Stichwortverzeichnis

John S. Dick

How to Improve Rubber Compounds

1800 Experimental Ideas for Problem Solving

ISBN (Buch): 978-1-56990-533-3

ISBN (E-Book): 978-1-56990-534-0

For further information and order see

http://www.hanser-fachbuch.de/978-1-56990-533-3

or contact your bookseller.

© Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Subject Index

Numerics1,2-BR 2421,2 configuration 3271,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline 1411,2-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole 132, 245,

2531,2-polybutadiene content 2421,2-polybutadiene (PB) 2331,2-poly butadiene resins 1881,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene

(BCI-MX) 71, 2501,4-cis-BR 3131,4-cis-polybutadiene 160, 1771,4-hexadiene (HD) 2431,5-diaza-bicyclo-(4.5.0)-undecen-(11) 1621,6-bis(N,N-dibenzylthiodicarbamyldithio)

hexane 139, 181, 2501-acetyl-4-(hydroxyisopropyl) benzene 2932,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl 2322,4,6-tris-(N-1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-

phenylenediamino)-1,3,5-triazine 1932-amino-4 1092-(isopropylsulfinyl)-benzothiazole 2313,4 content 2083,4-IR 242, 3143,4-polyisoprene 3143,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylcyanoacetate

1933-thiopropionic acid 55, 3304,4-bis(diethylamino)-benzophenone (EAB)

63, 3276-dimethoxypyrimidine 1096-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline

1226PPD 122, 141, 144, 145, 167, 234

– /TMQ 142, 1456QDI 142, 1457,9,11 carbon phthalate 88

77PD 14677PPD 144, 167100% theory 142121 system 363

AA-1 366abrasion 170

– loss 174 – resistance 170, 177

abstractable hydrogens 35accelerated electrons 227accelerator 138, 229, 241, 292

– concentration 361 – dispersion 20

acetal antiozonant 146acetophenone 256, 293acetylene black 93, 94, 98acidic clays 235acidic fillers 244acid salts 211ACM 84, 126, 135, 185, 244ACN 10

– content 32, 128, 228acrylic 35acrylonitrile butadiene rubber 314acrylonitrile content 25acrylonitrile styrene butadiene rubber 314Acsium 86activator 139

– for inorganic blowing agent 309activity 359ADC 35, 307

– vs. OBSH 307addition of BR or SBR to an NR compound 247addition of TOR to an NR compound 248addition of vinyl BR to an NR compound 248additives that cause bloom 210

386 Subject Index

adhesion 105, 110, 370 – rubber-to-fabric 110 – rubber-to-metal 105 – rubber-to-nylon 110 – to brass 109

advanced tackifiers 209AEM 14, 43, 67, 79, 121, 126, 135, 186,

189, 287AEO-MPES 59, 332affinities of carbon black 216AG-1530 121AG (Dai-El Alloy AG-1530) 126aged sulfenamides 231aged tack 209

– retention 209age resistance 361Agerite White 43, 132, 147agglomeration 165aggregate aggregate interaction 55, 92aggregate aggregate network 52aggregate size distributions 54aggressive engine oils 127aging and set properties 361air aging 127air diffusion 108air-floated clay 117air permeability 102air/steam cures 259AI (thiocarbanilide) cure 366alcohols 256aldehyde amine 239, 360alkaline fillers 235alkaline materials 292alkoxysilane 218

– functionalized SSBR 178alkyl-aryl PPDs 141alkyl/aryl zinc soap 199alkylated chlorosulfonated polyethylene 86alkylethoxylate-substituted

mercaptopropylethoxysilane 59, 332alkylphenol disulfide 147, 249, 370

– accelerators 249 – cure 147

– systems 371alkylphenol units 209alkyl pyrrolidinones 64, 326alkyl zinc soap 199Alloy AG-1530 186Alphaflex® 100, 176, 225alumina trihydrate (ATH) 112, 320, 332

aluminosilicate nanotube 220aluminum 96, 99, 108, 245AMA 35amide additives 301amides 296

– of saturated fatty acids 301amine antioxidants 235amine-BSA 38, 55, 174, 317, 330amine-cured TDI ester type PU compound 66amine type accelerators 45aminolysis 110ammonium polyphosphate 113amorphous regions 88anaerobic 125

– heat aging resistance 125anionic polymerization 218anisometric aggregates 200anisotropic 67anisotropy 21, 26antidegradants 182antimony oxide 111, 112antiozonants 235anti-reversion agent 156antistatic agents 97antistructuring agent 202AOs 293aramid 27

– fiber 22, 39, 59, 142, 175, 318 – dispersion 219

Aranox 130aromatic oil 66, 235, 262, 315, 333aspect ratios 278ASTM D2000 125ATH Filler 320, 332athletic goods 340AU 83autoclave-cured products 13azelate polymeric plasticizers 87azodicarbonamide 307

Bbackrinding 311back rolling on the mill 270bagging on the mill 269ball-milled dispersions 18, 31, 69, 179banbury batch 265banbury mixing 220

– procedures 257banbury rotors 266

– speed 266

387 Subject Index

barium/calcium stearates 308barium zirconate 134barrel length 280barrel temperature 285barrier 261, 288BBPIB (peroxides) 45, 232, 241, 293BCI-MX anti-reversion agent 71, 156, 250belts 338, 341, 343, 345, 347, 349, 350,

351, 355belt-skim compound 108benzofurazan 55

– 1-oxide 55benzoic acid 230BFO 55BFZ 55BHT 232BIIR 148, 225, 252BIMS 147, 163, 293, 316, 323BIMSM 103, 104, 131, 193, 225, 316bin stability 367bin storage times 279bis-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde)-

pentaerythrityl acetal 192bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfane 250bis-alkylphenyl disulfide (BAPD) 45bis-(diisopropyl)thiophosphoryl disulfide

(DIPDIS) 20, 138bis-(hydroxyethyl) ether of resorcinol 72bis-(hydroxyisopropyl)benzene 293bismaleimide 132bisphenol 46

– cure 142, 295 – package 245

BIT 262black incorporation times (BITs) 262black/oil masterbatch 119, 266black scorch 201, 238

– viscosity 201 – with EPDM compounds 238

black sidewall compound 193BLE 141BLE-25 167blend 72, 179, 335

– of carbon blacks 215 – of N330 and N650 215

blended compound 46blending limitations 335blends of polyurethane rubber 14blistering 257, 287blisters 261, 287, 288

block polymer 283block styrene 62, 223bloom 113, 291, 297

– problems 210blow activators 308blowout (BO) 332

– temperatures 157 – test 157

blow point 255blow rate 307blow reactions 307BM750H VP RW 332BMI-MP 36bound acrylonitrile content (ACN) 186, 243bound antioxidants 141, 180boundary phases 90bound rubber content 279bound styrene 315

– content 73BR 83, 228, 298, 314, 318

– acrylate terpolymer 58 – additive 332

– phase 69branching 222branching agent 254brass 108

– plated steel cord 109 – wire adhesion 106

BR/BIIR 314 – blend 217

breakdown 220break down during mixing 219BR matrix 217BR microstructure 313BR/NR blend 272broad aggregate carbon black 38broad aggregate size 54brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene

