

The figure below representsthe structural formula of a molecule. Use thefigure to answer the question that follows.




Short Response

Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH.

Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed.




Short Response, continued

Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH.

Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed.

Answer:

The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds in the proteins and other molecules that make up the egg to such a large extent that the original protein shape can no longer be distinguished.




Extended Response

Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells.

Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for cell function.

Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme action.




Extended Response, continued

Answer:Part A Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that are

involved in important cell processes.

Part B Bonding of the substrates to enzymes causes a slight change in the enzyme’s shape, thereby weakening some of the bonds and lowering activation energy.





Energy Currency

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