How the war came to America. - Library of Congressmemory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2006/20060629012ho/20060629012ho.pdfHow the War Came to rch~-.;~es.ica So it was In ihe case of

~IOWTHE BAR

ISSUED BY

THECOMMITTEE INFORMATIONON PUBLIC THE SECRETARY OF STATE THESECRETARY OF WAR THESECRETARY OF TIHE NAVY GEORGE CREEL

June 15 1917

EXECUTIVE GRDER

L l~c reby create a Cor~imittiton ll11)lic IrlEorrnaiiotl LO I)c conll)osed of tile Sccrcti~rj-i l i State tlic Secreiry oi Vr tlic Sccrctary cC tllc Nav) znc a eiili~l111o s11ll 1e clared -it11 t11t uccl~tivc dircvtior oT he collilnitcc

Is ci-ilix~( - I I~~~I I L I I L Mrof tile co~i imi t tc(~ 1~)1xgtiiiL ((ire Crctl

I lc Srcrctary ol gttiiLc the Secrctzry or nTirand tlle ijc~crciry ul the iqjvy are au tho r i~cd cacll (I dctiil in

1-I0TTT TIIE TITAR C I I E TO AhlERICA

I-Xa years when this Iicpuhic was still stczgiiti IoIexistence in the face of tIireatc~~ed i o b - cilcroaclrni11~tr tiict monarchies oer the sea in GI-cler to II~L( t l l i x Xav l o r l ~ i s~lc for denlocracy our forefathcrs esta1)lisiicd l1ir~the igt(ligtr that so011 canle lo be 1nowr-i as tl-ic LIotiroe doctrill l a ~ ~ ~ i i ~ g the Old Vortl not to iilterierc in the poiiticl life of the Yc- olrr (oirert~ment yledgc-d itself in l-ctum t o ailstain Croril i~rtt-r- icl~-clcc i i l -in the political conflicts of Europe arid hisi01-J [J

d ic~ t cd the wisdoin of this course VTincrc thtrn too ~ r c ~ ii o

ilifli~~icethc dcstinics of burope and it was vita i o n~~rlirri tkiai this first great experiment in go-ernmcnt of 2llti h- tiii people should i ~ o t be disiiirhed by foreign att~ck

Ileenforced hy the cxperieiice ol our c x p a u d i ~ ~ g112lici~ni i i ~ s thi doctrine hss been ever sirice the doniinaiir~g clcrnc~lt in hc gl -o~~t l i lyhethcr could lae of our foreign policy or lot ~ v c n~ri~itaitlcd ol concerted attack 1-oil1 ahroati it 1111sit in scc~ried of such im~)ortance to us that we nei-c a a l l t itt~csra(y to go to -as in its dcfensc And rl~ougll since i n-24 lirit enuilciatcd our strcngtll has grown by leaps and Lot~i~(Is allllough in that time the -ast illcrease of our forciii trtde and of trave abroad nlodcrn transporl tuodern mails t

ca1)lis and the wireless have brought us close to Iuropr and ha-clliade our isolat io~~ niore and more ill~a$nnr- there has l~cc~until the outbreal of the prcsent co~lilict sc~nll desire on our part to abrogate or cyen anicnd the old ilmiiar tradiiion vihich has EOI- so long gicli us peace

In both conferences a t il-le I-lag~lc ill 1399 arid 1907 12c reafiii-med this policy As our delegates siglieti the first coil- vclltion iii regard to arbitration thcy read illto thra nli~iuirs tli statement

Kothing conaiiiid in this cocvcntion shall be so colasti-uil as 10 require tile United States of hrncrica to depart fl-on1 i t trtditional policy ol not intruding upon inierlcring witlt or cn~ngling itsclf in the po1iticll cl~~cxstionsor policy or intcrua1

aci~linistrltioiioi ny foreign State no- siI alytling coil-taitletl in i j ~ e said concntioo I)c construcd to 111qly rrlin-cjuisliicnt by tllc United jiutcs o i ~iei-ica its r~diiionaI attitude toivard purely Alnierican qucsijons

At lhe I Iagr~c T W 1lcclgctlourselves in cne nre evcr vcnt to Tar to oiier-c ccrtai~ hroad g e ~ x r s lrr~ics31 ~ C C C ~ I C ~and fair t i lliit a t I( same tiale c ce2rccl oursilves Irom nil

rc~ponsil~iliy to 01gtgt~rve for lorcitlg other ~~~t io sii~iirlr p1eclgcs Anl i1-i 19o11-11ci our clclcgaes took 13~t-t in lie hgcciras Con-fcrenc iiiicl~ ~ v s s to rog~ilate tlle afiairs of fhc distracted lltingcoru of horocco tlicy Colloccc thc saiiie lornult l~trc lXllie acqt~iescjngin the new ri gi~~iei~lic11 g1t~r3ntced tle inclepcndence aritl integsit y ol hlorocco e csplicit i y nnciuncc5 that 11-e assuiiled no 1)olice responsil~iiity lor the cnio~-ceilcnt of tlie treaty And ii any honest doubt ivas cCt ns to our atti- tudc in rcgartl to the en_fcrccmcnt ol Oid norici agrce~ilcnts i t -as disl)cl~~I f i ~ e cur Go~~ertlrricnt gt-cars Inter whc reiusctl to protcst against the ovrrtlirov G_T the i lc ic drlyL~c-lrnr

TyTe declined to be drawn into quarrels abroad n-hiell n~igllt eildaiiger in all way our traditici~ial piiiicy

01r seco~d great tradition ill iriternational rciations has bcc11 011s p(rsisieiit effort to secure a stable a11c1 equitable agreement of the nations upon such 3 nari t ime code as 7rould ass~ll-eto ill the world n just frecclon~ of t l ~ cens

iliis effort ix s born of our vital ~~eec For nltlough it was posssic for the Rcpilblic to keep aoof fiorn the riilictecnth ceiitlri-y disputes that rent tlic Continent of 17arope we iould not lie inGi5ercril lo the n-ay in ~ v h i c l ~war wts ~~nclucteila tsea 117 tllose ilarly years oh orir rrttio~al llic ivhe11 we were still ~ t 3 leir comnu~nitics rarigc alo~ig tlic 2tiailic coast we ~~-iicrca scafnring people At a tirie whe~i our fronties~ien llarl i(~iyet rcaclicd the Mississippi the Ialne of our claring clipper ships had spread to all the Seven Seas So while wc coulcl watch the triumphait iriarch and the tragic cou~Cer- m ~ r c hof Napoleons grand army with dctnched indiiiercncc his Cont i~~entnl 13loclade and tlie British Orders iri Cotiricil a t 0nie nfiectcd the lives of our citizens inti11ately ancl disas- trously

H o w t h e W a r C a m e t o rch~- ~es ica

So i t was In ihe case of the I3arbary pimtes We Erad no interest in the land quarrels am1 civil wnrs oi the 3arbry Stntes but KC I o ~ ~ g h t the lrcedo~ri 01 tliethem for o b s t r ~ ~ e t i ~ l g scz

And it1 the ticcadcs ever since alt110tig1 the irnagitintlo~i c ~ f

otir people has heen engrossed iii the iinriicilse labor oI wiilning the Vc-st our ncpzr t inc~l t of State lia never lost siflie f tile clrrlpilitlg iltcret tha t vc h a ~ c upctl the stns and 113s COP-

sLnnty strix-(I to g~il til assclit of all nations xo a niLitnrie cotfc wlich should be fra~ncti alltl cl~lorced by 3 oilit respa~~si- bility Various ivatch~vords heve ariscr~ ii this lo~ig cc~itro- ery ire 1lavc 111-gecI t ~ e i~~iolnbiiily el pri1-ate l~o i l - ty at sea vc linve isced lor a libern free list and a narro7v dcfii~iiion of co~itran~tl I iut our mai iiistenci licis not hccn 011 ally sue11 detail O11c siic~il ida has guided our tlipionincy ihe law of tle sect m ~ ~ s f tniglibe founticd not 0x1 but oli right a t ~ d L romnicil aacorci Lipon a code h i ~ ~ d i n g all eiike -liicii ~2 1 ilat be c1nirged or set aside hy the mill oC ally one ~ ~ n t i o x 0 ~ 1 r iileal has b c m nct a ~vcakerli~igb ~ l tt stre~gtllc~~iiici legal restraint by the free will ancagrcctrctlL af all Ve Iia c asked ~ l c t l ~ i ~ i g ve t11v vhole -cricllor ourscivcs tlat do not L Ir 1 dllc scai ~vill tever hc lxc in 011- u71tii alll~nisicail ~~cnri i~ig vlo sail thereon have had a voice ill frsmiiig 5ca la~vs ihc just govcrliaacc of tllc seas IIII IS~ rest cu the cciscrt oi tile g~