(BIMSM) 103, 104, 147, 163, 293, 316brominated isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene

elastomer 193bromine donors 112bromobutyl 235

– compounds 227 – rubber 225

brown vulcanized vegetable oil 137bubbles 255Buckminsterfullerene C60 12, 74Budene 1280® 254building tack 207

388 Subject Index

bumping 260, 310 – of presses 310

Burgess type clay filler 35butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 232butyl rubber (IIR) 102, 147, 287, 371

CC5 resins 209C5 terpene hydrocarbon resin tackifiers 209C7C11P 88C9 hydrocarbon resin 160cable 348, 349, 352calcium carbonate 113, 116, 278

– (whiting) 213calcium chloride 244calcium hydroxide 127calcium metasilicate 77, 81calcium oxide 126, 139, 258, 368calcium soaps 296, 301calcium stearate 235calender 261, 288calendering 206calender release 289carbon black 172, 190, 194, 200, 226, 228,

245, 262, 266, 271, 277, 283, 300, 317 – aggregate size distribution 328 – blends 175 – couplers 55 – dispersion 214, 217

– in rubber blends 216 – disproportionate distribution 329 – effects 210 – loadability 226 – loading 91, 203, 205, 251, 318, 328 – masterbatch 219 – /oil balance 40 – particle size distribution 94 – polymer interaction 55 – rubber

– coupling agent 174 – interaction 171

– /silica ratio 98 – surface area 328 – vs. silica 322

carbon carbon bond strength 140carbon carbon crosslinks 43carbon free radicals 232carbon nanotubes 18, 24, 40, 49, 67, 77, 81,

100, 136, 174, 286, 333carbon–silica dual phase 59

carboxylated elastomers 11carboxylated functionalized high-vinyl SSBR

174carboxylated NBR 188carboxylated nitrile 110

– elastomers 180carboxylic acid 64, 222, 326carboxylic butadiene rubber 15, 78cardanol 129

– formaldehyde (CF) novolak curing resin 129carnauba wax 295cashew nut shell liquid 129cast polyurethane 163CBS 13, 229, 239, 240, 360

– accelerator 237CBS, TBBS, MBS, DCBS 360C–C bond links 140, 162CD-2038 54cellular rubber 67cellulose 27, 39cellulose fiber 39, 117, 167CF 129

– novolak curing resins 129CGC 11chain-end modifications of S-SBR 326chain entanglements 205charcoal 117chemical coupler 55, 330chemical interaction 4chemically modified SBR 324chemically modified S-SBR 326chemical peptizer 327chemical plasticizer 10, 158, 199chemical promotor 38, 55, 92, 174, 226,

317, 330chipping 164, 165, 168chlorinated alicyclic material 112chlorinated paraffin 112chlorinated polyethylene (CM) 33, 48, 73,

86, 111, 185, 283chlorine donors 112chloroprene/polyoctenamer 129chlorosulfonated polyethylene 86, 111, 133,

186 – /carboxylated NBR 189 – /epoxidized NR 188

chopped fibers 80chunking 168CIIR 148

– and NR 370

389 Subject Index

– /BR 315cis-BR 62, 178, 193, 254cis content 62, 157cis-IR 16, 72cis-polybutadiene 213, 316clasticity (nerve) 205clay 117, 136, 168, 212

– fillers 213 – loading 304

clays 76, 278CM 33, 48, 84, 111, 133, 180, 185, 213CNSL 129CNT 67, 174, 333

– compounds 286CO 84, 185coagent 20, 45, 70, 81, 233, 241

– cures 78coagents 156, 250

– for peroxide cures 202, 232 – for scorch delay 233

coagulated NR 179coagulating system 244coagulation 281coating 296cobalt 108, 141

– boroacylate 106 – naphthenate 107 – neodecanoate 105 – salts 105

co-catalyzed cis-BR 62cocuring a EPDM/NR blend 45coefficient of friction 101CO-epichlorohydrin copolymer 185cofuming 59coke 278cold-emulsion SBR 63cold flow 198, 254

– resistance 254cold SBR 177common low-sulfur cure 364compatibility 16, 314compatibilizer 179, 201, 217, 219, 336

– of escor acid 150complexity 1compound cost 115compound orientation 304compound viscosity 201, 257, 259compression 370, 371

– set 43, 45, 47, 139, 366 – resistant 50

concentration of sulfur 241conductive blacks 94conductive carbon blacks 93conductive path 90conductive silicones 91constant energy 157constant strain 157constant viscosity (CV) natural rubber 281constrained geometry metallocene catalyst

262continuous and discontinuous domains 336continuous coagulation 216continuous compounding 221continuous mixing 123

– operation 284 – systems 221

continuous phase 70continuous use temperature rankings 126continuous vulcanization processes 259controlled strain 169controlled stress 169conventional cure 155, 362

– systems 181, 361conveyor belt 207cooling batches overnight 217cooling rate 211cooling system 221, 234, 294

– for mixer 221cooling the mold 312copolyester 41, 196

– matrix 135, 189copper 96, 99, 141, 245

– /zinc plating 107cord 356cost 115, 284, 335

– savings 117cotton 39, 211coumarone indene resins 209couple-able 116coupling agent 38, 55, 58, 59, 174, 317covulcanization 336CPA 368CPE 133, 136, 185CR 83, 88, 273, 289, 299

– compound 296, 301 – /EPDM Alloy 162 – in place of NR 247

crack initiation 153crack propagation rates 168CRGO 67

390 Subject Index

critical shear stress 285crosslink density 27, 44, 70, 114, 155, 181,

190, 361 – distributions 60

crosslink distribution 65crosslinked skin 259crosslinking 156

– agent 139, 181crush 173CRV 368crystallinity 199crystallization 85, 87crystallizing elastomers 84crystallizing polymer 10CSM 48, 84, 111, 133, 180, 186, 213, 299CTP 44, 118, 237, 366curative 292

– package 336curative ratio 71cure blow balance 307, 308cured modulus 361cured physical properties 335cure kinetics 231

– effects 241cure pressure 304cure rate 239, 241, 244, 245, 360

– index 359 – properties 361

cure suppressor 232cure system 120, 231, 241, 245, 359, 368cure temperature 60, 231, 241, 298cure time 119curing bladders 99curing pressure 255curing stage 261, 288cut and tear resistance 71cut growth 152, 153cut resistance 170cutting 165

– and chipping 158 – properties 75, 165 – resistance 153

CuxS 106CV grades 281CV natural rubber 281cycled through zero strain 169cycles to failure results 129cycle times 266cyclic diolefin resins 168cyclohexylthiophthalimide (CTP) 118, 230

DDAI-EL Alloy 121DAI-EL fluoroelastomers 245dampers 350damping 66dangling chain ends 182DBDPO 112DBEEA 88, 128DBP weighted averaging technique 118DBU 162

