IntroductionHumans have used surveillance for hundred of years. During this time, theThis was the early start for what today is called CCTV (Closed CircuitTeleVision). Today there exist an enormous amount of CCTV systems on themarket. As it turns out right now the CCTV systems are changing rapidlyas the systems are going from being analogue to become digital. It can

seemthat this change should have been taking place many years ago, but theCCTV market has mostly been dominated by very conservative surveillancecompanies. But during the latest years the market has really changed whenmany non-surveillance companies have realized the advantages of installingsurveillance systems. Most companies use the CCTV system to prevent

theft,but there is also a signicant amount of companies that use the systems toprevent vandalism of their property. But it isn't only companies that useCCTV systems, but also schools have started to install surveillance systems.Often the systems have at least two purposes when they are installed inschools:

History of CCTVThe human beings have used surveillance for centuries, and will also

continuewith it. Surveillance has been used in many dierent ways in dierentcountries over the years. But it has almost always been used to guard objectsof value or to prevent certain things from happening. Surveillance is a partof crime control, and as long as there have exist crimes, it also have existcrime control. To deal with the crimes in a controlled way, people startedto create groups that worked with prevention of crimes. They ended up tobe known as the police. The police could be very eective in a town forexample. As soon as a thief was caught, every police could go and look athim. This was very important because if they knew how he looked like, theycould pay extra attention to him when he was out of jail. But soon it becamehard for the police to remember all the criminals, and it became easier forthem to commit new crimes. To prevent this and to be able to give longersentence to criminals that had committed crimes before, the police startedto make a register of all the criminals. The register contained informationabout name, sex, age, height, hair color, color of the eyes, etc.

CCTV System Overview:-

Various Types Of CCTV Cameras

Technical PartAnalogue SystemsThe basic components of a CCTV system:

How a complete CCTV system looks like, can dier in many ways. But there are a number of basic components that always have to be included. The rst and probably most important part is the camera. Without a good camera, the whole system is ruined. It doesn't matter how good equipment the rest

of the system consist of, because if the camera provide low quality pictures,

the whole system is worthless. The next very important part of the system is

the VCR. The VCR should record the images the camera provides. To provide longer recording time on a single tape, many VCR: s use a technology

called time-laps.

Technical PartAnalogue CCTV Systems: The analogue systems have been around for quite a long

time nowand developerstill try to really squeeze the most out of them. There is alwayssomething that can be improved, and the reason for that a lot of companiesstill produces analogue systems is that many companies on the market stilluse analogue systems. instead of investing in a totally new digital system,they stick to the analogue version, and try to update the system once in a while to maintain the quality of the system. In this chapter a descriptionof a simple analogue system will be presented as well how to make it moreadvanced using the latest analogue technique.

Basic Analogue System of CCTV:-

Technical Part The Camera:

The probably most important part of a CCTV system is the camera. Withouta good camera, the whole system will only oer low quality pictures. Whendiscussing analogue cameras this often mean cameras that have an outputthat is analogue. However there still often exist digital signal processingcircuits within the camera. The camera is actually only a part of the åholecamera". When professionals talk about cameras they talk about the cameraand the lens. The lens consists of mostly optical parts, and is the mostimportant part of the whole camera. He light passes threw the lens and

theninto the rest of the camera, and it is therefore important to choose a lensthat matches your needs. :

Technical PartThe Monitor:

To able to display the images that are captured by the camera the system has

to have a monitor of some kind. A good monitor should support full colour

and oer a sharp picture. A good ability to adjust the picture in many ways

is a must. It should also support both the 4:3 and 16:9 standards. Be able

to use the monitor with both the PAL 1.5 and NTSC 1.5 standards.

Technical PartDigital SystemsDigital CCTV: In digital CCTV systems, compared to the analogue systems,

almost all equipment uses digital technology instead of analogue. But that is only partly since there still exist part within the equipment that uses analogue electronics.The basic digital CCTV system has the same basic parts as the analogueone, but of course the dierent components use digital technology instead!

Basic Digital System of CCTV:-

Technical PartThe Digital Camera:A digital camera diers a lot compared to an analogue one. But one thingthat is common for both of them is that they use lenses. Often the lens andthe rest of the camera, the housing, is bought separately. In that way it iseasier to customize the whole camera so it ts certain needs. The digitalcamera in CCTV systems uses the same technology as the handheld digitalcameras that almost every person today owns. But the big dierence is thatthe CCTV cameras often is more robust because they are exposed too muchharder conditions. In the digital camera the light passes threw the lens asin the analogue camera. But then the similarities with the analogue cameraends. To convert the light into a digital image a CDD (Charge-CoupledDevice) element is used or CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)sensors.

Technical PartCCTV over Internet:

In this report it has already been some discussions about how the internetcould be used in a CCTV system. But here follows a more onsistently descriptions of how to use the internet in a CCTV system and how to takethe advantage of all its opportunities.

The internet has been around for quite some time, and it seems like the expansion of it never will stop. Everyday new software that uses the internet is released. When the CCTV business started to use more digital technology, it also started to come closer to a solution where internet was involved. Then all by a sudden the rst system that used internet become real. The use of internet in CCTV system, really revolutionized the whole business. With internet everything became so much easier, and the possibilities so many. To really understand why the internet has become such an important issue for the CCTV business a basic description of the internet has to done.

Non Technical Part Introduction: CCTV is much about about how the systems look like and how the work, but there is also a very important part about these systems that not yet have been discussed in this theis, and that is the non-technical part.

