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Krispn Given, Purdue University
https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/beehive/
How to Breed for Behavioral Resistance to Varroa Destructor
• Increase honey Production• Improve overwintering ability• Decrease defensive behavior• Reduce swarming• Reduce or increase use of propolis• Change color• Decrease incidence of diseases• Improve defense against varroa destructor*• Other personal reasons
Why breed bees?
Breeding versus queen rearing
Most important part of a breedingprogram
• Decide on a trait (phenotype)• Develop a assay• Measure the foundation population• Select parents• Control mating using a design• Evaluate, document, and verify• Select parents
Bee Genetics + Breeding
Mendel’s bee house
16 CHROMOSOMES
~260 million bases (MbLOW REPETIVE DNA
HAPLOID MALES
HIGHRECOMBINATIONRATES!
Honey Bees
CHROMOSOMES
– Composed of coiled, twisted DNA and coatedwith proteins
– Each species has aspecific number
– They are organized inpairs
(one comes from the motherand the other from thefather)
Genetic gender and caste
• Queens lay two types of eggs
• Males develop from unfertilized eggs
• Females develop from fertilized eggs
HONEY BEE GENETICSBees have 16 paired chromosomes.
Haplodiploidy• Males honey bees have one of each chromosome (haploid 16)• Females have two of each chromosome (diploid 32)
Polyandry•The queen mates with 10 to 15 males, resulting in many sub-families within the hive’s family.
Many important behaviors are influenced by genes!•stinging•pollen foraging•undertaking
•hygienic behavior•brood rearing traits•swarming tendency
•propolis collection•honey production•even learning!
XX
FEMALES
X
crossing-over
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU CROSSTWO DIFFERENT STOCKS OF BEES
gives you
X
HYBRID CROSS
or
HYBRIDSHIGH LINE LOW LINE
35%
l.5%
5%
0%
Tro t a US manag 1ed honey be 1e colonies Loss EstimatesD A c c e p t a b l·e W in te lf Loss D T1ola l Winte r Loss T otail Annual loss1
' - '......-
-=- ! - •...... _
, ..............- - · ,_,..... . -- -
- - i - --
' -, _ ......
- ! - - = -
-........... - >-
· - - - -_ I."
_ _ IJ · •" • ·- ---
-
rr::&---1 -=-
_:5'Mt: 7 ,_ •
· - ,.....-
--
-I
--
-I
i-I
I -
73291- 1 API LIFE VAR Thymo l (74.09%), Oi l of eucalyptus (16%), Menthol (3.73%)
Formic acid (46.7%)
Thymo l (2 5%)
75710 - 2
796 7 1- 1MITE-AWAY QUICK STRIPS
APIGUARD
9 12 6 6 - 1 OXALIC ACID DIHYDRAT E
OXALICACID D HYDRATE
OXALICACID D HYDRATE
CHECKMITE+ BEE H IVE PESTCONTROL STRIP
CHECKM TE+ BEE HIVE PESTCONTROL STRIP
Oxali c acid (100%)
91266-1-73291
91266-1-91832
1155 6 - 138 Coumaphos (10%)
11556-138-61671
Registration #
2724-406
Product Name
ZOECON RF-318 APISTAN STRIPActive Ingredient
Fluvalinate (10.25%)2724-406-62042 AP STAN ANTI-VARROA MITE STR PS
61671-3 FOR-MITE Formic acid (65.9%)
70950-2 AVACHEM SUCROSE OCTANOATE [40.0%)
Sucrose octanoate (40%)
70950-2-2205 SUCROCIDE
70950-2-84710 SUCRASHIELD
83623-2 HOPGUARD II Hop beta acids resin (16%)
87243-1 Apivar Amitraz (3.33%)
Adult female invades cell before its sealed
Dr. Harry Laidlaw
female immerses herself in brood food, lays first egg after about 72 hours.
First egg laid is a haploid male, then mites mate in cell and must mature before the bee emerges (usually about 4 females emerge).
Varroa mites prefer drone brood but also invade worker cells. Most mites (80%) will be in the sealed drone and worker brood
THEY CAME FROM ASIAN HONEY BEES
In Apis cerana Varroa only reproduces in dronebrood
30k
Cell ofBro'od
Mite
\ No.
