How to make a Biomolecules booklet

Fold two pieces of paper in half to make a booklet. Hole Fold two pieces of paper in half to make a booklet. Hole punch first, then staple together so the pages don’t fall punch first, then staple together so the pages don’t fall apart. Paper, hole punch and staplers are in the back of apart. Paper, hole punch and staplers are in the back of the room. the room. (Front Page) Page1: Title: “Biomolecules and the Organic (Front Page) Page1: Title: “Biomolecules and the Organic Element Carbon”Element Carbon”Page 2: “Macromolecules”Page 2: “Macromolecules”Page 3: “Carbohydrates”Page 3: “Carbohydrates”Page 4: “Lipids”Page 4: “Lipids”Page 5: “Proteins”Page 5: “Proteins”Page 6: “Proteins continued: Biological catalysts and Page 6: “Proteins continued: Biological catalysts and enzymes”enzymes”Page 7: Nucleic AcidsPage 7: Nucleic AcidsPage 8: IndicatorsPage 8: Indicators

Biomolecules: Carbon Compounds

The Element Carbon

Carbon is the most abundant element found in living things.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons which enable it to form strong covalent bonds with other atoms.

It can bond with other carbon atoms to form rings and very long chains which can be twisted and folded into millions of different, very large, and complex shapes.

The Element Carbon

GlucoseNanotube

Diamond

Graphite

Bucky-ball

MacromoleculesAll living things are made up carbon and a combination of other elements referred to as biomolecules

Biomolecules are very large molecules called macromolecules. Each macromolecule is made up of small individual units called monomersThe macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.

MacromoleculeGraphic Organizer

All Living Things

Are made up of -

Macromolecules

Formed by -

Polymerization

Monomers - Single units

Polymers

Bond to form

-

Large molecules of many carbon atoms bonded together with

other elements

Four Groups of Organic Compounds

Biomolecules are also known as organic compounds.

There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things:

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms bonded together

Single sugar carbohydrates are called monosaccharides (mono- “one”)

Two single sugars bonded together are called a disaccharide. (di- “two”)

Large macromolecules formed by the bonding of a long chain of monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. (poly- “many”)

Carbohydrates Functions of carbohydrates include:

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy

Living things store carbohydrates as complex sugars known as starches

Plants also use carbohydrates for structural purposes

Carbohydrates An indicator is a chemical that changes

color in the presence of specific biomolecules.

Iodine is an indicator used to identify complex carbohydrates (starches).

Benedict’s is an indicator used to identify simple carbohydrates (sugars).

Lipids

Lipids are macromolecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms

Lipids are composed of fatty acids and Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerolglycerol

Functions: - Lipids can be used as stored energy. - Lipids can be used as stored energy. - Some lipids are important parts - Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and of biological membranes and waterproof coveringswaterproof coverings

Lipids

The common categories of lipids are:

fats

oils

waxes

steroids

Lipids Sudan III solution is an indicator solution for fats & Sudan III solution is an indicator solution for fats &

lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats & lipids.lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats & lipids.

Proteins

Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins are large molecules (polymers) made up of monomers called amino acids.

Biuret Solution is an indicator solution for proteins. It turns blue-violet in the presence of proteins.

ProteinsFunctions of proteins include:

Some proteins control the rate of the body’s chemical reactions and regulate cell processes.

Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.

Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

• A catalyst is a substance that A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. chemical reaction.

• Catalysts work by lowering a Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation reaction’s activation energy. energy.

Biological CatalystBiological Catalyst

• Enzymes are proteins that act Enzymes are proteins that act as biological as biological catalysts. catalysts.

• Enzymes speed up chemical Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering reactions by lowering activation energies. activation energies.

EnzymesEnzymes

• Proteins make efficient Proteins make efficient catalysts because their catalysts because their shapes are very specificshapes are very specific. .

EnzymesEnzymes

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

Nucleotides include of three parts:

- a 5-carbon sugar - a phosphate group

- a nitrogenous base

NucleotidesNucleotidesThere are five different kinds of nitrogenous bases:

AdenineGuanineCytosineThymineUracil

These five different nucleotides are used to make the two kinds of Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA.

Nucleic Acids

Differences in DNA and RNADNA is

double stranded Bases: A, T, C and G

RNA is single stranded Bases: A, U, C and G

Nucleic AcidsFunctions:

Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

There are two kinds of nucleic acids,

-ribonucleic acid (RNA) -deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA).

Sudan III Sudan III solution is an indicator solution for fats & solution is an indicator solution for fats & lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats & lipids.lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats & lipids.

Benedict’s solution Benedict’s solution is an indicator solution for is an indicator solution for simple sugars. It changes from blue to yellow, simple sugars. It changes from blue to yellow, orange or red.orange or red.

Iodine solution Iodine solution is an indicator solution for complex is an indicator solution for complex sugars. It changes from brown to blue /purplesugars. It changes from brown to blue /purple..

Biuret Solution is an indicator solution for proteins. It turns blue-violet in the presence of proteins

IndicatorsIndicators

1. Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as

a. lipids.b. monosaccharides.c. proteinsd. polysaccharides.

2. Many lipids are formed from glycerol and

a. fatty acids.b. monosaccharides.c. amino acids.d. nucleic acids.

3. The monomers of proteins are called-

a. Starches

b. Nucleotides

c. Sugars

d. Amino acids

4. Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?

a. Animals make it and use it to store energy.

b. Plants make it and use it to store energy.

c. Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton.

d. Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

5. A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that

a. plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins.

b. proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not.

c. polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids.

d. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.