HOW TO PREPARE APA CITATIONS

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HOW TO PREPARE APA CITATIONS

Documenting Sources Using Reference Citations in Text

One Work by One Author

APA uses the author-date method of citation; that is the surname of the author (do not include)suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

Rogers (1994) compared reaction timesIna recent study of reaction times (Rogers, 1994)

If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative, as in the first example, cite only theyear of publication in parenthesis. Otherwise place both the name and the year, separated by acomma, within parentheses.

One Work by Multiple Authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.When a work has three to five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs;in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and theyear if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph:

Wasserstein, Zapulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found[First citation in text]Wasserstein et al. (1994) found[subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter]

Preparing the Reference ListThe reference list is a list of sources that you used in your research paper. Their sourcesspecifically support your paper and provide the information needed to identify and locate eachsource. The reference list appears at the end of the paper. IT IS DOUBLE-SPACED WITHINAND BETWEEN SOURCES , and is arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author.Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. THE FIRSTLINE OF EACH REFERENCE IS SET FLUSH LEFT AND SUBSEQUENT LINES AREINDENTED 5 SPACES.

References to a BookBook with single author

Docter, R.F. (1998). Transvestites and transsexuals: Toward a theory of crossgender behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

Book with multiple authorsBullough, V.L., & Bullough, B. (1993). Crossdressing, sex and gender. Philadelphia:

University of Pennsylvania Press.

Entry in encyclopediaMarsella, A.J. (1994). Depression. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 399-402).

New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Review of a bookSchatz, B. R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information ]. Science, 290 , 1304.

References to a PeriodicalMagazine article

Kandel, E.R. & Squire, L.R. (2000, November 10).Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to


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the study of brain and mind. Science, 290 , 1113-1120.

Newspaper articleKotulak, R. (1997, August 24). Unlocking secrets of alcohols

grip. The Chicago Tribune, pp. Al, A16.

Journal article with a single authorWilcox, R.V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women

In Star Trek: The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13 (2), 53-65.

The issue number in parentheses is included only if the journal is paginated by issue, thatis if each issue begins with page 1.

Journal article with multiple authorsBeitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E. & Dacosta, G. A.

(1992). A review of the long-term effects of child sexualabuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 101-118.

References to Technical and Research ReportsERIC Document

Poupon, P. (1999). Mon ma, son sa, ton ta: Accelerating Frenchin the classroom. Paris: The Sorbonne. (ERIC DocumentReproduction Service No. ED999333).

Government DocumentU.S. Department of Waste Control, (1994). Eliminating paper

waste in offices of the federal government. (USDWCPublication No. 94-345698A). Washington, DC: Author.

References to Electronic MediaAll references begin with the same information that would be provided for a printedsource (or as much of that information as is available. The Web information is thenplaced in a retrieval statement at the end of the reference. It is important to give the dateof retrieval because documents on the Web may change in content, move, or removedfrom a site altogether.

Journal articles found in databasesBorman, W. C., Hanson, M.A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., &White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance.Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved July 18, 2005, fromProQuest Direct database.

Internet articles based on a print sourceWilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women

in Star Trek: The Next Generation. [Electronic version].Studies in Popular Culture, 13 (2), 53-65.

If you have reason to believe the online version of an article has been changed (forexample, with a different format than the print version, with no page numbers indicated,or with additional material) you should add the date you retrieved the document and theURL:

Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic womenin Star trek: The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13 (2), 53-65. Retrieved November 13, 2001, fromhttp://jbr.org/article.html
http://jbr.org/article.htmlhttp://jbr.org/article.html


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Article in an Internet-only journalFredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health

And well-being. Prevention and Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20,2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Multipage document created by private organization, no dateGreater new Milford Area Healthy Community 2000 Task Force onTeen and Adolescent Issues (n.d.). Who has time for aFamily meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, fromhttp://www.familymealtime.org

Document available on university program or department Web siteChou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993).

Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,

Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papersnewwine1.html

U.S. Government report available on government agency web site, no publicationdate indicated

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8,1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

E-Mail communicationsE-mail communications from individuals should be cited as personal communications.The format in text (personal communications are not cited in the reference list) is asfollows:L. A. Chafez (personal communication, March 28, 1997).

Taken from http://www/rollins.edu/olin/reference/apa.htm
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.htmlhttp://www.familymealtime.org/http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papershttp://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htmhttp://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htmhttp://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papershttp://www.familymealtime.org/http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

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HOW TO PREPARE APA CITATIONS