\ /\ /
\
I" I
I
>\I \/ I "'
v /
Jan Feb Mar
/----- r - - _ - - 0
Varroa Population Dynamics 3k40k
2.5k
2k
1.5k20k
1k
10k0.5k
0Apl May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
PARASITIC MITE SYNDROME
DWV
Virus and brood diseases appear
• Acute bee paralysis (ABPV)• Israel acute bee virus (IAPV)• Kashmir bee virus (KBV)• Black queen cell virus (BQCV)• Deformed wing virus (DWV)
• 22 known viruses!
some vectored viruses from varroa
Monitoring Mites in YourHive
• Uncapping drone brood
• Ether Roll• Ethanol wash• Sugar Roll• Sticky Boards
Looking for mites in drone brood
Looking for mites on adults
WHAT TRAIT WILL YOUMEASURE AND HOW TO
MEASURE IT?
1)How do you choose the parents? (needto evaluate and keep good records)
2)how do you control mating's?(need to do I.I. or have drone sourceflooding in your mating yard)
PRACTICAL WAY TO SELECT FOR VARROA RESISTANCE:
GRAFT FROM STRONG HIVES THAT DON’T GROW MITES
You need try to control mating's
Try to have good colonies with drones in the mating yard.
You need a trait you can evaluate, something that is beneficial,and that is heritable.
Start with bees that have good traits for your area!
1
50.00%
25.00%
12.50% 11.25%
5.63%2.81% 1.41% 0.70% 0.35% 0.18%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
Loss of introduced genes open mating for 10 generations.0.7
0.6
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PROBLEM:
Hygienic Behavior is Heritable(W. Rothenbuler 1964)
100%
0
Generations of Selection(made up data)
% D
EA
DB
RO
OD
RE
MO
VE
D
50%
Another example:Response to Selection for Pollen Hoarding
USDA Baton Rouge bee lab
VSH BEHAVIOR
Greg Hunt
University of Warwick
© Rodger Dewhurst 2006 and 2008
www.ces.ncsu.edu
•Varroa-sensitivehygienic behavior(VSH)
•Detection and removal of varroa infested brood
Making uniform colonies
VARROA MITES INSIDE THE CELL
Good age to check for reproductive mites
VSH is an indirect attack on Varroa
extension.org/bee_health
Measure changes in:capped cel l
uncapped
chew, remove / '
% uncapped% chewed% recapped
% varroa infestation% reproductive varroa% varroa with no progeny
recap
Figure 1. - Types of changes in brood combs that can be measured without and with a stereomicroscope. For example, the percentage of pupae uncapped during a certain period of t me couldpotentially be used to breed for varroa resistance. Uncapped pupae are visible without a microscope, but measuring the % uncapp ed pupae is highly var able an d does not always predict VSH behavior. Onthe other hand, measuring the percentage ofinfertile mites (those without progeny) predicts strongvarroa resistance, butit requires detailed microscopic examinations of brood to measure.
Visible w/omagnification.but imprecise
Precise, but requiremagnification
3 prepupa
4 fi·rst,protonymphe(ma1l1e)
pupa,white 1eyes
Days pastcapping
Brood stage Eldest offspr inginnormally 11eproducing
mites
7-9 pupalpurp1eeyes
first femaredeu1onymph
10-11 first adultdaughter
pupat,brown headl. blackeyes
5-6 pupa, second proto-pnk eyes ny1mph
(female}
Uncapping of mite-infested cells due to VSH
24hrs LATER!
GENERAL HYGIENIC BEHAVIOR
Freezing capped brood with liquid nitrogen
(250 ml)
OR PIN PRICK METHOD
Greg Hunt
GROOMING BEHAVIOR
MIGUEL AND ERNESTO’S STUDYIn Mexico
Found that grooming behavior was important
Those with the lowest infestation overall had low adult infestation show highest mite drop !
They also had the most chewed mites on board, and also in the lab assay.
% Mites Chewed in Hives60
50
40
30
20
10
0Africanized/ European
High/Low Gen. 1
Russians/ Unselected
High/Low Gen. 2
% Mites Removed in Assay30
25
20
15
10
5
0Africanized/ European
High/Low Gen. 1
Russians/ Unselected
High/Low Gen. 2
What is responsible for behavioral traits?
• Genotype of queens and workers
• Environmental factors
Grooming Behavior
MITES IN BROOD
50
40
30
20
10
0
%IN
FEST
ATIO
N
LOW GROUPHIGH GROUP
2 3 4MONTH
5 6
MITES ON ADULTS
35302520151050
%IN
FEST
ATIO
N
LOW GROUPHIGH GROUP
2 3 4MONTH
5 6
Selec t ing fo r c hew ed mite s iss t ic ky business !