– /MMBI 140, 162DCBS 106, 229, 239, 249, 360DCP 232, 241, 251, 293DCPD 168decabromodiphenyl oxide 112Dechlorane Plus® 112degradant 96degradation resistance 125degree of orientation 21delaminated clays 278delayed-action accelerators 249delayed scorch 36, 233De Mattia cut growth 162

– resistance 131De Mattia flex fatigue 155, 168density 118deproteinized natural rubber 47, 159design of experiments 5developed tread width 320devolatilization 303dialkyl PPD 146diallyl phthalate (DAP) 233diamine 237

– cure 244, 295 – -cured 48

diaryl PPDs 293diatomaceous earth 208, 296dibenzamido-diphenyl disulfide 10, 158, 199di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine 132diblock copolymer 16, 179di(butoxyethoxy ethyl) adipate 88dibutylmethylene bis-thioglycolate 88dicumyl peroxide 36, 232, 233dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) 243die land length 275diene rubber base 298die swell 271, 273diffusion of ozone 129dihydroquinoline-type AOs 141diisocyanates 256

391 Subject Index

dimensional stability 271dimethylimidazolidinone 64, 326dioctyl adipate (DOA) 88dioctyl phthalate 314diol chain extenders 72DIPDIS 20, 34

– cure 138dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide (DPTT)

36, 233diphenylguanidine (DPG) 128, 308directionally oriented 117discoloration 148

– resistance 192discontinuous

– domains 216, 336 – phases 16, 42, 70

dispersible grade 58 – of precipitated, hydrated silica 331 – of precipitated silicas 217

dispersible silicas 175, 319dispersing agents 267dispersion 30, 170, 214, 216, 220, 221, 257,

263 – of sodium bicarbonate 309

disulfide crosslinks 155, 361dithiocarbamate 138, 229, 239, 360

– cures 252, 370dithiodicaprolactam (DTDC) 45dithiodimorpholine-based accelerator 120dithiophosphate 138, 239, 252, 360diurethane 256

– cure 129, 233, 248divinylbenzene crosslinked 17, 73, 254Dixon® 1176 200DMBPHy 232DMBTG 88DMI 64, 326DNPD 43, 132, 147DNPD and ZnO cure for a BIIR compound 251DOE 108DOP 314DOTG 240, 366, 368, 369, 371double-chain networking 67double networked vulcanizates 78double networking 21, 78, 169double strain amplitude (DSA) in shear 61down-hole 24, 127DPG 240DPG, DOTG 360DPNR 47

DPTT 36, 292, 362drill bit compounds 46dry grip 322dry traction 321DSC 45DTDM 45, 139, 361, 363, 364, 372

– as a sulfur donor for EV cures 230dual-phase fillers 59

– CRX4210A 317dump temperature 155DVA innerliners 103dynamar 295

– rubber additive 298 – RA 5300 277

dynamic flex properties 155dynamic ozone protection 144dynamic stiffness (E*) 165dynamic vulcanization 189

EEAB 64, 327EAM 83earthmover tire treads 175ebony type 41EBR 161ECO 83, 185, 299economic cost 115economic diluents 117ED 127efficient plasticizers 88efficient vulcanization (EV) 137, 249, 361elastomeric ionomers 22elastomer selection 120electrical conductance 95electromagnetic alternating field 120electromagnetic field (induction heating) 246electron beam 42, 78, 227elemental sulfur 44emulsion SBR (OE) 325ENB 12, 201

– content 238energy at dump 205ENR 102, 218, 243, 313ENR50 314EPDM 11, 28, 31, 83, 85, 88, 120, 148, 194,

208, 237, 264, 282, 292 – base 201 – /C60 combination 12, 74 – compounds 299 – /CR 131

392 Subject Index

– alloy 131 – grades 308 – /HIIR/NR triblend 147 – masterbatches 201 – /NR blends 123 – /POE 131 – /PP 189

– thermoplastic vulcanizates 163EpGdO 133epichlorohydrin 185

– copolymer 299 – rubber 90 – terpolymer compounds 140

EPM 233epoxidized glycerol dioleate 133epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) 31, 102,

218, 243, 313epoxidized NR/carboxylated NBR 189epoxidized soybean oil 133epoxidizing NR 47epoxy resin 367EPR 149equal strain energy condition 169equilibrium cure 250E-SBR 178, 242, 313E-SBR 1500 243E-SBR/BR blend 313escor acid terpolymer 131, 162ESO 133ester linkages 196ester plasticizer 291esters 88ethylac 230ethylene-acrylate rubber 189ethylene-acrylic elastomer (AEM) 14, 48,

67, 186ethylene-acrylic rubber 85ethylene bis-tetrabromophthalimide 112ethylene content 73, 224, 263ethylene diamine diamide 55, 330ethylene distribution 85ethylene methacrylate acrylic acid terpolymer

131, 150, 162ethylene sequencing 23, 224ethylene thiourea 20, 299ethylene vinyl acetate 130, 150ETMQ 122ETPV 135, 189ETU 20, 237, 366, 367EU 83

EV 181 – cures 155, 249

EVM 83, 130, 150 – compound 227

expandable graphite 104experimental ideas 6, 8explosive decompression 127extender oils 258extending fillers 19extension ratio 21, 68, 78external release agents 295extrudate swell 275extrude 286extruded stock 211extruder 261, 284, 288

– gear pump 123 – output 283 – temperature 260, 285

extruding 123extrusion 275, 278, 286

– appearance 277 – die 274

– swell 275 – grades of EPDM 286 – rate 280

– without loss of quality 281 – speed 281, 282 – temperature 275

EXXPRO® 131, 132

Ffabric adhesion 110fabric liners 211factice 300fast cure rate 366faster crystallizing polychloroprene 32faster mix cycle time 266fatigue crack growth 154fatigue resistance 170fatigue-to-failure test 166fatty acid 309

– and metallic soaps 213 – based emulsification system 244 – ester groups 223 – soaps 199

fatty amine processing aids 263FCG 154feed 288feed strip cross-section area 280feed temperature 285

393 Subject Index

FEPM 86FFKM 126, 127, 184fiber 142, 167, 175

– masterbatch 219 – orientation 22 – pulps 39, 77, 80

fibrous lath-like crystal structure nanomicron filler 267

field trials 7filler 171, 199

– disagglomeration 214, 263 – dispersion 214 – effects 203 – loading 303 – networking 56 – /polymer contact points 52

fill factor 257fines 266FKM 36, 46, 84, 86, 121, 126, 127, 142,

183, 194, 245, 277, 295, 298 – /ACM Alloy 121, 186 – -based compound 237 – compound 295 – elastomers 127

flame retardance 111flaw size 165Flectol H 141flex fatigue properties 361flex fatigue resistance 153flexible coating 148Flory Rhener equation 190flow direction 17fluorine content 185fluoroalkoxyphosphazene 163, 187fluorocarbons 101fluoroelastomer-based compounds 114, 245fluoroelastomers 46, 80, 126, 127, 152,

