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Niw Pi ]sm F \pmm` \qufrm7 Aovm Gihs

air Pnos Ldfssol Piid arik tnm @O_ Cuy

Iltihmr 6, 822? 68722 FK

Pnm dmxolie ia lfrpmetry-spmfj os dottmrm` wotn rmcostmrm` trf`m efkms. Pnriucn

wo`msprmf` usm, tnmsm hrfe` efkms frm eiw lieso`mrm` cmemrol tmrks. Air mxfkpdm, florludfr sfw os iatme rmamrrm` ti fs f \jodsfw, fe` f rmloprilftoec sfw os lfddm` f

\fwzfdd. Mvmr nmfr` feyiem fsj air f pfor ia smda-diljoec pdomrs9 Ia liursm eit, tnmy fsj 

air Qosm-Crops .

Smdd, tnm sfkm rmliceotoie nfs hmme hmstiwm` upie fe oecmeoiusdy sokpdm dfyiut squfrm

jeiwe ti fdd lfrpmetmrs fs f \pmm` \qufrm. Oevmetm` oe 6?8= hy lfrpmetmr Fdhmrt G.

\wfesie , tnm trofecudfr-snfpm` squfrm wfs irocoefddy `mvmdipm` ti privo`m f afstmr,

kirm fllurftm wfy ti kfrj riia rfatmrs. Pi`fy, niwmvmr, tnm \pmm` \qufrm lfe `i kuln

kirm, fe` nfs hmlikm fe oe`ospmesfhdm pfrt ia mvmry lfrpmetmr's tiid liddmltoie. Nmrm's f

hroma diij ft gust sikm ia tnm wfys ti usm tnos supmr-vmrsftodm tiid7

Pry squfrmPnm kist likkie usm ia tnm \pmm` \qufrm os ti kfrj squfrm doems ft prmlosmdy ?2

`mcrmms ti tnm hifr`'s m`cm. Pnos gih os crmftdy sokpdoaom` hy tnm aflt tnft tnm tiid nfs fs

f doppm` amelm rueeoec fdiec iem m`cm, wnoln fddiws yiu ti quoljdy ‐ fe` fllurftmdy ‐ 

nid` tnm tiid fcfoest f hifr`'s m`cm wnodm kfrjoec doems fdiec tnm squfrm's so`m.

Hmoec fhdm ti quoljdy `rfw squfrm doems os pfrtoludfrdy usmaud air gihs tnft rmquormrmpmtotovm, fllurftm kfrjoecs, suln fs dilftoec stu`s ie wfdd pdftms, pisotoieoec adiir

 giosts ie `mljs fe` dfyoec iut stfor stroecmrs air stforlfsms. Fe` wnme huod`oec lfhoemts

fe` itnmr —hixms,‛ tnm \pmm` \qufrm os nfe`y air fdoceoec twi pomlms ft f rocnt fecdm

`uroec fssmkhdy.

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Kotmr squfrmHmlfusm tnm \pmm` \qufrm os fe osislmdms rocnt trofecdm, ots diec, `ofciefd m`cm os

kflnoem` prmlosmdy ft 0= `mcrmms ti tnm tiid's amelm. Pnmrm frm ei f`gustkmets ti kfjm

ir kivoec pfrts ti cmt jeiljm` iut ia wnflj. Gust prmss tnm amelm tocnt fcfoest tnm hifr`

fe` kfrj fdiec tnm squfrm's `ofciefd m`cm ti `rfw f prmlosm 0=-`mcrmm doem.

Ia liursm, yiu lfe kfrj 0=-`mcrmm doems wotn f likhoeftoie squfrm, hut ots nfe`dm

(amelm) os iedy fhiut < oelnms diec, wnoln lfe dmf` ti okprmlosm kfrjoecs. Pnm amelm ia 

tnm skfddmst ki`md \pmm` \qufrm os ivmr 3 oelnms diec, wnoln privo`ms supmroir suppirt

fe` mesurms vmry fllurftm kfrjoecs.

RritrfltirXmf`oec, dfyoec iut fe` kfrjoec fecdms typolfddy rmquorms f pritrfltir ir f sdo`oec-hmvmd

squfrm, ir hitn. Niwmvmr, tnm \pmm` \qufrm nfs `mcrmm crf`uftoies stfkpm` fdiec ots

`ofciefd m`cm, si rmf`oec fe` kfrjoec fecdms os mfsy.

Ft tnm liremr ia tnm squfrm, emfr iem me` ia tnm amelm, os f povit pioet. Fdiec tnm`ofciefd m`cm frm doems, mfln rmprmsmetoec iem `mcrmm, rfecoec arik zmri ti ?2. Pi kfrj 

f pfrtoludfr fecdm, dmt's sfy, <= `mcrmms, sokpdy nid` tnm povit pioet fcfoest tnm hifr`,

tnme f`gust tnm squfrm uetod tnm <=-`mcrmm crf`uftoie fdoces wotn tnm m`cm ia tnm hifr`.