No ctici- cucsllorl of irltc~-~iiit-io~l~i llas iounc great~olitgt I

p ~ w c i s ~ ~ ~ o r e Za t in our ii~sistericc011 this i u ~ t l a - di-idvc nclital pril-cciplt we lave been strcngtli~cd iy the s~pli i r tof mzuy other coul-rtries At l i~ncs ITe lial-e liad the c u p p ~ ~ iof Grcat 3ritain No oiic of our Secrctaric~ of State his 111orc c1ea-ly dciincd 011s ideal tlian has -iscount Grey recc~lLly 131itisli Secrcial-y of late or loeigii -Iffairs Xorrc ol olir slatcslr~cn ias cTrrr goilc so far as lle i ~at-ocatilg 1iiliitatoil o te I-ights of 1~eliigereilis oil the sea I t via on his iliiiiati-e tliti the international l i a ~ a l co~lferellcevas silminoeci t c i Lolllon ic iog a i ~ d i t was urdcr that t11c crni~~c-111 liis guida1ce itiicr-na~ioilnl lanyctrs ztid djploriiats and adniit-als wlio ~lcred there drew up thc Declaration of I4o1~don

While there were in that Declaratio~ secions that did not quite tnect our approval and that me should have liked to

W o w t h e W a r C a m e t o A r a ~ e r i c a

al~ielid the docunlcnt was from oa r poiiit of lievr a ttrcnielldous step ill ad-a~iccx For ~ l ihougll like a n y ciilort t o conciltey forliil~late ~ l l c liro~d l ~ ~ i i l ~ i p l ~ ~ of citlity it (lid not ~11011y snccecd ill i ts l)tlrl)ose i t Lvas a t least all 1ioncst a l r e ln l~ t t o arri-c a t all t g ~ - c ~ ~ l l e ~ i t corrillct~~ cotle of o11 t intcl-ntlional sea ~ x v based al)otl iuutual cotiscnt urtl not to hc alterctl hy an I)elligcrcni irl thc heat 01 the ciiiiilict

Ijut tic L)cclar~tion of iotitloli ivas 1101 ratifietl )y the I-ritisi Iarlia~~ihntior the point oi ~iw ~~rcvl-iing lli(~i ill Ilt~~gl ~xid I ~ L I I )O~CI - dep~11dc11t 111110~1 wliolly upon i tsT7ZS i l

11avgt- Tor ~~-otccficit corlld ilot salcly accept liirtlei- l i l~ii i ~iio~is upon action at sea i~iles tiicri were cornl)cnsatir~y linitaiions o r 1 o s 111(1 tiiis Gcr~~ai i-la t ~cr co~icc~ssicr~l con-sistcniIy rciuscrt t o IIL~~

lt lic conlcrcncc Li~crcl(l-ct turzc to naught Zl~ti tlic i)cclaratio~r ~a ~ i~ iy o~coil I j~ci i rcjcctcd by tiic inari t inx povcia its irido~-scnlc~~t strorig(st 1-as post-polied hy dl the oihr co1l1lrics il~voived Orlr ioti~-es however rtn~aiiicd unchnugcd i~iilour (orc~rnrlicni l ic~-~is ted in its 1)1uposc to secure a gcncral r~lific~tioil eitlwr o l iliis ( i ~ ~ 1 t r ~ - tion or 01 some sirni1~r nllriiii~t co(lc

Tlicre has heen in our diploilacr oiie Inore otltstnl~tliny apir~-lion Lc ha- co~iialltly iouglit to subifitutc i ~ ~ r ~ t l i c a l lor rnilitarr ic~tIc~mc~t -i=tionoT diijrutc h c t ~ ~ c e n

r 1 I gcnciii oi this ~ t l c ~tlatcs Iro~ri thc tii-cusi~oni o n 1 111t

Pt~tl(~ra1orqtn~ation ol our I 3 original Sia t c i vIiich 1 ~ c tc

al~iosta jcalo~ls of astlicir so~c~reigtilic~ ~ l ctl~ 11iliol~s cE ~ u r o p c t o - d a ~ lhe first gr-cat step thet o ~ ~ ~ r ( l Lc~glc 01 Ho-lor ~ v l ~ i c h we hope ~1111a t last briny pcacc i o tlic norld IVUS ta1an TT~ICII our I J States ayrecd to disarni and sul~l i l~ t all tlicir tlisputes to tile high tri1unal 01 tllc iiev Ictitaratiolr

il11d this idea of a11 i i~ te r s t a t ~ court 11hie11 cx-ccpt at t ~tillie oC our Ci il i7ar ha i gil-cn this iYatio11 iiltcrnal pciccy Iias pro fo~l i~t l l ~l~ilucnctclour fore~gn pollev Of ottr cffolii to bring others to oilr wax7 of thinling HI lnstor~cal rCi1tni6 z7s prc s e t ~ t f ~ t l1)y our tlclcgatcs a t 1 1 1 ~First I-Taglie Conlcrcncc A proiiii r ~s subnlittc tl tlicrc for the Cornlation of a morld corilt ilrid J lckv years 1atcr M r Root our Sccrelary of Sla te it1

H o w t h e W a s C a m e t o A m e r i c a

iniructing oir delegates to thc S~c~cosldionfcrtilccat ltw Hague loid espccial empl~avis on this zal11( in1 er~laiional idea

TTc liarc talcen a pasficttlli- pritlc in Ixing in the ~ n n ~ ~ n r r i )f this rnovcmcnl lor tht ~)c~gttccai)lescttlei~lcntb y psocc~oi law ol all disputes hvtwecn nations And tliesc eKoi-ts liae not been without succ~ss For alhoug11 the as1 Few dicadsi 11~sc seen this principle time and again put un~lcr a iiirrif~cstrain no riit ion has darccl to go to war ~giinsi ihc award oi L coiii-r oi arbitration lhc stupcnilo~is possil~ilities that iie ii 3l)itri-tion lor solviug intcrl~tioslal prol)lci~s pl-o~xoling lil)tral )rln- ciples ant1 saleguarding ~ ~ t i ~ i a n arnpl) tlezlion-lilc hat1 )LTII

stratccl before th preei~i var kcgari I3ut in the discussionj at Ihc Iiaguc 1irgcl) tit l l~ i )~gl i

rctsiutance of ihc (c~ilitn Inipire and is sn~cIIltcse effuiih ol our delegates and those of otller (gtoxrlllcnls to liri~ig~hozri a gvneral treaty ol com)ulsory arbitr2tioi hacl lailcd hnc4 tltcrctfore this nation having bcc11 Iftv~rlcd in its it (ctupt to secrlre a gentti-a1 agrccmrnt begall ncgotiatio~s with ail f-hose nations vl~icil like our o v r ~ p r ~ l e ~ r r i l anthe trictiods or la 1)eace wit11 the purposc of eff~ctirig dual arl~itsation tren1lis Anil before the end of 1914 we had iigtietl far-rcarhing treatitls with 30 nations z o of svhich hat1 lxcn tiuly ratilivd and pro-claimed But in this -cvork too c -ere ~iiadc io Ecc1 ille sanrc oy)position as at The fIaguv For wi~ilc rrc~t Britain Prztnce Iltrissia and Italy corclially rvn1co111c~t-l o-crt~lrcs the Cer- ollr

inan and Austro-Ilu~lgarian lmpircs wcrc noticeakjly absc~nt iro~il the list of those nations who desired b y spccilic agreetlrnils i r ~advance to tninitl~izc the dangcr of xa r

(in the eve of the present conflict our position toward olhcr naiio~-1stllight have I-wen sumn~arizcd tli1dcr t htee heads

I The hlon~ordoctri~w-IVc htd p1etljetl ourselves t o deici~l the New World from Buropcan aggression and we had by word ant1 deed made i t clear that ye would not intcrveilc in any Gur-opcan dispute

19 Thc Jrccdom oj the seas-in eTJcrq naval conlerrnrc our influence had been given in si~pport of the principle that sea law

be just and worthy of general respect ~ l ius i be based on the cilscnt of the governed