'
H l l i f il .>, , i:•:r 1r 1I I I l il i f i lf #I°! ·l l i l I i i I i I i i !11 1· - f . • 1 1 Lill:-.a._,.....1.L. L. : ii. . . . . . . .J. . . r r .-Y ju ; 1I ' .. . _
/.!i £ SK Olo Bf f /
_.... ---
:•,I JI ,: •
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r r r ' ' t 1
Current Selection Program: Grooming and Biting Behavior
Hierarchical Selection:
Measure proportion chewed mites.
Eliminate those that show disease or did not control mite population growth.
Eliminate those that do not pass freeze-killed hygienic test.
Select breeder colonies.
• Started with SURVIVORS, VSH + Russians• Method for the first 7 years:• Measure mite drop (and strength) multiple
times• Measure honey yield• Test best sources for (VSH) hygienic
behavior• Use instrumental insemination.
Response to selection at the colony level is also at the individual
Initiating grooming dance* Biting
UndertakerVSH
grooming
General hygiene
Instrumental Insemination
High x high chewers are crossed and monitored For more response to selection
Daughter queens are then grafted from these*
Collecting and counting chewedmites
(p = 0.028)
Photo ark
Mites t h a t h a v e b e e n c h e w e d b y t h e m ite-b i t ers
7 2 ? 3 ID 5 t oI I f
: I ! ! -t : I :: t I te. • . .
• I • •• • 1" •
..t
I •• J I i ..., '- .:-
, , , , , ,. ,, ' \Jf \ ! I , ! \ c
J 1 1 · , , I- I I iI f \ I 11 I I... . .i r c Jf f 11 I I• I I • --J j I fl i J. I Jf
, . ( j ! 1 j
I f I '- - - - --\-- II
•
..- '_...'__._.......,....g- - - ---·....- -.-·---\ , --··------
- ·-··-··-'·... ... ' . ' '..........._ ----..' - -···--. ._·--- -- -- - ···· , ..........---- -:::r--- ·-- -- - ·- l!I"- : - - - -
........ ...-. -'...' . '---··er : - . -
•- - -·---..--- - "'.. ........... 0..... -· -, . , I II
. . ' .::r-.:::::-=-=·=----- - ·-·-·-- ......:::
-·----1-•--• --• --- - - - - - - t.n-·-·- ·-- -- ..1:::' -- - -. ; - -----.....---- --- ·- - ..._--I I ' I ' I
- - - ·- - - - ...c::- .....___...... . . _ _ _ _ ()CJ..._ ___I I I I
i f l ! i l i l i ! ! i·: i i' j;;I i i !
·1:J i'i l i l°1I i !i-:tJc"!.l t f l f i l l I iI ' l 1· -f H ; : • I · • ·• 1
,, , : 1 1i 1 !· + • '""'" H ..., . . , . I 1
/.S £S sg Ob Bf
-------·----··-.....--'·---.·--.-_-._-...·. ----......·-.- ..- --· - -- -·'
.I i i l_l r : l _I ;: j { lj I l li f !1 I i i i l H - ! ; ( J l ll If I I Ii I ! i i -fl l i ·11111H 111i iH ·n n ·1n!f l l I l l ! fi i l ) l ! j' llJ
?Z: IJ, 11 , , dZ
----- t".".l"t"-_-_- -_...._ _
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. . . .....c..:,. .·_ -. .--.........._.--,, ,·-·- ------------ ""
• • • • -- - -• • I•
--·- - -_-..-·--
2014 August P<0.001
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YEAR2012 2013 2014 2015
PE
RC
EN
TC
HE
WE
DMITE-BITING IS A HERITABLE TRAIT.
The bite of the bee
contains 2-heptanone
Varroa
Wax moth larva
n
How to select for bees that bite varroa mites and groom them from their bodiesKrispn J. Given, Greg J. Hunt, David M. Shenefield, Ginger D. Davidson Dwight C. Wells
and Dan P. O’Hanlon
Abstract
Grooming behavior is one of the key mechanism honey bees (Apis Melifera) execute to kill and remove Varroa destructor from their bodies. Two of the grooming behaviors identified with chewing and mite removal are responsible. Through selection with instrumental insemination we have seen Varroa Destructor chewing levels go from 3% to 43%. The
Heartland Honey Bee Breeders Cooperative was initiated to promote the production and dissemination of northern mite-resistant stocks.Selection Process
Figure 1 Chewed mites under
l
l
• Promoting Breeding
Inaugural HHBBC at the Purdue University beelaboratory, where 75 queens were in distributed.Breeders from PA, WV, OH, attended the three dayevent.