Eiw `rfw f doem fdiec tnm squfrm ippisotm tnm `ofciefd m`cm. Eitm tnft tnm \pmm`

\qufrm nfs smpfrftm crf`uftoies air kfrjoec hitn likkie riia rfatmrs fe` nop fe`

vfddmy riia rfatmrs. Pnm squfrm lfe fllikki`ftm riia rosms (fecdms) rfecoec arik 6 oeln

ia rosm oe 68 oelnms ia rue, ti <2 oelnms ia rosm oe 68 oelnms ia rue.

Doem slrohmrIem ia tnm kist usmaud, hut iatme ivmrdiijm`, amfturms ia tnm \pmm` \qufrm os ots doem-

slrohoec lfpfhodotoms. Pnmrm frm twi riws ia eitlnms kflnoem` oeti iem ia tnm squfrm's

sdits. Pnm eitlnms oe mfln riw frm prmlosmdy spflm` » oeln fpfrt, hut tnm riws frm

stfccmrm` ´ oeln oe fdocekmet, maamltovmdy privo`oec f eitln mvmry ´ oeln.

Pi kfrj f pfrfddmd doem, prmss tnm squfrm's amelm tocnt fcfoest tnm hifr`'s m`cm, tnme pdflm

tnm pmelod top oeti tnm fppriproftm eitln. Eiw sdo`m tnm squfrm fdiec tnm hifr`, kfjoec

surm ti jmmp ots amelm fcfoest tnm m`cm fe` tnm pmelod oe tnm eitln. Pnm rmsudt wodd hm f

doem tnft's pmramltdy pfrfddmd wotn tnm hifr`'s m`cm. ]sm tnos slrohoec tmlneoqum ti kfrj 

lut doems ie pdywii` ir dfyiut doems ie arfkoec dukhmr.

\fw cuo`mRmrnfps tnm kist prfltolfd ‐ fe` prfltolm  ̀‐ usm ia tnm \pmm` \qufrm os eit fs f squfrm

ft fdd, hut fs f strfocntm`cm cuo`m air f pirtfhdm lorludfr sfw. Oe aflt, tnmrm's ei hmttmr,

quoljmr wfy ti lrisslut dukhmr tnfe wotn f \pmm` \qufrm7 Rdflm tnm squfrm adft `iwe ie

tnm hifr`, wotn ots amelm tocnt fcfoest tnm hifr`'s m`cm. \do`m tnm sfw snim up fcfoest tnm

squfrm, fe` kfjm tnm lut. Hmlfusm tnm \pmm` \qufrm os tnoljmr tnfe f arfkoec squfrm ir

likhoeftoie squfrm, tnm sfw os kuln dmss dojmdy ti ro`m up ie tip ia tnm squfrm. Pnft

oelrmfsms hitn fllurfly fe` sfamty.

_iu kfy emm` ti kfjm f amw tmst luts hmairm ammdoec likairtfhdm, hut hmairm diec yiu'dd

hm fhdm ti kfjm pmramltdy squfrm lrissluts. Gust hm surm ti nid` tnm squfrm smlurmdy oe

pdflm, fe` jmmp tnm sfw snim prmssm` fcfoest tnm squfrm tnriucniut tnm lut.

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Kist lfrpmetmrs pdflm tnm squfrm ie tnm iutmr m`cm ia tnm hifr` (tnm m`cm afrtnmst

fwfy), si tnmy lfe pudd tnm squfrm fe` tnm hifr` tiwfr` tnmksmdvms, wnodm pusnoec tnm

sfw fwfy oe tnm ippisotm `ormltoie. Oa yiu ammd kirm likairtfhdm nid`oec tnm squfrm

fcfoest tnm emfr m`cm, tnft's aoem, gust hm surm ti ldfkp tnm hifr` oe pdflm ti prmvmet ot

arik kivoec. ‐  Gismpn Pruoeo

Prf`ulo`i lie Ciicdm Prfedftir7

Lüki utodozfr uef vmdilo`f` \qufrm7

loeli pumstis `m trfhfgi `m mstf

nmrrfkometf ldæsolf `md @O_ oe`ovo`ui

Md dïxoli `m df lfrpoetmrëf `m df gmrcf mstæ ddmef `m eikhrms likmrlofdms rmcostrf`is. F

trfvïs `m su usi cmemrfdozf`i, mstfs kfrlfs sm lieso`mrfe tïrkoeis cmeïrolis. Rir

mgmkpdi, uef somrrf lorludfr sm rmaomrm f kmeu`i liki ue \jodsfw, y uef somrrf ̀ m

vfovïe sm ddfkf ue \fwzfdd. ¹Nfs ië`i nfhdfr f ef`om pm`or ue pfr `m poezfs `m lomrrm

futikætoli9 Rir supumsti qum ei, po`me Qosm-Crops .