183, 185, 187, 195, 295, 298fluorosilicone 71, 111, 187footprint 322forgotten rubber 130, 150free-radical crosslinking 74free sulfur 44friction 101friction ratio 270, 288Friedel Crafts alkylation reaction 132front back transition point 270Fuel C 185fuel economy 179fumed silica 39, 296

functionalization of polymers 116functionalized polymers 178functionalized solution SBRs 218functionalized S-SBR (SSBR) 64, 323functional zinc salts 250FVMQ 83, 163FZ 163, 187

– rubber 187

Ggage thickness 259gaskets 130, 343, 348, 350, 351gas permeation resistance 103gas-phase EPDM 32, 121, 130gas-phase polymerized EPDM 12, 73, 224gauge thickness 334gear extruder 279gear pump 123, 279, 284GECO 48, 180, 185gelled polymer 310

– and breakdown 219geminal hydroxyls 116GEN 7general ranking 183geometry metallocene catalyst technology

224glass flakes 103glass transition peak 61glass transition temperature (Tg) 21, 60, 61,

83, 179glutarate polymeric plasticizers 292glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 64, 326good dispersion 220GPMOS 64, 326grain 97, 304graphene 100, 104graphite 67, 99, 104, 200, 333

– oxide 67, 333 – products 99

graphitic layer structure 54graphitization 99green strength 107, 222green tire technology 174green tread 314groove void volume 320ground oyster shells 213ground quartz 166ground rubber 17, 76, 122, 310ground rubber tire (GRT) 17G-type 72, 161, 208, 225

394 Subject Index

guanidines 239, 360Guayule natural rubber (NR) 159, 226, 247

Hhalf-life 232halloysite nanotubes 19, 28, 220halobutyl 62halobutyl compounds 212halobutyl innerliner problem 211halobutyl/polyoctenamer 159

– top coating 129halobutyl rubber 131, 132, 249, 261

– compound 235 – innerliner 211, 257

halogenated polymer 372hardagglomerates 56hardness 169, 170

– stability 156HBU 58heat aging 32

– resistance 125, 139heat buildup (HBU) 58, 66, 332heated dies 279heat history 231heat resistance 125, 139, 367, 370heat stabilizer 134, 140heat treatment 57, 116, 171HER 33, 72, 134hexamethoxymethylomelamine (HMMM)

40, 176hexamethylene-1,6-bisthiosulfate (HTS)

71, 138, 156, 250hexamethylenediamine carbamate (HMDC)

14, 43, 244hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) 40, 293high-activity magnesium oxide 126, 299high cis-BR 325higher bound acrylonitrile 10higher surface activity 53high-gloss 148, 193

– ozone-resistant compounds 148high loadings 120high-mastication screw 274, 279high mixing temperatures 292high molecular weight paraffin 144high performance (HP) peroxide 202, 232high-performance rubbers 189high reinforced carbon black/aromatic oil 321high severity 172high-structure fillers 190

high styrene content 315high-styrene resins 41, 133high-styrene SBR 321high-temperature applications 128high temperature curing 41high-temperature tensile strength 23high tensile x elongation 164high-vinyl 1,2-polybutadiene resins 293high-vinyl polyisoprene 315high-vinyl SBR 315high-viscosity oil/resins 320high-viscosity oils 60, 137high volatile 258

– content 92high zinc oxide loading 139HIIR 162, 235, 243Hi-Sil EZ® 217HMDC 14, 43HMMM 40, 106, 108, 176, 333HMT 40, 333, 368HMTA 129HNBR 46, 66, 79, 83, 87, 104, 126, 127, 151,

161, 180, 187, 194, 199, 203, 282, 301 – coatings 187

HNS 281HNTs 19, 28, 220homogenizers 336homogenizing 198

– agents 49, 201, 265hose 339, 343, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352,

353, 356 – construction 117

hot air aging resistance 125hot air and/or heat aging resistance 125hot-emulsion SBR 63hot feed extruder 274hot tear resistance 79, 297HPHT 127HPMA 116(HP) peroxide formulations 202, 232HQEE 33, 72, 134HTS 71, 138, 156, 250humidity 211, 231, 258HVA-2 45, 132, 241, 369HXNBR 11, 13, 46, 72, 80, 110, 129, 180

– coating 149hybrid crosslinks 156, 181hybrid cures 36Hycar® 1312 188, 208, 278Hycar Nitrile Polymers 65

395 Subject Index

hydrated silica 314Hydrin 100 102Hydrin Rubber 185hydrocarbon resins 136, 168hydrogen abstraction 20, 35hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile rubber

180hydrogenated nitrile rubber 72hydrogenation of carboxylated nitrile 11,

72, 80hydrogen bonding 335hydrolysis 218

– of the ester bonds 110 – resistance 196

hydrophobic-treated silica 202hydroquinone 72hydroxy functionalized 116hydroxylamine neutral sulfate 281hydroxy propyl methacrylate 116hygroscopic 211Hypalon 20 195Hypalon 30 195Hypalon 4085 120Hypalon® (CSM) 86, 195hysteresis 52, 58, 61hysteretic 169

IIBR 315, 324ice grip 323ice traction 323IIR 83, 194, 318, 325IIR and Vinyl BR 316impingement abrasion resistance 177incubation time 231induction heating 246industrial complexity 3ingredient property relationships 3inhibitors 230injection molding 301innerliner 103, 131, 132, 261inorganic vs. organic blowing agents 307in situ silanization 319in situ silica formation 218insoluble sulfur 106, 210, 292interaction 4interaggregate contact 54interaggregate spacing 56inventory system 292ion-exchanged montmorillonite clay 226

ionically crosslinked 22ionic crosslinks 155

– sites 15ionic elastomer 22ionolyzer 22ionomeric elastomer 15ionomers 22IR 157, 298

– /NR 47 – (polyisoprene) 207 – polymers 242 – vs. NR 207, 272, 276, 281

IRX 1045 80ISB Accelerator 231, 240isobutylene based elastomers 249, 252isooctane 185isoprene butadiene rubber 315, 324

Jjute 27

– fibers 39

KKetjenblack EC 94ketones 256kickers 230, 240

– for sulfenamide cures 230Krynac 833, isoprene acrylonitrile copolymer

65

Llabile crosslinks 222labile hydrogens 34laboratory mixing 7laboratory trials 7large precursor cracks 168latex films 247lath-like crystal stucture 27LCB 222, 273L/D 278lead oxide (litharge) 127length-to-diameter ratio 22likes dissolve likes 335linear cis-BR polymers 62linearity 62, 325liner 211, 261

– roll 211lining 349linked fatty acid ester groups 223liquid BR 121

396 Subject Index

liquid EPDM 301 – as an additive 282

liquid EPR plasticizer 198liquid high-vinyl 1,2-polybutadiene resins

232liquid IR as an additive 281liquid NBR 208

– polymer 278liquid phase mixing of carbon black 216liquid phase mixing technology 216liquid polychloroprene 199liquid polymeric plasticizers 198lithopone 168LL carbon black 54, 173, 317loadability 115loading levels 257loading of a large particle size filler 199loading of the carbon 38loading of the carbon black 164long-chain branching 204, 222, 254, 273longer cures 156loose gel 12, 27, 154, 197, 219low-activity magnesium oxide 126low compression 370lower compound viscosity 202, 308lower cost polyurethanes 120lower cure temperature 248lower MW elastomers 263lower viscosity 234lower volatility 128low glass transition temperature polymers