111 A~hitrn2ion-As we had sccured peacc a t hoil~e 1)y re-liiing interstate disputes to n fctieral tribunal i e urgcci a

H o w t h e i V a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

silrlllnr sclt]eIllcni o intcrnaticial coniroversie~ fir ideal 1vLtS

a ixEllanznt li-3rlil coart 11zd alcntly signed arbitr~ion trcatiLs lot oil- -ith great prwers wllicl might cc~ncrival)~ 3t13CI( IS hilt even more viith wea1ir ncig11l)orj irr orer to s]loTr our gooci faith in rccognizi1g the ecpality ol all rl~iions both grcit- and smn IVe 11ad 111ade plain to tile nrtlions our ~~si)ltc rccurrcnceto Jorcstnll by every nleans in OLir power tie ol ivx-s in the n-orltl

llle oiltljrcallti j f this Nztiox by sttrprisi vai- in 1914 (ai~gi~t ~ 1 ~IlcQIamp ~ f II(~iiil-ope lad a t least solic vtrniilgs of tile ccniilrtorIll iut to us sucll a blitrd savnge oi~ilnugl~t on t l ~ e iticls oi ciriiization had appeared impossihie

llle war Tvas i~~io~lprelicnsiblcIither side was cham-~gtjaedcrc ijy 111iIlilttls liriig among us who were of Guro~ian 1i~tEi Ihcir contradictory ncclusations threw our tkrcugls into clisai-ray z11~1in the iirst chaotic clays we coxid sce no clcar issilc that affcctcd our ~iatioixal policy lherc war EO curxt nssauit on our rights It secraed z t 6kst to r11ost of 11s a pxrdy IS~~ropeLn disputc and our iiinds Kcre not prcpa-cil to take sidcs iil sucli R cotifliet I11~Irecidents p roc l ~~ i~~ t ion ol ~~cutrniiiwas rcccivcd hy us as natural and ine7i~ablc I t v~as quickly i~lio~cI Isy his appeal to c i t i ze~~sthe or tllc 1icphlic

u 1 ~ e -y n2nn who redly 101~s ijLn~erica will act $lid spezli

i z he t r t c spirit of netitrality he snj~lwhicl is tile s1irit of ii~yxriicllily- siid fQi-niss a ~ l d fricldiness to pli col~cerriedA

- X i will be csy is excite passion a d cliff~cult to alliy

it 1esprcsscd the fear that our Tatio~l migllt l i e~oi~ ie tIi-vided in camps of 11)stile opinion S~lch iii7sicns arollg 11s 1__ ___ might seriot~sly siaiid i ~the iay of the prop 1cr-

for~~nieof oiir duty as the one great nation a t peace tiic (jrc pcopie oiillg iLscli ready to pai a art of jrli)nstial nledirL- tion and speal ~ c t t ~ l ~ i l spcace alld accol1inlo(1aii~~~ 8 sof a pr t i san but as a ii-icnd

Thi ptilpose---tlic prcscrvaiion of a strict lutraity ill ol-dir that i ~ i ~ 1-e iiight be 01 use ill tile great task of li3ifij-atiGll-domiiiatccl all the Pres ide~l t ~ early speeches

H o w t h e I V a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

~ eni-C tile mediating iYiatioi1 of xrs-ld he declared in 1 a d 1 1 0 I We are ccmpouildcd of the iiotl5 of the XI-mid vie 11lediate heir blood we ITicdiate their tradition ivc lllcc1iatc their sclltii1lc11ts their tastes tfieir ]assiolis 11-e arc ourselves co~~~i)~~ncled We01 tllosc tllings li-is tlcrc-l~l-ca l~ lc to 1i~Icrfal~d tllenl iin the compou~lc not sipnraely as pariisanc but unitecily as knowing a ~ i d com~~rc -lril1 r c o g I a It is in tlat sense that 5 iiicSall that imcrica i a mccliating Natictl

i~liricn slctrtralitp it1 thosc Grst a7onths of the grmt j ~ r i-as be)-vnd an question real

U u i tle spirit of llctltrality was rlot casy lo nlainlai~ 111l)lic i7piriio17 was deeply stirred b y the German invasiol oi iiclgiul~ nd 12)- lhe (201~1-rclgtorts oi atrocities there Iltoal J~lgci~~l n~issiotl ivhicll came in Septcnlhcr I 914 to lay t1lci coailtl-ys ILIISC lor coi~lplaitlt before N a t i ~ t ~ a l(o-crr~nic~lt was ieceit-cd with sympathy 2nd respect The lrcsitlclit i ~ l his rclly resei-red our decision in the aflnir It xvas 1-11~oxy course e coucl take without an abrupt dc1artle from our most treasured tradi~inns of noilintcrferei~cc iil Old ilorld dispute Iu the smp~i-liy of America went o r ~ tto the I3eigiani in (1cir lcroic trlgeciy ancf from exTcry section of our lalid tlloiie col-ti-i1iiions and supl~iics of food a~dcloti~ing ~ ~ o u r c d o v x to the Co~lnlissi~liior lielief in Tlclgiurn which was ut~tfcr the ablc iiia~i~geiile~~tof our fellow cotintrymen abroad

Still the thougllt (jr tzking at1 activc part in this Enropcan T Y I L ~ T ~ S~-cry The Nation haretii~r fro111 1110si of our t i l i ~ ~ d ~ it11 ti~c 1resilent the I)elieC that by ~naintainini a sirict ictrality we co~ld best serve 1uropi nt the etid as ii~~parti li~ccliators

iiut ill the very first days of the war our Gsvel-nrnent foreav I l i i corilplicalions on t l ~ cspas nlight put us ir grave 11i_ of I i i ~ ~ gdraiirri into the cocflict No ae~tral na t im could fot-e- til wliat violations of its vital interests a t sea might he at-tcr~icYl by the )clligei-cnts A I I ~so on Atrgtist 6 1914 OW

Secictary of State dispatc~ed a11 idcnticil ~loke io a l l ilie powTcrs Illeii a t ~nllillg attellti011 to the risk o ccr-ioil trouble7721

arlsiilg oollt ol this uuccrtainty of tlcutrals as to tllcir naritime -Ilils a~l t l jlroposirlg t1ltt the 1j~cltration of L01(011 be 8c-~ ~ i ~ i c lI)y all natiot~s for the duration of tlic it-ar

] 2 - - - O - ] --zI gt 7

W o w e k e W a r a m - t o A m e r i c a

But tlic Uritisl GocrlirnciitB respolisc while rrtpressi~ig sympathy with tlic 1)urpose of our suggestion and declniirg thcir kccn desire to consult so far as possible the iut~rc~sts of ncutral countries utlnouuced tlleir clccision to adorit gi11- erallp tlic- I-ules of the Dccl~ratiotl in question subject to ccr- tail1 niodifications a d additions wliich they judge inilispc~lis- able to tlic eSii~ie~itcoxduct of their naval opcr~itio~is 111ie

ilccl~ratiori llatl not becn iridorsed hy ail)- p0ivc-r ill tiale of pc~ccallti [l-icre as no legal obigation or1 Great Bt-iiairi lo

accilgti i t l ler -Leigt- ho~veer was disal~poitlting Tor it (lid 110~liillg to clariIy tlc sitib~aiion Great Eritairl rccogni~~ i hiinding ccrtair~ long accepted prirlcil~lcs of internatioi~i li~i

anri soitgilt i ~ o w to apply them to the peculiar and uilocsccrl c)iidiio~ls oE this war 13ut these principles i-ere oftell ague tnd thercloic full of datlgcrous ~)ossit)ililics of frictiol

Cinlro-irsics soon arose hctrccn Great Britain ancl his Ka-ion In practice thcir ruling sorilelirne sccxricd to our Co~vr~i- i~lcnt ilconsistcnt ~ r i i h the spirit or i-t~lcrnalionallaw anti es1)- cia11y iTitll the cstal)ligticcl prcceticnts ~liich thcy irirok(d i3 i i i

ainiul as this dix c-i-gcncc of opinion soinetiiics was i~ did no irio~~sll for the issucs that threaten our l~ositiotl ol nc~~traii~ ~irosc invoiveti only rights of propcrty and ere ampl- cox-crctl by the ar)itmtion treaty signed nnlj- a short t im i I~vlorck Creat Uriiain and the United States

h11ti this coniroversy let1 to a clearer nnc1crstmding or1 ot-

part of the British a t t i ~ ~ i d e tolzard our idenl of the ir~cdn111 )i the seas ihep iert not willing to accept our classificatiuri of

tlic seas 3s being distinct from tlie Old rorld 1J7e llad con- f i ~ ~ t dour iiicrst to nlattcrs aEecLin rights a t sea and had 1cpt c~reiullp aloof fro111 issucs aflcet ing thc intcrrsts of Eurcjltan r~tions on land Tbe British ere interesied in borh i~~ csplained that they had participated in th r Lonclon mi-ai co1-ICrencc in the hope that it woulti lead to a sound ailcl iilrni entente in the interest of the right ol ail nations on tkie sea tllii on the 1and as ~ ~ 1 1 to rnii

and that they had reluscd i t

1onrlon 7)cclarntic~a 1)ecausc no conlpeirstting accorri on tic Continent hat1 reuled fhc could not iflord io clecrcac t sillltlng xtT-er of I l i ~ ~ i r llcig[lbojnavy nniesr tflcir poxcr[ul 11riti ag~-cd lo t1eeictsc t~cir arnlies