Humei, md koski rmlieilokometi nf so`i itircf`i f uef pdfzf smeloddi m oecmeoisi

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`osmöi lieilo`i pir ti`is dis lfrpoetmris liki Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f`. Oevmetf`i me 6?8=

pir md lfrpoetmri Fdhmrt G. \wfesie , `m df pdfzf `m airkf trofecudfr aum `msfrriddf`i

irocoefdkmetm pfrf pripirloiefr uef kfemrf kæs ræpo`f, kæs prmlosf pfrf kfrlfr dfs

vocfs `md tmlni. Niy, soe mkhfrci, df Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f` pum`m nflmr kulni kæs, y sm

nf lievmrto`i me uef pfrtm oe`ospmesfhdm `m lufdquomr lidmlloüe `m nmrrfkometfs `m

lfrpoetmri. Nm fquë ue hrmvm vostfzi f fdcuefs `m dfs kfemrfs `m utodozfr mstfnmrrfkometf s÷pmr vmrsætod7

Prftm luf`rf`iMd usi kæs lik÷e `m df pdfzf `m vmdilo`f` ms pfrf kfrlfr dfs dëemfs luf`rf`fs

mxfltfkmetm f ?2 crf`is f df iroddf `md tfhdmri. Mstm trfhfgi sm sokpdoaolf me crfe km`o`f

pir md nmlni `m qum df nmrrfkometf tomem liki lmrlf `m dfhois f di dfrci `m ue hir`m,

qum pmrkotm `m airkf ræpo`f y prmlosf, sistmecf df nmrrfkometf lietrf md hir`m `m uef

tfhdf fd kfrlfr dëemfs f di dfrci `md df`i `m df pdfzf.

\mr lfpfz `m `ohugfr ræpo`fkmetm dëemfs luf`rf`fs ms pfrtoludfrkmetm ÷tod pfrf dis

trfhfgis qum rmquomrme rmpmtotovis, oe`olfloiems prmlosfs, liki df dilfdozfloüe ̀ m pistmsme dfs pdflfs `m pfrm`, lidilfr dfs vocfs `md posi me dfs luhomrtfs y df `ospisoloüe `m dis

dfrcumris `m mslfdmrfs pfrf mslfdmrfs. _ me df liestrulloüe `m frkfrois y `mkæs "lfgfs",

df Rdfzf `m df vmdilo`f` ms kuy ÷tod pfrf df fdoemfloüe `m `is pomzfs me æecudi rmlti me

md kietfgm.

Rdfzf Kotrm@mho`i f df Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f` ms ue troæecudi rmltæecudi osüslmdms, su dfrcf, hir`m

`ofciefd mstæ kmlfeozf`f lie prmlosoüe f dis 0= crf`is f df lmrlf `m df nmrrfkometf. Ei

nfy fgustms qum nflmr i pomzfs küvodms pfrf smr eiqumf`i aumrf `m lietrid. \üdi tomem

qum pudsfr md lmrli fprmtf`i lietrf df pdflf y df kfrlf f di dfrci `md hir`m `ofciefd `md

luf`rf`i pfrf `ohugfr uef dëemf `m 0= crf`is prmlosi.

Rir supumsti, ustm` pum`m kfrlfr dfs dëemfs `m 0= crf`is lie uef msluf`rf `m

likhoefloüe, pmri su kfeci (vfddf) ms `m südi < pudcf`fs `m dfrci, qum pum`m lie`ulor

f dfs kfrlfs okprmlosfs. Df lmrlf `m df Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f` ki`mdi kæs pmqumöi ms `m 3

pudcf`fs `m dfrci, qum pripirloief ue rme`okometi supmroir y fsmcurf kfrlfs kuy

prmlosfs.

Prfespirtf`irDmlturf, pir df qum sm aumrf y kfrlf`i æecudis rmquomrm tëpolfkmetm ue trfespirtf`ir i

ue luf`rf`i `msdozfetm hosmd, i fkhis. \oe mkhfrci, df Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f` tomemcrf`ufloiems crf`i mstfkpf`fs dfrci `m su hir`m `ofciefd, pir di qum dmmr y kfrlfr dis

æecudis ms aælod.