323low hysteresis applications 54low hysteresis carbon blacks 54, 173, 328low molecular weight paraffin 144low-polarity polymer modifiers 88low set 44, 363low-severity abrasion resistance 173low-severity tire tread wear 172low-structure carbon blacks to 115low-temperature 367

– properties 83low viscosity HNBR 199, 263, 282, 302low-viscosity oils 60low-volatility oils 300LPPM 88LT-HNBR 87lubricant fillers 200lumps in dumped batches 268Luperox TBEC 292

Mmagnesium carbonate treated sulfur 265, 363magnesium hydroxide 82, 113magnesium oxide 128, 140, 235, 243, 244,

299, 366, 369, 370magnesium silicate 332magnesium silicate talc 200magnesium sulfate 128magsilica 120, 246maleated polybutadiene (PBDMA) 39, 77, 219maleic anhydride 162, 222

– modified EPDM 12manganese 141marching modulus 253masterbatch 119, 219, 220

– concentrate 219masticate feed 285mastication time 274MBCA 14, 25, 50, 71MBM 35MBS 13, 229, 231, 239, 240, 249, 360MBT 292, 360, 362, 370, 372MBT, MBTS 360MBTS 229, 360, 363, 364, 369, 370, 371MC-treated sulfur 364MDI prepolymer 33, 66

– systems 72, 134ME3TU 367mechanical shear 222mechano-chemical conditions 160medium extracted solvate 59, 333melamine polyphosphate 113melt fracture 280

– phenomena 275 – point 280

melt temperature (Tm) 21mercaptan-modified neoprene 133MES 59, 333metallic contamination 278metallocene catalyst 31, 264, 282

– for EPDM 204metallocene-catalyzed EPDM grades 224metal poisons 141metal powder loadings 96metal-sulfonated EPDM compound 22metered feed rate 280methacrylate types 35methacrylsilanes 58methanol 185methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline 14

397 Subject Index

methylene donor 41, 110, 176, 293methylol phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin

cure 142, 372methylol-terminated PF resin 372methylol-terminated phenolic resin cure

system 371MgO 370microcrystalline wax 144microdispersion 57microencapsulation 145microporosity 165microvoids 303milk 269millable polyurethane 16, 86, 103, 188, 248millable PU blends 177millable PU/SBR 121, 188mill mixing 220mill temperature 270mineral filler 37, 117minimum rolling bank 287miscellaneous 351, 352, 357, 358miscellaneous applications 341miscellaneous products 348, 353, 354Mistron CB 37Mistron® Vapor 27, 200Mistron® Vapor R 76mix cycle 170, 264mixed diaryl p-phenylenediamine antiozonant

149mixed PPDs 167mixing 153, 170, 197, 210, 227, 234, 274,

294, 319 – cycle 274 – sequence 56, 170 – techniques 42, 57, 336 – temperature 210 – time 205 – two-pass 220 – work history 205

MMT 28modified S-SBR 326modified starch 167modifiers 88moisture 231, 257, 258

– contamination of sulfenamide accelerators 231

– effects 288 – -treated silica 59, 332

mold 296, 298 – coating 296

– design 311 – flow 301 – fouling 297 – release 295, 296

– agents 300 – residence time 259 – temperature 311

molding temperature 304molecular slippage 182molecular weight 207

– distribution 204, 224, 335 – effect 11, 46, 222

molybdenum disulfide 101, 176monodispersed 62monosulfidic crosslinks 45, 137, 157, 247Monsanto FTFT 162montmorillonite 18, 28, 136Mooney viscosity 212motor mounts 129, 346

– and bushings 340mount 159m-PBM 369MQ 84MT black replacement 118multicut transfermix 284multifunctional crosslinking agents 42multiple crystallinity transitions 23multiple glass transition terpolymers 64, 179multiple glass transition terpolymers of

isoprene, butadiene, and styrene 316multiple response 4MVQ 83MWCNT 136

NN110 carbon black 70N134 173N220 173N234 173, 174N293 93N294 93N299 70N326 107, 226N339 173N347 61N351 173N472 90, 93N550 80N650 80N683B 299

398 Subject Index

N990 191nanoblacks 329nanoclays 18, 24, 28, 40, 77, 81, 136, 226nanocomposites 18, 74, 104, 286nanofillers 81, 220, 226, 333nanomicron filler 267Nanoprene® 58, 332nano-structured carbon blacks 173nanotechnology 100nanotubes 24, 40, 77, 136, 174naphthenic oils 66narrow molecular weight distribution

65, 254, 269natural rubber 13, 18, 132, 149, 181, 182,

187, 206, 207, 216, 223, 228, 231, 247, 251, 272, 281, 332

– blend 207 – /carbon black masterbatches 216 – compounds 286 – latex 31

NBC 145NBR 10, 25, 83, 84, 203, 226, 262, 298, 314

– cure packages 363 – /EPDM blend 152 – /PP 189 – /PVC 17, 48, 112, 180 – /PVC blend 73, 86, 121, 151 – with gel 273

N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide (CTP) 44, 237negative synergism 336neodymium catalyst 62neodymium-catalyzed 159neodymium-catalyzed high cis-BR 325neodymium polybutadienes 272Neoprene FB 199Neoprene GRT 131, 150Neoprene WB® 273nerve 205, 206, 302nervy 206network properties 241Ni-cis-BR 198nickel 141

– dibutyldithiocarbamate (NBC) 129, 145 – salts 55

nip 288 – setting 270

N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine 193

nitrile rubbers (NBRs) 299nitrogen 143

– inflation 143 – oxides 110

nitrosamines 138, 226, 330nitroso compounds 38, 174, 330nitroxyl free radical 232N,N′-di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylene-diamine

(DNPD) 43, 147, 251N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide

106N-nitrosamine generators 371N,N′-m-phenylenedimaleimide (BMI-MP)

36, 233N,N′-m-phenylene dimaleimide (HVA-2) 233N,N-phenylene dimaleimide 45non-ETU cure systems 366nonextractible 188nonhalogenated rubber compound 229nonproductive 220non-staining 146, 148

– acetal AO 146 – antiozonant 193

non-thiourea 368, 369non-thiuram cure systems 372norbornene (ENB) 243novolak resins 41Novor® 248, 256

– crosslinking agents 129N-phenyl-N′-1,3-dimethylbutyl-p-quinone

diimine (6-QDI) 142, 145N-phenyl-N′-Cp-toluenesulfonyl 130NR 83, 88, 120, 178, 223, 298, 318, 325

– -based compounds 199, 228 – /BIIR/IM blend 65 – /CIIR blend 149 – /CIIR/EPDM triblend 160 – compounds 128 – /EPDM 292 – /EPDM blend 140, 149 – /EPDM covulcanized blend 208 – motor mount 129 – mount 148, 159 – phase 70 – processing 199 – /SBR blend 178, 179, 227