W o w t h e W a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

Il~at this I-iitucle ol Iltriglaud deeply ini1)sessed our Go~crrc- ~ne i l t is s1101-11 by thv illcrearing attellti011 givcll by tlie LJniteii Stales t o tlic searell Tor ways and rncitls of irlsuring at t h c en(l of the war 3 lzstiilg pence For ali Xlc vorci ihe adc1rcis oi our lrvsidcnl on AIay 27 7916 I~cTc)reC h i Icag~uct o Infc~rcc Ieaccx mas a 1~iilcstolle in OUT ilistoiy flic lLl~ixi pl-i~ ~)~ltli~((l ciplcs 011 which a stable pcacc i71ust I-c2it~)~itcipicspai11y illdi-catilig tha t izjs Nalicj11 vo~d hii-il to give up its position oC

isolrttion ant1 iSiLlmc the -vpoi~iJ)iiti~s uf L world pobvcr illc Iresitlerl t aid

SO s i l l c ~ i - ~ l ) ~ thirgi iiilj f Lire 1ha1(it) we I)ciie-e iicx a i l

I spen i 1 ~ ~ sicn iviic~ii 1 sal11ii1iclant1 wish of tl i)cgti)ltof X n i ~ illat llc GniLil States is cviiiing to iL~eomca ~) LI ~ I IVI ill a t ~ y ieasi)lc association ol ~ i a l i o l ~ s Iormcd ill ortier i o rc~lize tles ol~jccls and makc tlierri scciil-c a ~ a i l i s t violationl

I t wts a IWT- and s ig l l i i l~a~ i t Ittl11)ii ill our forcig~ipoiicy the rlintl ol lilerica hat1 1elrnctl liiuc11 i l l lhc lorlg i)itlcr nliont ii of xi li~uturc llistori31is will nialcc vliarrs of iliis renarl~l)ic ex-olui inn ill our gradual ~ ~ l ) ~ i ~ d ~ l i l ~ l e ~ public opiliicz l11 o l the illusiotl 01 isolatior~t tic slov gro15th of L ~-calizttion tha t hvc could t i i i i vil Irecclolil oi s r ~~-for 71s a vital ircrc~~gt---uailc~is we consented 1-0 do our la-t ill ma i l~ ia in i~~g frccdom oil ali~l a s ~ s c l l a i ~ t l h a t me c~uitl not 1it~c pcacil iii tiiv ~~ i~ l - - t i lt peac vc lovctl a1ci ~iectictlTor tlc pcrlcction I[ nilr dcnocracb--u~ricssiicl x e l c w i l l i ~ ~ g aud preparvtl t o 1iclp to resirtiu a n y nL1-

tioil tia vilif~111y ct~dangerecl he peace 01 the whole ~vorld fauiiiy

IPatl this addresb of tlie lrcsident i o ~ ~ l ei~ciorr t he mr ii(r~ TT-ottid haye ariscrl t storin of protest fronl all scvtiolis of tht larld gut it1 l l a y ~ c ) r ( ~ilie V~llioiis respormc ~vls el-npliatic

l i the mealtitnc~ aithortgh our tlcutral rights werc not ~ ~ r o u g h t i n ~ o(l~~ltioliby Ckrmally as cariy a s b y Itlgixnd the (crman co~lil-overywas irifiniteiy more srrici~s P(Js an rilsattlisiotls iliat rnilyht arise no a l- i~it~atiouti-cltt

cxis~tibct~veesi hc Utiid Stat ampid the Crb2rln~n Oo~-ei-ti~lcri( t l 1 l-a fro111 110 1111( or OLI~ [IcI ~ i l c t r i ~ r lto ~italgtli~il 11-i111 G c r i i i a ~ ~ y si~ne t ~ - t z i ~ I K ~ U viit11 G r a t iht reIitio~i

H o w t h e V d a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

urjaill 1 ) oti-icr ilatio~is Ctit thx o-c-trlxs nd Iecn rej(ccd inl(l t l ~ i s aclioil 011 (errlanilie pirt ol tile I r~~pcria l (Iov~riirric~it3~ of ii s wllolc systetn 01 diplo-~ i i l yone es~~nlpc rnacy I n lot11 coi~fc-cncesn t 111~ llgu it l~tl hecll tlle (Icrrnntl t1clcgxtcs wix -crc tlie ~lcist a ~ t i i - ~ in bircking nil pi-oj(cls Ior liiv 12~cific sct titiilcl~t disp~tis l ~ v i ~ r e c ~ natjoils They 1itd l~il~ri-vd i~cr~i~tional rcaio~is to tile olcl to 1iiit mutlcs (if dip1or11aty a i ~ d 1-ar It n n s iiicx-clforc cgtvio~~sfrom the first lint any co~llravrsy wit 11 tlc (er~nail (o-er~line~~t ~xioald i)e cxccicirlgly serious lor if i t coacl not be s o l ~ e d hy direct dil~lon~lic cci11ver~ation~tiicre ltas no recolrsc esctpt to V72T

Pr-oil sue11 crlii7ciii~n tlli-ih is sinal hol~iof s~iisftctory results tiill~ss thc gooti faith ol botii sitlcs is l)roEo~~nd If either itle I~cllts good Iaiii iir re-czTs i ~ all its actions all in- sidiocs hostiit dilot~~cyis of no avni And so i t has proved in tl-IC ~~rescr i t easy

In flie first year of tllc Val- t l ~ e Cgto-crnnncnt of Germany stirred up anlong its plt-opIc a fccliilg of rcscntmcnt against the U11ltcd Statcs on acco~uit ol our iilsitcncc upon our right as a n c ~ ~ t r n l thc hclligcrent po~vcrs nation to trad iil nl~rnitions ~ r i t h 0ir Icga1 right in thc ~lat tcr -as not seriously qucsiioned by Cgtrrmatiy Slit could 11ot have clo~ic so corlsistcntly lor as recclitly as the iiakani Vnrs ol 191z and I g r 3 Ioth igtcrmany and lustria soicl niill~itio~ls to the bcligcrenis lieis appeals to n iri the preserit war $ere not to o b s c r ~ ~ e interi~nfional law but to re-isc i t ill iitir intcrcst Anti t l~csc appeals they trictl to malte 011 mora1 and hul-r~aitaria grounds But up011 t i ~ c rlloral issue il~ol-ecl tile stai~d taltei~ hy the Uilited StaCcs WLS c~ni st~lltwiil its traditiollal 11olicy xnd -it11 ol)vio~ns coilinnou sense ipor il with a11 othcr neutrals XTC

rcfuscd to sci ~~llliti~ls io i)e1iigerc1ltsIVC collld IICT~CTill time c)f a vnr of our own ol~tain tnuilitions from neutrals and the nation ~vliicli Ilad accr~muacd the largest rcscrvcs of war sup- piic in timi oE pcaca votild be assured ol victory Tile nlili- tlrist ctstc that invested it money iu nrscnis vould be at a fatal advantage mrcr 111 frec pco1)le ~vlio ivcsicd tlleir vcaltli ir sciiools 10 siollltlwri1e into intcrnntional lalt tiat ~leutra~ 1101 trat~iu l1l1iliicls ~i( 1c to lancl over tle Tvclrld to Ille

rule 01 tic niiol 7vih the lnrgcst arllnrncnt factories Slrcl a policy the Ul~iiecl Steic of ilmcrica could not accept

But o11r pri~cial coiir-o~cr-y sith the Gcrnlall (gto~er-iimc~~t aild tllc one vhici~ rcnticrcd I situatioll at once actlic rose out of tllcir allzoullcerrli~iit of L s(a z o t l ~ illere thcir s~lhnlai-incs would opc1-at ill violatia~i iI all ncccl)tcd l)i-iticiplv of irtcr-11a-tii)rlrl law Our- ii~digilatio~ Fa soon i-cil~lctd a t such 7- liiltat passioi~alc1) the sinlti of tllc Iztciitrliiil Iiis a t i acllt up011 OUY righls WIS l i ~ ionly grossly iicga i t dcficd thc ftriltlirctil c)~~ccl)lsof h~nanity 12gg1-~ati1ig rrslrniilts 011 0lr trzt]( wcrc gricanccs vltliicll coultl hc settled by litg~tiotl sfter the war )ut tlie x7ailtoi~ t n ~ r t l c r of liaccll)le iilell ancl 01 in~occnt wornell axti cliiltlrcn citizcils of a liniicll xiil~ y~hicii Cci-iia~ly xt-ns ~)c ~ tcv ngairlst the civiiiied woi-Id which v-as a e~-ii~ic coid ne-cr 1c sctticd iri aiiy cott-t

Our Cgtrvc~r-nrllcnt t ticsire tc pre-however iilspireci still )y scrvc pcacc il possible used e-cwy resoulce of d ip lom~cy to force the Gcrrrlan C~orcr r i~~~ent Thisto ahandon sucl attcks diplo~iiatic corl-cl~onclcrce whicl~ has ampll-cady gt C ~ Z Ijgtui)ishcd pr-ovcs beyond coi~l-~t tlat oilr 60s-ertln~c~it 115 ctr- 110-s o ~ ~ g h t orzl)c- mc3aii to prescri~c F~itll it1 hat ~ n ~ t u a lsiiccrity hciivccn nations xvhicli is l i~c only t~asisof scjur~d d i ~ 1 o u ~ ~ i i ~ ilrte-clarye