Me df msquoef `m df pdfzf, lmrlf `m ue mxtrmki `m df lmrlf, ms ue pueti `m cori. F di

dfrci `md hir`m `ofciefd sie dëemfs, rmprmsmetfe`i lf`f uef ue crf`i, qum vfe `m lmri f

?2. Rfrf kfrlfr ue æecudi pfrtoludfr, `ocfkis, <= crf`is, südi tomem qum kfetmemr md

pueti `m povitm lie df pdflf, dumci fgustm df pdfzf nfstf df crf`ufloüe `m <= crf`is sm

fdoemf lie md hir`m `m df pdflf. Fnirf `ohugf uef dëemf f di dfrci `m df pdfzf ipumsti fd

hir`m `ofciefd. Pmecf me lumetf qum df Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f` tomem crf`ufloiems `oamrmetms

pfrf kfrlfr dis `is vocfs `md tmlni lik÷e y df lf`mrf y dfs vocfs `md tmlni `md vfddm. Df

pdfzf tomem lfpflo`f` sm mdmvf md tmlni (æecudis) qum vfe `m 6 lmetëkmtri `m fukmeti `m68 pudcf`fs `m lfrrmrf, f <2 lmetëkmtris `m fukmeti `m 68 lmetëkmtris `m mgmluloüe.

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Dëemf `m fhief`i]ef `m dfs lfrfltmrëstolfs kæs ÷todms, pmri f kmeu`i pfsf`i pir fdti, `m df Rdfzf `m df

vmdilo`f` ms su lfpflo`f` ̀ m df dëemf `m trfzf`i. Nfy `is aodfs ̀ m kumslfs kmlfeozf`fs

me uef `m dfs rfeurfs `m df pdfzf. Dfs kumslfs `m lf`f aodf sie prmlosfkmetm mspflof`is

» pudcf`f `m `ostfelof, pmri dfs aodfs mstæe mslfdief`fs ´ pudcf`f `m fdoemfloüe, `mairkf mamltovf f ue eovmd supmroir lf`f pudcf`f ´.

Rfrf kfrlfr uef dëemf pfrfdmdf, pudsm df lmrlf `m df pdfzf fprmtf`f lietrf md hir`m `m df

pdflf, f lietoeufloüe, lidiqum df puetf `md dæpoz me df kumslf lirrmspie`ometm. Fnirf

`msdolm df pdfzf f di dfrci `m df guetf, fsmcuræe`ism `m kfetmemr su vfddf me md hir`m y md

dæpoz me df kumslf. Md rmsudtf`i smræ uef dëemf qum ms pmramltfkmetm pfrfdmdi f df iroddf

`md tfhdmri. ]todolm mstf tïleolf `m trfzf`i pfrf kfrlfr dfs dëemfs `m lirtm me kf`mrf

lietrflnfpf`f i md `osmöi `m dëemfs `m mdfhirfloüe `m df kf`mrf.

Cuëf somrrf

Pfd vmz md usi kæs præltoli prfltolf`f y `m df Rdfzf `m vmdilo`f` ei ms liki ueluf`rf`i me fhsiduti, soei liki uef cuëf pfrf lirtm pir somrrf lorludfr. @m nmlni, ei

nfy uef kmgir kfemrf, kæs ræpo`i lrisslut df kf`mrf qum lie uef pdfzf `m vmdilo`f`7

Lidiqum df pdfef luf`rf`f fhfgi me df tfhdf, lie su lmrli fprmtf`i lietrf md hir`m `md

tfhdmri. @msdolm df zfpftf `m df somrrf lietrf df pdfzf y nflmr md lirtm. @mho`i f df Rdfzf

`m vmdilo`f` ms kæs crumsi qum ue luf`rf`i i uef likhoefloüe `m msluf`rf, df somrrf ms

kulni kmeis prihfhdm qum kietfr me df pfrtm supmroir `m df pdfzf. Msti fukmetf tfeti

df prmlosoüe y df smcuro`f`.

Ms pisohdm qum tmecf qum nflmr fdcueis lirtms `m prumhf fetms `m smetorsm lüki`i, pmri

fd pili tomkpi ustm` smræ lfpfz ̀ m nflmr lirtms trfesvmrsfdms pmramltfkmetm luf`rf`fs.

\üdi fsmc÷rmsm `m kfetmemr df pdfzf me su ducfr, y kfetmemr df hfsm `m df somrrf

prmsoief`f lietrf df pdfzf `urfetm ti`i md lirtm.

Df kfyirëf `m dis lfrpoetmris pieme df pdfzf me md hir`m mxtmroir `m df pdflf (md hir`m

kæs fdmgf`i), pfrf qum pum`fe torfr `m df pdfzf y md tfhdmri nflof së koskis, kometrfs

mkpugf df somrrf `m `ostfelof me df `ormlloüe ipumstf. \o ustm` sm sometm kæs lüki`i qum

sistomem df msluf`rf lietrf md hir`m kæs lmrlfei, mstæ home, südi fsmc÷rmsm `m sugmtfr df

pdflf me su ducfr pfrf mvotfr qum sm kumvf.-Gismpn Pruoeo

A]MEPM