NR/BR 178, 275 – blend 64, 70, 84, 154, 160, 324 – /EPDM 154 – /NIR blend 65

NR, SBR, BR 359NR vs. BR vs. SBR cure rates 243

399 Subject Index

NS-116® 331NSBR 314N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenimide

(TBSI) 249number average molecular weight 269nylon 103nylon-6 39

OOBSH 307

– blowing agent 308octylated diphenylamine 130octyl phenol formaldehyde resins 209off-gassing 256off-the-road tires 165oil 267, 291, 300

– and/or solvent resistance 183 – attack 187 – drilling operations 24 – effects 273 – -extended

– masterbatches 158 – polymer 119

– immersion 189 – levels 210 – loading 51, 176, 205 – or wax treatment 265 – swell 189

one change at a time 4one-pass 210

– mix 118one property at a time 4one-variable-at-a-time 5onset of vulcanization 228optical whiteners 116optimal loading 215optimal molecular weight 209optimal surface area 172optimal tan δ 169optimum batch size 119, 234, 265optimum crosslink density 70optimum cure 156order of additions 217order of efficiency for crosslinking 35organically modified layered silicates 67, 333organocobalt salts 105organosilane 28, 38, 59, 116

– and carbon black 330 – coupling chemistry 218

orientation 304

original (unaged) tack 209OTR 165

– tires 158 – tread 157

– compound 167overall oil resistance 183overcuring 13over-masticating 327overmastication 257overmixing 30oversized molds 259oxidized carbon 97oxygen 110ozone 110

– attack 129, 149 – resistance 144, 195

PPA 135p-alkylated phenolic resin tackifiers 209p-aminobenzenesulfonyl azide 38, 174, 330Paracril® X3684 299paraffinic 293paraphenylene diamines 144para-tertiary-butyl-phenol-formaldehyde

tackifying resins 209para-tertiary-octyl-phenol-formaldehyde

tackifying resins 209particle size 164

– carbon blacks 170 – of blowing agent 307

PBDMA 39, 77, 80PCTP 10, 158PEG 368pellets 266penacolite resins 110pentachlorothiophenol 10, 158pentaerythritol triacrylate 250peptizer 10, 158, 199, 267, 327Perbunan® NT 299percent dispersion of carbon black and fillers

214percolation threshold 91, 95perfluoroelastomers (FFKMs) 126, 184perfluoromethylvinyl ether (PMVE) 86permeability 102peroxide 42, 81, 108, 232, 360

– -based system 245 – coagents 293

– use 140

400 Subject Index

– cure – coagents 241 – system 233 – vs. sulfur cure 140, 190, 248

– -cured 36 – cures 34, 71, 142, 181, 232, 256, 295 – vulcanization 233 – /ZnDMA 155

peroxyketal class 292peroxyketal peroxides 241PET tire cord 110phase boundaries 90phase distribution 57phase mixing 15, 42, 57, 69, 154, 171, 216,

227, 275 – techniques 217

phenol acetylene resins 209phenol-formaldehyde resin cure 248phenol–formaldehyde tackifying resin 209phenolic antioxidants 192phenolic resins 235phenolic tackifiers 209phenylene diamine AOs 182phosphate 113phthalic anhydride 230Pico abrasion 182pigment polymer interaction 30pin barrel extruder 197, 284plasma polymer film 220plasticizers 189, 258platelets 278plate-like particles 37platinum catalyst 242platinum cures for silicone rubber 242platinum cure system 245platy fillers 213PNF 83PNR 66, 84

– vulcanizate 66polarity 335polar surfaces 238poly-(1,2-butadiene)diol prepolymer 48polyacrylate 46, 295

– elastomers 203 – rubber 135, 185

polyamide 135polybutadiene 187

– rubber 159, 228polychloroprene 10, 112, 208, 213, 296, 299

– /carboxylated NBR 189

– cure packages 366 – /epoxized NR 188

polydimethylsiloxane 113polyepichlorohydrin 35, 102polyester adhesion to rubber 110polyester grades of millable polyurethane 103polyethylene glycol 23, 308polyethylene mold release agent 296, 299polyisobutylene with brominated

p-methylstyrene 132polymer bound predispersion 219polymer filler interaction 190polymer-filler modification 314polymeric plasticizers 291polymer structure 241polynorbornene 33, 86

– as an additive 225polyoctenamer 180, 199, 225, 248, 263,

273, 282 – as an additive 225

polyoctene 16polypropylene liners 211Polystay 100 167polysulfide crosslinks 20, 81, 155, 181, 361polysulfide rubber 187polysulfidic crosslinks 157, 361polyterpenes 209poly(trifluoropropyl) methylsiloxane 187polyurethane 14, 33, 50, 72, 134, 177, 188,

196 – based on MDI prepolymer 196 – elastomers 14, 120, 163 – rubber 50

poly(vinyl chloride)/carboxylated NBR 189poor dispersion 257porosity 168, 255, 275, 303post-cure 46, 180, 251, 305

– procedure 46post-curing 36post-polymerization treatment 222post-vulcanization baking 251pound-volume cost 115, 118powder blended curative packages 290powdered milk 269powdered rubber 265PPA-790® 300PPD 144, 167PPDI 134PPD microencapsulation 145p-phenylene diisocyanate 134

401 Subject Index

p,p-oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide) 307precipitated hydrated silica 75, 165, 175,

314, 316, 319precipitated silica 39, 106, 152, 166, 229precoating steel tire cord 109predispersions 219preforms 259preheat 285preheating the preform 312premature scorch 210press bumping 260pressurized liquid medium 259pre-vulcanization inhibitor 118preweighed blends 290primary accelerators 360primary amine 218

– sulfenamide 360printing 354processability 201, 282, 335process aid 336processing additive 199, 306processing aid 119, 265, 278

– for silica compounds 202 – for silica dispersion 218

processing aids 15, 201, 267processing oil 205, 261, 288, 291, 300processing safety 359processing temperatures 199process oils 258productivity 123, 284promotor cures 42prooxidant 96, 141propylene 127, 184PTFE 100, 176

– additive 225PU 33

– /NBR 50PVC 112, 151pyrolytic graphite 99pyrrole 220

QQDI 181, 182quaternary ammonium BIMS ionomers 225quaternary ammonium salts 136quinonediimine 182

RRA 5300 295, 298radical compounding 330

radical cure 27ram pressure 234rapeseed oil 60

– for CR 137rate of low-temperature crystallization 89ratio of sulfur to accelerator 361reactive BR 15reactive EPDM 162reactive polymer and fiber dispersion 219rebound 52, 61, 325reclaim rubber 211, 282recycled ground rubber 76red iron oxide 134reduce mixing time 267reducing viscosity 197refractory 278reinforcing phenol–formaldehyde novolak

resin 41, 176reinforcing resin 41, 176, 333release agents 295residual extension ratio 22, 68resilience 61Resin B20-S 108resin cure 142, 248, 371

– systems 371resinous additives 214resinous homogenizing agents 49resinous process aids 214resins 201resistance to swelling 183resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) resin 106, 110resorcinol formaldehyde vinyl pyridene latex