J i r t i iitlcl~ccof tl hnc f~irll of tc Irn~lgtcril Germmi Gcv-el-ijcit soo~ pilird up 911 every Iand TIoles cLforts on 0cr 11irt to esiahiisll a firm basis oC gooil zivig11bo1-Iinesswith the ( k r m a n pcopiv were met hy their (ovcmrnent wit ci~dbblcs nisrclgtreerila11ol7s lid cnli~itcr a c e ~ q a l i ~ i ~ ngaillst thcir enc- rnicls al~roacl And rilcanr~hile in this country ofiicial agen ~s oi illc Cvntral 1onc-s----~-oteitcltl Crol~ ci-ilincil prosecution hy ipjo~r~~tieimmunit)--c~~spircd qainst 011s i1terniil 2lace 1)j~cctlspit and agents pro~ocaturs tiisolighout the lcngll1 R I I ~1jre~dth of ot~i- Ilcl and cTen in high 1cisiLon 01 trust ill r ~ ~ ~ I 3 r t l ~ l l t ~OUT (o-eniilent Ib-hile ercpressing L corcialof friclndsl~ii for tilc people oE 1lc Uniteci States the Governlilent

(el-lll~il had its age111s a t 1vor1 both in Latin me-iea ant1 J~LK lhcy ko11g11t or subsidized pnixi-sa~tl sapported cLtcrs ~ I I L T Cto rouse ~ i l i ~ i - ~ ~ ~feciilj~ of XI-LC~(1isril igllls uc i n tios~friciiclly nitiotis ii 0-ciirr li c~ilbroi us in Ls Tliey ~ ~ i r s e to in i ~ i c i t k ~ g int~s~-~cio~~Cul)a iil l-l~iLi lid i Sailic Domi1igo tlieir hostilc harld V L ~ strctclled out to

W o w t h e W a r C a m e to A m e r i c a

b k c the Da11ish Islands a d everywhere in South ilmerio~ they were abroad sovirig tile seeds of tlissensio~i trgt-itlg to stir ulxoilr natioll against atiot 1ic1-ant1 dl ~gli~isttlie Uliit(d States 111 t l~cir sun1 these various opcritions nn~ourlled lo direc ass~~iitiq)o~i t h ~ (IOCI-~II~IOIITOC A11l igte11 ii we had gicl~ up ottr right to travel or1 t l ~ c a we llad s~~i-ret~ccrcrl cvcn if lo (crrl~n tlireats and ai~~ndotieil i t i l~ i -o w lcgitilnate ti-zdc i~ i jo~is the Cerlr~all offcmsivc ill the Ticw ii~~c~-liiour ov11ill

lantl i~ld nlilolig our tleighbors ivas becoini~ig too serious to bc igliorcd

s o long as i t was possible the Go~~et - i~ i i a~ t [lie i i ~ l i t e ~ lof Sta1e~ tried to 1)eliel-e illat such activities the e-iilcic~ of which was alreacly in L large measure a t halid were t~c ivoiilt or

irresponsible arril tuisguided indiritiuals Tt was olil 1-cl11c-tantly in the face of o~erwlielluitig proof that the recall oi the Aust-o-I-iul~gtriiti a11~1~~szdor (es-ti~al mili-~tr a i d 01 ~ 1 1 ~ -lr

~lava l attacl16s was det~landecl Proof oF their c~lli~iilai vioin-iiotis of our hospitality was presented to their Go-crirlerl- But these Gover~ti~e~lts I-ep1~- no a~ologies ncor (lidi l l offered they issue reprimnnls I t becarrie e1tar that such illtrigne WLLS

their scttled policy 111 illc iiieantinne ilie aitacks of the Gerinan sui-gttinrines upoil

the lives atid propert 01 j$me-ican citizens had gone on the protcsf s ol our (overiinierlt ~ c l - e audnoi sha-11 and o m i n o ~ ~ illis Nation was rapidly being draw11 into a state of nar As the 11-esidcnt said in lopelta 011 liebi-nary 2 r 9 I 6

We are not going to invade ally nations But suppose l i ly fellow couutr~7nien sorile natioti slo~~lti ill-acle our rights vlIat ttLell T iiavc come her to tril you that the

dilic~~tiesof otr foreign policj- x daily i~lcreaseili tiutilbe~- and inlricac and in danger and I would he derelirt to my t l~i ty to you if I dii not deal with you in these ruattcrs 1vith tiic utmost canclorj and tell you what it may be necessary l o use lie forie of the United Siaics to do he 11cxt day a i St Louis he scjgte]tcd iii n~nrrliirg Tlcdangclr is iiot il-o~ ithiil gcntietlleil it is 1-iiii vit l~ou i j ci i ai X)ounl to i-211 yo t~ t l i a ithat danger is cosiat oild in-xrnediatelot iec~ica15j-tliir~znew has hiLjgtpenetl not ljccazise thcie lias 9 iecri ail chae i i i our illtcrnatinta relatioristlii)~ liirin r-cceilt ~ces 11- tiigttitSil~ mi l~cca~ise of eventsihe danger conies wit11 every t ~ r l l

H o w t h e W a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

ihe breait would have tonne sooricr if our Go~ernincnt had not been restrained by the liope tfiat sailer courlcels might still prevail in Germany For it is weil kllowil to us tha t tlle (gterrnan people had to a very lai-gc extent heen kepl in igiliarailce of tiiany of the secret cri~rles o f against us their Co~crt~ix~ent And the presctlre ol n factio~iof (crlnair 17uljiic orriliioil less hostile to this coutltry as sliov-JI vhir~thcir (gtovcr~~ineut LC-

quiesceti to solue degree ill our- ticiilantis it tlle tirue of the SILSS(~Xotltrage ant1 for nearlj- a year irilintaii~ctd ai lcast L

pretecsc 01 o1srrving the plccge the- i d il~ltcici o us Ille tes~sioll was ahatcd

M7lli1e the war spirit 7 ~ 3 gsoiiiig iii oiilt tLciolls of our Natioil there was still iin ivitles1)rrad desire o i ke pa- in t11c colliiicl abroad for tlie tradiiioii oi r~oniii tcrlc~e~ieeiii 15uro1es political affairs TI-as too dccpiy ~octclti our li~tio~ial1jf~ to bt casily o v e r l l ~ r o ~ ~ ~ Alorcovcr 1vo otller collidcrttioiis strcngthenc-cl our Govcrnrr~int in its efforts to rciilaiii ilcutral in this m i - Ibe first as our tratlitiolln sctlse oi rcsx)i1i- hilit)- to~vard 311 the republics ol the Xew ITcarld l l~roi~glio~tt the crisis our C~ o - i i i i l e~~t was in constalit cor11111tunicatio11 wiih tlic countries of Ccntral ancl South itriel-ica l l~ry too pry- ferrcd the 773yC of pcacc B I I ~therc~uan a very obvious o l~ l i - gtt ioii 1ipo11 US to saf~gnit-~l Ihctlzcir intcresis iih orlr dwtr second considcratios~ which htd eel1 so oitcnr iicvclolgtedit1 the Prtsitl(~its speeclies ~ v i i sthe hope that bj keeping alool Irorn ilrc bitter passiolis ahroad h)- prtscrvi~lg untrouhlcd here the 1ir)ly itlcals 01ci~ilizctli~iicrcourse hetw-ecn liatioj~s we nlight be free a t the end of h i s war to l~inti u p the ~Olllt~ ol the coiifl i~t to l x the t - c ~ t o ~ e r s ~i the zcc~ltc~~ ~fiilld ~ ~ l ) t ~ i l d t ~ ~ ~ t ~ t ~ ~ t t l l ~ ti~c i~or l t l