Grooming behavior is one of the mechanism of defense againstVarroa destructor. Mite grooming behavior is the ability to remove mites and is associated with chewed mites.
Mites are placed on there idiosoma and inspected for damage.
This shows a a response to our selection. We may be near the peak for grooming behavior but need make sure every colony has a high levels as possible by requeening the low chewers. We are working on a better measure for grooming behavior, and have a better correlation between % chewed mites and reduced mite populations in 2014 than we did in 2013, in 2013 the mite populations were higher and more variable between colonies..
Annual queen rearing classes taught at the Purdue bee lab, in 2014 we had 34 students.
Instrumental insemination classes have also been a good resource for breeders to learn more about the importance of selection at the Purdue Bee Lab.
2016 Insemination Fest
PA, OH, WV, MI, IN, IL, KY, TN
130 queens inseminated
COMMUNITY STOCK EVALUATION IN 2014-2015
54 queens, 23 beekeepers,3 commercial sources,
2 Purdue sources.
Commercial hives had 3X more mites
PHOTO: RATNATHAPA
10%
20%
6/27
30%
40%
50%
60%
16/27= 59 %
= 22 %
0%
Commercial Queens IN Mite Biters
Survival 2014 - 2015
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
7/27= 26 %
17/27= 63 %
*DIED IN WINTER 2014 - 2015
0%
Commercial Queens IN Mite Biters
IN QUEENS MADE 40 LB MORE HONEY
Ten of eleven beekeepers preferred IN mite biters
HAS July 13-15, 2017Evansville, INJuly 13
2016 I.I. Class
Future plans:Cage bee assays for grooming!
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W e lc o m e t o t h e H u n t la b ' s Be e H i v e . W e a r e in v o lv e d i nh o n e y b e e r e s e a r c h a n d e d u c a t i o n .
J uly 9 -11 , 2 0 1 5
W i s y o u w e r e },e r e C 1o l • - 11- rl aiul A p i cu l l u r a l ,:,od e • Y -
-.h e a r t la n d b e e s .o r g
1 4 T H A N N UAL H.A.S. CO N FERENCEf • a h ..r i n g sesa1ons w it h :
Dennis vanEngetsdO<J>, Sue Cob<ty. L a r r y C o nnor , Joe Traynor, C l anm c e Col l isonK i m F lottum, Renata Borba, Roger Hoopln11a ner Ken Schramm , ghan M i lb ra th
c o n f e r e n c es p o n s o r e d
b y :B e e C ul t ur e
b e g to adv. wort.shop,.,
b<JildJng nucs sp l ts ,q-ueen rai.sing .
drone catch tng.new propotis d scover ies
honey tast in gb nn g 3 jars t o swap!0 - - - - -
, . - . . . . . . . ./'lo._ ... . . .. CH ILD REN'S PROGRAMMING :c a nd le - m a k in g, m u r a ls , s e e d b o m b s,,___
P ur d u e U ni v e r s i t I C o l le g e o f A g r icul t u r e I En t o m o lo g y I E x t e n s io n
CoQY.. .dght © 2 0 0 8 , Pu r d u e U n iv e r s i t y , a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . s i t e a u t h o r G r e g H u n tW e b s i te d e v e l o p e d b y t h e E n t o m o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t a t P ur d u e U n iv e r s i t y
I f y o u h a v e t r o u b l e a c c e s s in g t h is p a g e b e c a u s e o f a d is a b ili t y , p l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e W e b m a s t e r .
Events
Do you have a swarm to pick up? Find a local swarm catcher here:http:LLwww.in.govLdnr/entomoloLS755.htm.
When bees swarm the queen and most of the hive beesleave after filling up on honey. Bees in a swarm are usually very gentle but leave them alone! With all those bees flying one could get stuck in your hair.The swann sends out scout bees to find a new cavity to nest in. They usually stay for a few days and thenthey are off to their new home.
Heartland Honey Bee Breeders Coop
National Honey Board Funding
NEW USDA Funding !!!
Jeff Berta - PA Matt Evans – IN Tammy Horn - KYJoe Kovalevski – OH Scott Martin - IL Megan Milbraith - MI Dan O’Hanlon - WV Dave Shenefield - IN Dwight Wells - OH
Greg HuntJennifer Tsuruda
Gladys Andino
Thank you