22 – for adhesion 51

resorcinol resin 108retarders 230, 241reversion 247, 251

– inhibitors 71, 250 – resistance 249

review panel 8RFL-treated fabric 110Rhenosin TP100® 160rhombic sulfur 210, 292ribbed smoked sheet no. 1 10ribbed smoked sheet no. 3 10rice husk 117Ricon® 43, 89, 293Ricon® 152 14, 244Ricon® grades 188, 232ring extruder 123, 284

402 Subject Index

roller head die 259rollers 340, 347, 348, 349, 352rolling resistance 218, 313, 316, 317, 319, 325

– index 325roll temperature for HIIR 212rosin acid 244rosin-based emulsifiers 208rosin esters 369rotor speed 234RP 7RT 7rubber

– blends 328 – innerliner 287 – makers sulfur 363 – phases 217 – phobic 217

running temperature 334

SS2-S4 55SAE J200 125SAF carbon black (N110 type) 215SAF masterbatches 215salicylic acid 230Saret® 633 21Saret® 634 71SBR 83, 88, 120, 298, 313, 314, 318

– /BR 178, 324 – blend 160 – blend by 154

– /PVC blend 73SBR 1013 63, 315SBR 1500 63, 119SBR 1502 63SBR 1505 63SBR 1606 119, 219, 266SBR 1721 315SBR 4503 17, 73scavenge hydrogen halides 113SCF black 93scorch problems 231scorch safety 359, 361, 367, 369

– time 228, 229, 231scorch time 221, 231, 302, 312scorchy 232screw speed 275, 283screw temperature 285sealing products 151seals and gasket 340

secondary accelerator 230 – kicker 128

secondary amine 360second-pass mix 220self-curable blends 189self-vulcanizable blends 188semicrystalline EPDM 224

– grades 31semicrystalline polymers 88semi-efficient (semi-EV) 137, 155, 181, 249

– cure system 45, 139 – thiuram cure system 372

sepiolite 117 – as a filler 320, 332

service life 149shear rate 203, 275shear thinning 203, 264

– profile 259sheet 351shelf life 290shoes 339, 341, 343, 345, 350, 353, 355, 357Shore A 33, 41shot size for injection molding 259shrinkage 274

– of part 303Si69 silane 317SIBR 64, 179, 316, 327silane 114

– coupling agent 58, 76, 175, 314 – -treated clays 37, 200

silanization 218silanization reaction 331silica 28, 58, 106, 128, 166, 175, 217, 218,

229, 283, 316, 319 – and coupling agent 324 – and silane coupling agents 201 – -based compounds 58 – -coated iron oxide 120, 246 – compounds 116 – concentration 98 – dispersibility 218 – dispersion 218

– in polar elastomers 218 – fillers 217 – green tire tread 202 – hydrid 317 – -loaded compound 326 – loading 203, 331 – mixtures 201 – /silane 166

403 Subject Index

– tread 319 – tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) 218

silicate minerals 117silicone 111

– and fluorosilicone rubber 194 – /EPDM 135 – oils 176 – rubber 208, 245, 296 – /silica 202

siloxane elastomer 277, 295siloxane elastomer and talc 298silver 96, 99, 245

– -coated microspheres 96single site constrained geometry 11SIR10 313six-wing VCMT rotor 266skin 259slab-dipped stock 258sliding abrasion resistance 177smaller size aggregates 91small vents 302small zones 149smoothness of the extrudate surface 276SMR 10 272SMR 20 272SnCl2 372soaps 201sodium bicarbonate 265, 307softener 324solubility parameters 16, 42, 205, 335solution SBR 179, 325, 326solvent resistance 183sources of ideas 7SP 1055 371special reactor technology 328special wax blend 145spews 302sponge 348, 350, 352, 358

– rubber 67sports apparel 346, 347squeegee 261, 288squeeze roll 261, 288SR129 54, 328SR351 250SR401 54, 328SR444 250S-SBR, SSBR 64, 179, 218, 326, 330

– and silica 318 – functionalized 218 – polymers 63

SSCP-901 from shell 327staining 192

– antiozonants 193stainless steel 299stainless tire sidewalls 193Stalite S 130star-branched halobutyl 287

– polymers 265 – rubbers 198, 268

star-branched HIIR 198star-branched polymers 223, 265, 287starch 167star polymer 289starving the extruder 280state-of-mix 56, 221, 234static modulus 27static ozone protection 144steam autoclave cure 259stearate-treated calcium carbonate 37, 200stearic acid 34, 107, 369steel 298

– belted radial tire 108 – cord 109 – surfaces 108

step-down cure 13, 256 – in autoclave 256

stereospecificity 335stickiness to metal surfaces 212stiffness 220stoichiometry 14, 71strain crystallization 9, 157, 159, 223strain-crystallizing polymer 10strain-induced crystallization 16, 47, 285straining 279stress crystallization 22stress relaxation resistance 47structure 164, 317Struktol 40 MS 214Struktol EF44 202Struktol HT 290 298Struktol WB16 296, 301Struktol XP1335 218Struktol XP1343 218styrene isoprene butadiene rubber (SIBR)

64, 327styrene-isoprene-butadiene terpolymer 179subjective ranking of rubber 125sulfenamide 229, 231, 239, 292, 360

– accelerators 229 – cure 230, 364

404 Subject Index

– system 118sulfenimide 229, 239, 360Sulfron® 59Sulfron 3001 318sulfur 108, 109, 120, 210, 231, 238, 241,

292, 362, 363, 366, 368, 369, 371, 372 – bloom 210, 292 – concentration 304, 361 – -cured rubber compounds 250 – cures 45 – donor 45, 139, 361 – guanidine cure systems 371 – /peroxide cure 140 – spender 233 – –sulfur bond strength 140 – vs. peroxide 155

sulfurless 364 – cures 155

Superflex 167super tackifiers 209surface activity 53, 54, 164, 296surface appearance 302, 306surface area 164, 317, 319

– of the carbon black 37surface coating 220surface-modified carbon 80

– black 330surface-treated fillers 37surface treatment of fillers 200surfactant 18, 201swelling 185swelling media 186synergy 4synthetic-based emulsification system 300synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (IR) 208synthetic ester plasticizer 303

TTabor abrasion 174TAC 35, 241tack 207, 211

– retention 211tackifiers 212tackifying resins 235TAIC 35, 241talc 27, 37, 76, 79, 103, 136, 166, 206, 213,

260, 266, 277, 278, 283, 294, 295, 304 – loading 191

tan δ 64tank lining 340

tank tracks 355TAPDT 234TATD 240TATM 240TBBS 13, 229, 230, 239, 240, 249, 360, 363,

364, 372 – accelerator 240

TBSI 249, 360 – cure 249

TBzTD 240TDAE processing oil 321, 323tearing energy 165tear resistance 69, 170, 312tear strength 70TeDEC 292, 362Teflon® 101, 176, 296, 300tensile strength 9TEPST 64, 326TESPD 59, 201, 332TESPT 58, 201, 250, 332