All these illoties held us hack but it iis t ~ o tlong t11tii we ICL-C j)csct I)) furtlier ronlp1ic~tioris Vii soon had wasoll to iriic-e that t11c recent C O I I ~ ] ) ~ ~ ~ Y I C C ~01 t1it 12~1-II~ILIIC~o-crnmtii1 i ~ a i i~ i o tIitii tilade to us in good fiith tilii iis only telnpor~r~ a11c1iy itle cnd ol r i ) i 6 it iis p~in thii our ~wuil-al status hilt1 tgiii 1ec11 ilide utlsafc (hrougll tl7c eves-i~rreasirg aggrcsiix- I(gt of tllr (gternla11 ~tccrtc) Ihcrc u2 gcnernl agreeriletl h~i-c~ i t l - 1thc statcrncx~it cf oii- Irciiilirl or-r Ocoher 26 ~ c j r f ~

lll]j lliis cc)~~lic ~1111 i~ ll-ei[ -ltlri ~ ~ ~ I l i ~ i gthe V ~ ~ l t lill

vi~iclie cot~lrirclilaii i~cutrll

i i was in tlii f rtllt oi i~ili flariiig wc tilight he dra~~v11 i ~ l t o the war if i t did not sooil co~lie to at1 enti tha t the Ircsidcnt l)cgzi~ tllc ~jrcp~-ati~n of Itis note askin tile beiigereilt polvcrs to tleirlc fllcir 1zar z i i l l~ Ijt~ii 11if)1-c he Ilad coinplcted i t L l l ~ woriti Tras siirpriscd by tllc pcacc r11o1-e of the Gernlan ( h v -crrillcnt--nl iclentical note on hcliall of the (gterninn Itril)irc husiria-Iliirigary Bulgaria and lurcy sent throiigli rlcutral povrs (1 iicclr11)cr1 2 1916 to tlic go-csnnnents 01 the Lllics ~ ) i - o p o ~ t i ~~icrrotiniions lor peace Tf~ile rvprcssirlg the TY~I

to (~il this i7ar--a catastmphc ~vliich thoussnds oi ycars of conliiiol cii~ilizaiiot was triable to j)re-cnt ancl ~ r l ~ i c l i i11j~rcs 111( ~ o s t prixcio~~s s U I I ~ ~ I ~ ~ L ~ grcntcracliii~~cmcntof -tlc poitio~i of the 11otc w2s couchcd iri term that ga-c sniall hope of L 1~sting peace i30astig ol C1-eriila11 coniqucsts the glol-i~s d c t i s (t 0111- arnllics the ~Y(te iinplai~tecl it1 neutral rnii~ds the bcicf that i t was the purpose of tlie Impcrial (hi-- 111axG ~ ~ e r ~ l ~ ~ i e t ~ t as ~vould lia-c 10 insist llpon such co~~ilitions I Cintr-a Turope 1uide1- Gerrilanl don~innrlcc and so build up an 1rnpirc i~liich ~~orrld l~icilacc the T-11ole liberal world

llororcr the Gcn-r~ati proposal mas accoinpai~icd by a tliiilly -c~il(xd thrcat to a11 nciti-a1 r~ation~s and from a thousrllld soi~rcc oKicial and nnorficial tic Ivord canie to TVasl~ingn t l ~ n t iinlcss the nclrlrals trsctl tllcir i~lfluc~ce to bring the n-nr 10 aii cid 017 tesrr~s dictated from UP-lin Cer~nany and 1cr allies xvould consitlcr t i1cnlsc 1~~~ free fronn any1iencforth olgtigatior~s to rcspcct tlie rights of neutrals The Kaiyci-orclired the ileutrcLis to exert lirc~ssiil-c on tlie I3ntcnte to bring thc Tar to an abrupt cnd or to bc~varc of the conseclueuccs CTgtrtr warilngs werri I~rought 10 oitr C1-01-ernrucnt that if the (gtc~-lianp c a x n1ovc shoultl not c succcsslu the su l~ inar i l i ~~ ~rciald gtc rllllt~shcd for a rliorc intense and ruthless Irnr rllgtoil all conirnrcc

0 1 1 tc tlle Prcsidcilt tlispatchec his I(ltr 8th of Dccelr~l~cr l o all tlic Igtclligcrc~~t tllcnpowers ~~skig to define their wlr ~ims Ii~ere was still hope in our rr~inds that the nlutilnl us-piciotls bctwecnl the vtrring powcrs inight he dccreasec and he menace of future Gerniarr nggrcssioil and tlominatlce be ~criix-edhy iiiiding n glarilty of good faith in a Iengrc of bJaiois Ihcre M-asa chance that tile creation of s11ch lclglli it )Lf 0f tilllsquo I)CaCC ll~go(iatiolls tic war could icJ i r it

brought to a n end before our Nstioli Tvas in~ol l -cd 11vo statc- mcnis issued to the press 11y our Sccrctary of State upon the day the note xvas tlispatclct tlirexv a clear light on tlie ser-iotls- ness ith vil~ich our Go-ern~~lc~i l ~iencd the crisis

Proltl this poilit events nlo-ed rapidly llze IioTvcrs of the ir~[elite replied to tlic C-esrlnn peace tiotc Neutral nntiois tool action on tlic note of tlic Ircsidctlt and fro111 both ljellig- crenis rcplies to this note yere sooil in o11r ha~ids

Sl~e German reply n-as cx~asi-e-i~l accord bvit11 their tmtli-

tios~al irdcrence for diplomacy hellilicl ~ l i i ~ t ~ l Refusing(lours to state tci the ~vorld their Icrms C~rt~~ii ly and lier allies nlcrelp ~np(~secla coilfcrcnce fhey atljourlled ail discussioll (f any plzn for a league of peace ~ i ~ l t i l aftcr liosiilities shoulcl end

1lt lic response of the Intcne I7owers Ivas frank a d in 1iarmon viitli our principal purlme iIlly c ~ u c s t i o i ~ ~ -aiscd in the state- Iiint of their aims were o l)uril Iurope~tl in c11tmcter a s to have sniall iritcrcst for us hut our great concern in Gtlropc was thc lasting restoratioli of peace ~tlti it -as clear that this was also the cl~ief interest ol the icntcnte iations i is o the ~visdom of some of t11e nieasiris they pmposecl toward this e ~ l d we riiight differ j i l opiiici~~but tile 1rcrd of their proposals 1v2s the estabiishmeilt ol just frollticrs baicd on the rights oi allnations the snlall a s well is thc grcat to decide their o~l-11 destiliics

ihe aims of tlie beiligeretlts were nor becorni~~g Fromclear the outl~rcallt or liosiiities the Cern~all Go~ernmcnt had claimcd that it was fighting a var oi clefenst But the tone 01its recent I ) ~ O ~ gt ( gt S ~ ~ S I t sought a pcacc based had been that of a conrjueror

c t r y -lt1lie ccnira1 c1lpires aspired to extend thcir doini-

naiio~ wer other races They wcrc iling to ~ n a k e liberal terms to any OIIC of tlieir elcmies in a separate peace nl-hjcli would r thcir halids to crush other c~ppotlcilts But they wcrc not L L L ~

i-iIing to accept all)- peace ~vhich did not al fro1lis cotlsiclerccl iet-c l_licm ~ i c t o r s nncl tiic dominating il-riperial power of 1urope 1lie 1 ~ 2 1 -aims of the Gtitenie showed 3 detirnltlatiotl to thwart this anll~ition of the Tmpcrial Gcrmarl Go~crnlnent Agaitist thc Gcrriiali Peace to Iurther Ce-tnnn gro-tli aitl aggression tlie Iltntente Po~vers ofrered a p la~ l for a Iltllsr)li~a11 leace t i n t sl~ould rnake the whole contilleilt secure

At this ju~zcturc he Iresident I-cat1liis 3ddrcs~t o tlic Senate on Janti~l-ji 2 2 1917 in IvhieIi 1 1 ~ot~t l i~ledtlie ji~ld 01 peace the

102575 -17- 3 15

U11ited States of America co~tld join in gual-anteci~p Ilis -orcis were addressed not o~l ly to the Senaic and ihis ratiorl t)ut to people of all countries

Uay T not add that I hope and believe flla I a m in erfcct spe~killg Tor ljberals and frienrls of humanity in every natioil aiitl oC evcry program of liberty I xi-ould fain beicvc that I 3111 speaking for tle silent inass of ~nanltitlct everyvhere who 11avc a s yet had lio plaee on- opportitnity to speak their real i i c ~ ~ r t sout concerning the death and ruin they see to h a w (illlc alreaciy up011 thc persons and the homes they hold most (L~L-

Ilc address was a rebuke to those who st21 cherished dreams of IL vwrld dolr~inat~ed For the peace he outlined by one nation WLS 1101 that of a victorious cniperor it was not the peace nf (ncsar Tt was in behaif of all the world and i t was a icacc of 1 lic IcoP~

IVo peace can last or ought to last which does not recognize LIICIacccpt thc principle that governments derive all their jzst powcrs f r ~ r r the conscnt of the governed and that no riglit ~ii)~vhererxists t o halit1 pcopic about frotr solcreigllty to sn~crcigtlty as if t hey mci-c properi-ji

I ~111propnhing as i t were tlmt the nations sho~ci wit11 one ziccord tiopt tIi( doctrinc of resident ampIonroe as the doctrine of tlic vorld t ha t no rvaion should seek t extend its policy (I-crany other nation or pcopic but that e v r y people shottid x lcl free to detcrmine it 0x11polity its own way oI del-eop n ~ c ~ t ~ t 1111thi-c~teliecan~i~~dcred 1-11lafraid t ba little along vi i l l

t lie great a x 1 po~ve~-f ui I ttn proposing that all iiations hcnccforth avoid entangling

alliances which would draw then1 into competitions of power cal(11 t I~em ill a net of intrigue inti sellish ri-tlry and disurl~ iIilir 0vn afiuirs i-itlx inluences ititruccd iron1 without iilei-c Is 110 enta~~glii lgallinnct in conctrt id lonrer When all unite to act in1 the sanle scilsc and with thc same pilrpose all act in the c o t ~ l i l ~ o ~ i interest ant1 arc frcc to lix-c their o ~ v n lives nr~tier a tonxInoti protection

