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7/30/2019 How to Read and Write a Paper 2003
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Workshop Objectives
1. How to write a paper 2. How to read a paper 3. How to review a paper 4. How to respond to the Editor 5. How to apply for a research grant
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to write a paper
The Introduction Material and Methods
Results Discussion References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Writing a Paper
Title Page
Authorship
Abstract
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Write a Paper
The Title
Attractive Informative Relevant
Realistic Not too long/ Not too short
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Writing a Paper
The Authorship
Fair
Comprehensive
Appropriate
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Writing a Paper
The Abstract 150 words unstructured 250 words structured
2-3 lines introduction Aim Material and Methods (Procedures) Main Results including data and statistics Conclusion
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Writing a Paper
The Introduction
Key references
Relevance to current study Aim of current study Avoid a lengthy review of the literature
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Writing a PaperThe Methodology
Describe the population studied Give inclusion and exclusion criteria Give the experimental protocol: drugs, diet...
Refer to establish methods Describe new or modified methods Ethics committee approval Helsinky Declaration 1975-1983 Statistical analysis
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Writing a Paper
The Results Make your presentation logical Start with general observations Divide your results into sections Do not leave results out Avoid data presentation repetition: use either
text, tables, figures but dont repeat yourself
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Writing a PaperThe Discussion
Summarise important findings Explain your findings Compare your findings with the literature Explain disagreements Avoid too much speculation
Acknowledge your study limitations Suggest further studies
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Writing a Paper
Acknowledgments
Individuals
Funding
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
Writing a Paper
References
Vancouver style Authors. Journal year; volume: pages. Be consistent in your abbreviations
Use conventional titles abbreviations
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a Paper
The Title Attractive Informative Relevant Realistic
Not too long/ Not too short Not misleading
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a Paper
The Authors/Institution
Known/Unknown
Too many/ Too few
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a Paper
The Abstract
Informative Comprehensive Not too many numerical data
Not too many statistics
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a Paper
The Introduction
Comprehensive Not exhaustive Key papers included Key papers left out ? Original articles quoted
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a Paper
Materials and Methods
Descriptive Methods have to be detailed Methods have to be referenced Appropriate controls have to be included
Patients: numbers Duration of study Experimental design
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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How to Read a Paper
Statistics
You need to be familiar with statistics
Selection of appropriate test
Omission of appropriate test
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How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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How to Read a Paper
Results
All the data should be given
Look for omissions ?
Make sure control data given
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a Paper
Discussion
Relevance to the results
Relevance to the findings
Avoid excessive speculation
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Sheffield Kidney Institute
How to Read a PaperThe Title
The AuthorsThe AbstractThe IntroductionThe Material and MethodsThe StatisticsThe ResultsThe Discussion
The References
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How to Read a Paper
References
Key references
Original articles
Omissions
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Always read between the line
Look for originality of the data
Look for missing data
Look for the significance of the data
How to Read a Paper
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How to Review a Paper I Is the observation original is the number of subjects adequate Are all the controls included Is the duration of the study acceptable is the statistical analysis appropriate Is the design/protocol clear Are the results clear and clean
Are the results well presented Are the results consistent
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How to Review a Paper II
Are the results significant Is the discussion relevant to the results Are other studies quoted Are the conclusions appropriate
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How to respond to an Editor Relevance of the questions
How can I address them Answer the ones you can Justify not answering the ones you cant Acknowledge the relevance of the reviewers comments Send a nice cover letter Be courteous and dont be antagonistic Dont be offended by their comments Dont take it personally
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