– -treated silica 58TETD 240, 368tetra-alkyl thiuram disulfide (TATD) 230tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide 231tetrafluoroethylene 127, 184tetrahydro-1,3,5-tri-(n)-butyl(S)-triazin-

ethione 193Tg 78thermal black 251thermal conductivity 98, 245thermally modified carbon blacks 99thermal reversion 250thermal stability 170thermo-oxidation 97thermooxidative attack 129thermoplastic elastomers 189thermoplastic vulcanizate alloys 135thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) 17, 48, 87,

103, 135, 189thiadiazole accelerator 245thiazole 45, 229, 239, 360

– accelerators 371 – cure 364

thick articles 245thiocarbanilide (A-1) 44, 237, 244thioether plasticizers 128thioglycollic acid derivatives 222thiophene 220thiourea cure 366thiuram 229, 239, 360

405 Subject Index

– accelerators 371 – cure 138, 251, 364

– systems 369, 370, 372 – disulfide accerators 240 – /guanidine cure 366 – kicker 128 – /thiazole cure system 370

tight gel 12, 27, 154, 197, 219tin–butadienyl bonds 63tin-coupled elastomer 326tin-coupled polymer 63tin-coupled SBR 63tin coupling 326, 327tin–styryl bonds 63TINTM plasticizers 128TiO2 116tire 338, 341, 343, 345, 346, 354, 355, 356,

357 – aging 143 – building 207

– operation 261, 288 – carcass compounds 227 – design 334 – dry traction 321 – inflation pressure 334 – innerliner 261, 288 – load 334 – performance 178 – rolling resistance 325 – running temperature 334 – temperature 322 – wet traction 313

titanate coupling agents 114titanate-treated titanium dioxide 37, 200titanium dioxide 116Tm 78TMPTA 241TMPTMA 241TMQ 122, 141, 168

– /6PPD 141, 146 – /BLE 141

– combination 168TMTD 240, 251, 292, 299, 361, 362, 363,

364, 367, 368, 369, 370, 372TMTD, TMTM, TETD, TBZTD 360TMTM 240, 364, 366, 368toluene 185top coating 159torn edges 279total mixing time 264

TOTM 128tough compound 198toughness 41TPE 103, 181TPU 181TPV 17, 48, 103, 163, 189traction 313, 317trans-BR based 242transfermix extruder 284transition elements 141trans-polyoctenylene rubber (TOR)

180, 199, 225, 248, 263, 273, 282 – additive 199, 263, 273

transverse direction 77, 80trapped air 259, 302Traxsyn 315tread abrasion 314tread design 320tread hardness 318, 321tread wear 173, 313, 317

– resistance 177treated sulfur 265treated with stearate 114triacrylate additives for NR compounds 250trial-and-error experiments 4triallyl cyanurate (TAC) 233triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) 233triazine derivative curing systems 299triblend 65, 147triethanolamine 308Trilene® 198trimellitate plasticizers 128, 189trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA)

233, 250trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate

(TMPTMA) 233triple 8 cure system 292truck tread 181TSR natural rubber 281T-type 225

– neoprene 225, 277, 283two-part cast polyurethane system 25, 33two-pass mix 210, 220two-phase systems 336types of crosslinks 181

UUHV 127ultimate crosslink density 60, 361ultimate dispersion 221

406 Subject Index

ultimate elongation 26 – properties 168

ultimate modulus buildup per accelerator loading 359

ultimate tensile elongation 25ultra-accelerators 45, 137ultraclean carbon blacks 278ultrafine particle sized carbon blacks 263ultra-high-viscosity 127ultra-low-structure 115, 200, 300

– carbon blacks 200ultrasonically aided extrusion 286ultraviolet light 110, 194uncured compound strength 222undercoat 129undercuring 12under-the-hood 125unsaturation 127upside down 220

– mixes 216urea 308useful service life 127utilisation 38, 54UV stability 112

Vvacuum during molding 260Vamac 14, 43, 67, 244Vamac® GLS 186Vanax® 189 132, 245, 253Vanax® PML 47, 367, 368van der Waals interaction 314Vaporlink 27, 267vehicle speed 334vented barrels 259vented extruder 259vent holes 260ventilation 138very high damping 66very high pressure and very high

temperature 127very high structure carbon black 54VGCs 291vinyl 1,2-polybutadiene resins 89vinyl 1,2-polybutadiene rubber 316vinyl acetate 151, 196, 322

– wax 215 – as an additive 263

vinyl content 62, 179vinylidene fluoride 127, 184

vinylsilanes 58vinyl solution SBR 64viscosity 197, 257, 287, 302

– gravity constants 291viscous heating 234, 283Viton GLT 86VMQ 84

– silicone gums 134voids 255volatile 258volatile content 92volatile vulcanization byproducts 256VP Si 363 59, 332Vulcacit CRV 47Vulcan 1436 38, 317vulcanized vegetable oil (VVO) 137, 260,

274, 279, 321, 323vulcanizing agent 366, 369Vulcuren 250Vulkazon AFS 146Vultac 236Vultac 5 371

Wwaiting time 261, 288water content 231water washed clays 116wax 144, 210, 309

– /PPDs 145wear conditions 172wear resistance 170weatherability resistance 195weathering resistance 194wet grip 314, 330

– enhancer 314wet out 215, 217wettability 91wet traction 116, 313, 314, 316, 317, 319whiting 117, 168Wingtack 95 209winter traction 323wipers 351wire coat adhesion 107wollastonite 77, 81wood cellulose fiber 22wood rosin 235, 369

– tackifiers 209work history 56, 205, 231, 274wrap 259W-type 225, 244, 366

407 Subject Index

– neoprenes 47

Xxanthate-modified neoprene 133xanthate-modified types of CR 26XC-72 94XHNBR 80XLPE 135XNBR 11, 32, 72, 80, 83, 110, 180

ZZB47 58, 332ZBDC 292, 363ZBPD 249, 252, 360, 363, 366, 372ZBPD/TBBS/sulfur cure system 372

– higher modulus 372 – short cure time 372

ZDBC 240ZDEC 240ZDMC 240zero strain under tension 169Ziegler–Natta catalyst 23

– technologies 224, 276zinc 108zinc 2-mercaptotoluimidazole 168

zinc and potassium soaps of fatty acids 306zinc-based coagent peroxide cures 155zinc-based coagents 155zinc borate 111, 112, 113zinc-containing materials 133zinc diacrylate metallic coagent 21zinc dibutylphosphorodithiate 252zinc dimethacrylate metallic coagent 71zinc-free processing aids 199zinc methacrylate salts 250zinc-O,O-di-n-butylphosphorodithioate (ZBPD)

249zinc oxide 78, 107, 127, 128, 130, 139, 180,

210, 229, 251, 366, 369, 370 – cure system 370 – loading 241

zinc/potassium soap 199, 202zinc soap 58, 201, 332ZMDC 363ZMTI 140, 161, 168, 237ZnDEC 370ZnDMC 370ZnDMC, ZnDBC 360ZnO at the interface 106ZnO Loading 249