I tin proposing governrncnt I)y the consent of thi goeriicd ilkat irctiom of thc seas rhieh ill jntcrnational coiifcrcuce aftcr confcrcncc rcl)rese~ltati-es of thc United States ha- urged ~ri i l i

f I o w t h e W a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

ii eloquence ol tliose w1lo are the eonvis~cctl disciiies of ii -r~y ~iiclthat moderatiotl of armamcn~ which 1iikcs oI aitries i~l

11lvics a I)OT-CS lor order merely not an instrument of aggrcssiin o ol selfisti viole~lcc

Zrrtid tlic patIls of the sea ITIUS~ alike in la~ii and ir fact iic 1rci Ille irecdoni of tlie scxas is ille sine qua noil ol peace icualiy arid coop(-ation

I t is a pr-obl(m ci)sely connectecl 1-ith the ilnit~tionnf ~ain ariuament and tlie cool re ratio^ of the navies ol tiic -clici iil keeping the seas ~11 oxice 1rre ncd safe Ant1 t i i x cl~cgtliiin (E iiriiting naval arrnameris opens the witlcr and perhaps szzore clfiiicucjustio ion oC the iiraitaiiorl oi a r t ~ ~ i c s and or 211 progrrr

oi ~ciliiary preparation 1licrc can I ) lt gt r i c scbilltii safety ail( c q ~ ~ ~ i i t yamong the nations if p a r ~ ~ t c p o ~ G c ~ n ~ arr~iineiits xre I~cvlcciort-h to co t l t in~~e to be itlihere and the- LIIXUIC~ maintained

L xferc agreements n n y not make pcaci sccvrc 1 wfil bc absou~~lyfieccssary txt a force bc crcntrd a I guaranicr of the permaneiicy of the scttlerncnt so much greatc1r tila11 thc iorcc of L I I ~ liniiorl -low c1igacd or any aiianccx iiithcrio Losncd c r projltctcti tlint no nation no prob~~ comliiaiici oi 13iiocs cc)ilti face or iritiisirt~~diL If ihc yc c e prcsctii iy to b e 71iad

is L o end~rr j - ~rrlust he 3 peace nacle sccrrre Iy tl-tc orgxiizcc tnnjcjr force of manlti~id

i f iere vb7c-rcany ilouhi ii our ~ilillds as fo xvliich ol the grcat ili~jlccs was ihe iiiore iil s y i ~ ~ p a t h y these idi~ls i t ix7as rvih -iiiored b y the popzllar rcspoilc 3b~01ld to I[Iiis Llt~~CSSI tii

iresjilent or ~vhilc excetticli vib laiten to soiie paris cil i

in IJ~iiaili and Ixanec i t ~ i a s plain rhat so far a iiie peo~iligt of i-ile Entelite ~ ~ c ~ - c Iresitic~nt iad been iiipicoicer~leii tilc iu-tiiied i l l s tnti ~ ihat 11 sp)Li for all 10-vard loc~king 1iici-21 i i 1 i It -is i~) i Q iil (ennaxly tiile 1)erq)ic tlicl-e ~ 1 1 0CLLI~ 13~ r-~~~ihi(l liearts vcli-c~ i l lt iwlrose stil-rcd by this enunciation of il-ie pi-itcipes ol a pcopics peiice wcrt too lcw or too opprcssecl to 1ilak~ their voices heard i the cot~lciis of t l~cir ~ia~icin fliready oi Jliiutry 16 1g17 uilhi~on-n to the people oi igtertla~~yIIcrr irnner-inan their Serretary of 1oreigr-t Aflairs had sicritlq ifi~pltrltcd L note to their minister ill hlexico inforniiug I1it11 ot the Cgternlrtil inteliiotl

to r~pudiate the Sz~ssexpledge and instructing hiin to offer to the J I e s i c s ~ ~ MexicoGovernment Kew illcxico and rlrizona if would join with Japan in attacking the United States

I n the new year of I 917 as throuyh our acceptance of world responsibilities so plainly indicated in the I-rcsidentls utter- ances in rcgard to a lcaguc of naions ive felt ourselves now drawing nearer to a full accord with the porn ers of the entente and as on the other hand we found oarselves more and more outraged a t the German Governrncnts nlethods of coricucting warfare and thcir brutal treatnient of people in their conquered I31id5 as l i e tllorc and more uncove~ed their hostile intrigues ag i i i~ t the peace of the New Wolld and above all as the sriiktcr and antidc~nocratic ideals of their ruling class became nlanilcit in their maamuvcrs for a peace of conquest-the Im-perial Cerman Governlnelzt abruptly threw aside the mask

On the 1a5t day of January 1917Count Uernstorff handed to Mr 1ansiilg a note in vhich his Governnicnt arlnot~llced its purpose to intensify and rcnder nlore rutl~less the opc~ations of thcir su1)rnarirles a t sea in a tiianner again51 wliich 0ti Govcrn-nrent liad protested f rom the beginning 1he German Chancel- lor also stated hdore the Imperial Diet that the reason this ri~t~~sspolicy had not been eallier einploycd vras simply because the Irnperial Goxc~lr-rlent hncl not thcn 1)een ready to act In brief under the g u i ~ e of flielidship and the cloak of false promises i t had bee11 prepariilg this attack

lhis was thc direct challenge There nras no possible answer except to h m d their ambassador his passpolt5 and so have clone 17 i l l a c1iplomttic correspondence which lzacl I~ecn vitiated from the start by the olien proved bad faith oi the Irnperial Gox einmcnt

011tllc s a n e day February 3 1917 iEse President addressed both Houses of our Congress and announced the complete sev- erance of our relations with Germany lhe reluctance with which he took this step as evident in every ~ o t d 13111 ciiplo- mncy had failed and it mould have been the hollonest pretense t o nlaintain relatio~ls At the same time 11owe-er hc inade it plain that he did not regard this act as tantamount to a decla~a- tion of war Here for the first time the President made his

sharp distinction bctwecn government and peoplc in undemo- craiic lands

Wc arc the siiicere friends of the German peoplc lie said and earnestly desire to lct~lain a t pence with the Govertlment -liich speaks for tlie111 1 h God grlilt TX-e nny 1 ~ eliaicilgeci by acts of wilful injustice on the part of thc Gov- ernment of Gcrt~iany

In this adtfress oC the Iresidctit and in its i~idorscmeilt t ~ y the Sellate there vas n solemn warning lor re still had hope that the Ger~nan G o ~ e ~ n i n e u l to itri7e us to -ar 11igllt li~sitat( Eu t i t wn soon cvicleiit that our ~varning 1i~tl fallell on dc3f CLSS The tortuous -ays anc1 nlcasls of Germall official diplomacy were clearly ~lioiri in thc negotiatioiis opelied 115 tlleti1 tlirot~gh the Sniss legation oil tlic 10th of 1cbrunry 111 ljo word of their proposas clid the Gcrnian Govrilrnent meet illc r(xl issue between us iind otir State Deplurtnlcn replied tllat no niiiior negotiations could be eiltertaiiied tntil the maill isstle had been met by ihc -rvitlldra-al of the submarine order

I3y the 1st of hiarch i t hat1 become plairl that the Imperial Government uilrestrained by the war~ i i~ lg tile Presidents i l l

address to Cbr~gress on kebrt1al-y 3 was deterinined to nlalte good its threat llie President tlien again appeared before Coii- gi-ess to report the ciex-eiop~ilent of the crisis and to ask the a l p ~ ~ ~ a iof the Representatives of the Nation for tlie course of arniect neutrality upon vliich under his co~lstitutioilal authority he had now deter~iii~wd JIore than 500 of the 531 mci~lbcrs of the two IIouses of Congress shoved themscl-cs i-eady and ai~sious to act and the Arined Dee1tration -rroultl have 1)eeil accel~tetl if i t hacl not bee11 for tlie l e p death of the Sixty-fourth Congress on illarch 4

No overt act llo~vevei- was ordered by our Governrneiit until Courlt Uci-nstorfi liad reachcd Ucrliti anti Xi- Gerard vns in TTashington For tllc Gcriiiai~ allbassatlor on his departure liatl 1)cggcd that no irrelocable dccision slioud be talcen until lie had had tlie chaiicc to ma1e 0ie final plea for peace to his so-ercigii We do not Iltnov the riatul-e or his report t o tlie