Wherever a CCTV system will be installed it will most likely have something to do with common people in some way. Today the CCTV systems are being installed everywhere to prevent theft, surveille trac, watch the school yard and much more. This means that the CCTV systems will be a part of many peoples life, whether they want to or not. During the last years the discussion about where, how and when CCTV system should be installed have been massive. Many companies and gorenments sees the bene ts of sparamoney and preventing many bad things from happening by using CCTV system, whereas many people claims that the systems intrude on their integrity.

Non Technical PartGood and Bad CCTV: CCTV can be used in many situations, but far from all people agrees whenit

should be used or not. Many people understand that companies wantto protect their property as good as possible. Often this can be done in agood way by using CCTV. So people expects that they will be captured onlm when visiting some companies, and they also accept it. But it is whenthey are captured on lm when they not expect it, that many people get upset.

Much peopleare also worried about the fact that more and more surveillance cameras are

installed in the streets of our cities. The purpose of the cameras is often tosurveille the trac or to survielle people to avoid riots, sabotage or othercriminal activities. Some people says that the cameras make them feel saferand more comfortable, whereas other people say that that this really makesit impossible to have some integrity at all. Much people can accept that theyare caught on lm, but that are often worried about what the lm can be usedfor and that persons that should have access to them can get hold of them.In the wrong hands, important lms can make a lot of trouble and causemuch problem to many people. The CCTV systems don't have a securitylevel of 100It is really hard to decide what is bad and good CCTV.

Other Uses of CCTV:- CCTV has other practical applications beyond surveillance

and CCTV networks don't necessarily feature security cameras. Any kind of on-site video technology uses CCTV, such as a video conference that is only accessible for a select audience.

Problems in CCTV Systems:- Interlacing Problems:- A common problem when going from the

analogue world to the digital world is about the interlacing. The problem occurs

when analogue cameras are used in a digital CCTV system.

Significance:- A wireless CCTV camera can allow you to

keep track of your residence, your summer home, your garage or any other piece of property you need to monitor on a constant basis. You can also save the images the camera is capturing on a computer disk.

ConclusionsSummary

During this Master Thesis much have been learnt and accomplished. It was

really fun and interesting to get to know how the CCTV business works and

how the systems can be used and look like. Another very important thing

was also to understand other aspects of the CCTV business than just the

technical part.

HOW DOES IT WORK ?First of all, the system needs some type of barrier to prevent someone from entering or exiting, such as a gate or locked door. Then the system needs a way to determine who is trying to enter. Some type of credential reader is used to access information on a key or card, to register a combination of numbers entered onto a keypad, or to identify some characteristic the user has (i.e. fingerprint, eye patter, etc.) This identifier is processed by the controller that has stored a record of the identifiers that are authorized to enter the restricted area.If the credential holder is authorized the controller unlocks the gate or door and the credential holder is allowed to enter. In many systems a record of all authorized and unauthorized credentials and their activity is stored in the system for future reference.

INSIDE ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

CONCEPT OF INTRUSION ALARMS Intrusion Alarms are systems designed to

detect unauthorized entry into a building or area.

They consist of an array of sensors ,a control panel ,and a alerting system, and interconnections .

Use of intrusion alarm Intrusions alarm are used in residential,

industrial and commertial properties for protection.

TYPE OF ALARM 1.closed-circuit system(if somebody opens

the door, the circuit is opened, and electricity can't flow. This triggers an alarm)

2. open-circuit system (opening the door closes the circuit, so electricity begins to flow and the alarm is triggered) .

SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM:-Burglar (or intrusion), fire and safety alarms

are electronic alarms designed to alert the user to a specific danger.

Sensors are connected to a control unit via low-voltage wiring or a narrowband RF signal which is used to interact with a response device.

The most common security sensors are used to indicate the opening of a door or window or detect motion via passive infrared (PIR).

COMPONENTS OF SECURITY SYSTEMS:-Central UnitDoor/Window Magnetic sensors.PIR Motion Detectors.Vibration Detectors.Glass break Detectors.Gas Leak Detectors.Smoke Detector.

SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM:-

Wired Alarm Systems:-Hard-wired systems are a good option if you are in the

process of building your home. This is usually referred to as pre-wiring. Pre-wiring also includes installing additional outlets at strategic points for later use.

Hard-wired offer a wide range of sensors which are attached to a central console by wires and the entire home is secured through this central console.

Hard wired alarms are usually thought of as a more reliable alarm system. These are the traditional alarm system whereby the sensors that trigger the alarm are connected to the alarm control panel by cables. There is no chance for inference, unlike a wireless system, however there will be considerable disruption during the installation as walls will need to be channeled and shirting and floorboards lifted.

Wireless Alarm System:- A wireless alarm system is a home security

package that again consists of a control panel and sensors, but are connected wirelessly thus virtually eliminating the need for wiring.

Features of Basic security system:-ARM/ DISARM control through Remote Key fob. Supports both wired and wireless sensors. Multi User Control Enabled.High Fidelity Voice playback at the time of IntrusionRemote PSTN Telephone or Mobile based ControlWide Range of Hooter Selection for Various

application areasRemote Site monitoring through Telephone100% Do It Yourself configuration and InstallationLow Power Consuming

CONCLUSION:- With rapid advancement of technology the

field is turning and improved burglar alarms popping up all the time. Even these circuits may develop faults as time goes and new out to be an area full of scope. Home security is a field that can never be ignored by changes can be made to make them more efficient. the engineers as it does have scope for years to come, because security is of prime importance to one and all.