Kaiser we kllow only that eve11 if 11c ltept his pledge and urged a n eleventh-hour revocation of the s11h111arine order lie was ullablc to slvay the policy of the 1iiperial (over~itnent

H O W t h e W a r C a m e t o A m e r i c a

kid so laving exhausted every resoul-ce ol patience our Co-er~ltie~lton the ~ r t h oi RI31eh fi11~lIy iss~ted orders to ptcc arnled guards on our trlercl~a~it ships

riih the d(2fitlite b~-cai ill diplnmatic reations there vat- isiictl tile last vcstige oi cordiality Co~ard the ltSo-ei-~lmcnt oC Ccri~n~012 at t i t t~de ivas now to chs~ige So l o ~ gas we halt ~ri~lintaincd st riet netttralii-y in the mar for the reason a that C ~ ~ C I I I T I J ~ Y ~ C C S havei~light arise in which Europe vocld lcitiof an irpz-t il ~iicdialor~ give11 omciai lrcti101- us to h a ~ c to t l ~ caec~isationsof either party ~voudhave hcten to prcjudge the case hc4ose all the evid-eilce was in 8vt no- a t last with ilc 1)reakilig oi friencIy r-elatioils with the Gerirlall (I-oi~rli- l i~cut ~ i - ewcrc rclieved of illit oppressive dtity of endeavoring to mai~iaiu a judiciai ciittchment Irc~rll t l ~ c rights and ~vrOilis involvetl in the war ~ V C vcrcL110101ig1r the outsidc observers si riving to hold nr even I~aance of j u d g ~ ~ ~ ~ i i t tiii-betweeti prtlfs 0rc pari7 b direct ~ttaclr upm our rlgilts siiilit-ertics was forcing us into the conflict And niueii as we lad 1iopcd to b i ~ pout o the fray it -ilis lo little rciicf to h free at last frotrl that rrlserre wiiicll is espccted of a judge

lrch evidence 11ail 1gtcc11 pl-eicnied to us c)f thirigs so 31)-

horrenr to onr ideas of ilnl-rlanily that thcy had seenivc i-cretiiule i h k p ~ iri hac becn Ioatil to believe aild with hc-al-y l~carts~ v ehad sougl-ii to reserve our jutlgl~lent Iiut with the breaking of relaionswilh the Gosr~~iient of igtcrinany tIlat duty at last ~72s erlcled Cl-lc perfidy of tiiat Goi-ernmen i it dealillgs with tlli Natiori reliived us of the neccssit)- 01 striving to g i ~ ethem the I)cnciit of the doubt ixi i-cgarcl to ti~cii c i i ~ ~ i e sabrcrati Ihe Covciumeul which under covwr of )to

fut 13-ofessions oi Iricndsliip hacl tried to einht-oil u i t 1 ir wit11 Pcxico acd Japai~coultJ tist expect us 10 bc-lic-vc it good faith in other ~uattcrs lhc men whose paid agents d--ltamitcd our factories here were capable of the inEanli -cx-

portcd against them OVCT the sea Iheit Govcrnn~elitsj)lo-

testztions that their purpose was seif-delense anti the Frceil~g 0

sinall natious fell like a house of cards belore tllc re~lelatior~ oZ their peace terms

6 f I s ~t h e $Tar C a m e t o A m e r i c 3

H O W t h e W a r C a m e to A m e r i c a

dealt nit11 11s and xviih all mankintl And so out of these years the coilvietion has grown that until the Ger~ilan Nation is di-x s t c d of sucli rulers dcfiiocracy cannot be safe

Therc rcillaiiled but one eleixient to confuse the issue 01ic otl~rigl-c2t nutocrncy the Government oC the Iiussian Czar h x l long Icc11 hostile to ircc institutions i t hacl been a strong- oltl or tqi-mi~ies reaching far back into the past and its prcs- cnce aillong the Allies had seenled to be in disaccord with the great lihcral principles they were upholding in this war Russia liad been a source ol cloubt Iicpeatedly during thc conflict lil~(ircllT$~I~oI)(hat1 been starilccl by the news of secret accort1 hei~ecn lie Icaiscr and tlic Cztr

But now a t this crucial timi for our Nation on the eve of our clzt~onccinto thc -as the free Inen of a11 the worid were thrilled and l~cartcaed by the llelvs that tlie pcople of Russia had risen to throw oif iiieir Government and found a ncw democracy and the torch of freedom in iiussia lit up the last dnrli phases of the ~itLtti9~labrltjaCl Here indeed was a fit partner for the League of Tloi~or Ihc conviction was finally ci-ystallized in American milids and llenrts that this war across the sea was no mere conflict 1~et~vecn dynasties but a stupeildous civil war of all tlie world a new ca~iipaigiiill the agc-old war the prize of which is 1 Here a t last was a struggle in which all who love free- ciri~ have 3 stake Further ilet~trality on our part would have been a c r i ~ ~ l c against our ancestors who had givcn their lives that we might free

he -orlcl must ic made safe for c1cnocracy On the 2d of April 1917 the President read to the new Con-

g r e s lhis message in n~liichhc askcd thc Representatives of the ation to declarc tile er-istence of a state of war and in the early hours of the 6th of April the House hy a n over~vl~elmi~lg vote acccpcd the joint resolution ~vhich had already passed the Scnr~te Vile-cas the Imperial German Go~~ernnient has conlrliittcd

rcpeated acts of war agaizst the Government and the people of the United Statcs of Alnerica Therefore he i t

1~csoli cdby liie Scnnle and Ncuse of Refirescntativcgtr oj the lYiifcd Sfafec of Amcricn i ~Co91qressassemblcd That the sttte of a1 1)ct~recn the United States and the Imperial Gerinan Co-cln~nelltwhich has thus been tfirust upon the United Statcs

I o w t h e Vat- C a m e t o A m e e - i e a

is crcbq- fonlally declared 3 1 ~ 1 Ircsidclltt112t t h ~ he a11d 11c is Iicreby tttihorized and dircctvd to enlploy the cntirc naval z ~ i d~llilitary lorces oC t he U~lilci l States and the resottrces of thc (ovcrililc~~t to carry O i l TYLS agai11jl tlic 11iipci-ial Gcnnan GoT~cr1imclt and to bring thc co1fict to L xcccssful t(~i11ill~- t io~ nil tlic resources o l thc country ire I(-rvhy p1ctlicd t)y tlic Congress of the Un~ited States

Ncutmlity was a t h i ~ ~ol lilc past Thc ti1ru1 lic~~1coiili wl1cn tl-I Irclsidents proud prophecy -as fulfillctl

ltr 71 (reuiZZIcontc thaL dity zlhcr ihe woiLd 7 i i l ~ ( i y 711 ic A ITI~~~CL

ihnt we ilzoitght was fill1 of a nultiudc of cciiifm~ cou~zrcls pzow sf)eclfzs~9Zth the gleilt volz~nc oJ tlze licizrts itccnrd nitd tlzcit g~iLhi~iLof L497~cricadzns behizd it tlze s7~fiic9nc 1izo~c11force (1)

~igzieo~i~n~issadhoke alzd the libt~tjo nuzkiild

APPENDIX I

r I r ~ ltSI$X~ ~I~lke vi$l3~e~ltii 01 ~)el~l)cl-1 a(ictrvscit zii ~ctclltic note to tlc glt~ci-llillci~cS tlle

~~ $ ~-~r~ l ~~~l gt ( gt11

il~)lis I() jt t I i ~ 1 1 to 3v~r j -clt~~est i~g t tat^ IllCjrc d ~ 1 i i G t d ~ gtI tlc x Jz(i c-i l gt lt - c ~ ihtatcltl by eit11~1- 01 b ~ l l i g ~ ~ ~ v ~ t i ~VOII) tllv t ~iL1 I[I))L-)jjii tile I OII~ it t 0 i l l ~ ~ k ~ ( k ~ l i l l gt l gt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

phampcp 1 [gt()kc 011 ijlt~~lf l~ t i i ~~i i t~- ~f rights 01 811L L I ~ t l i ~ ~li t l -~j I of wiic)si 1110st vita intcrcst ~atio~i ( j ~ i i ern I ~ I ~ I I lt illlt t7ar p ~ i t ~ic)stai j-oardgt Il ip icntral 1oicr~ ~~ni t i t i iil a rel)f) ilici e~tril rkci-cly t11it tlih)- err i-cntly LO JllcTt t11iii- a~~t~g(iiict io i1iscuis t c r n ~ s of Iwacc l i cc)r~ici-~ice he Iitciitc Ici-crs ia-i c)li-ci rc~iclniigtt-i tlefil1itc2iy anti l l a ~ ~ c stntcyl ill ge~~cgt-j t e r i ~ ~ s irrtieti 1111 c v i t l s~rilicic~~tdifi~litciicss to ilil]) tlctaiis the i--al~gcrriciilsguaIciLs ailtl act cr

rlti~~-tiioi~ t o I)cgt tlxc intlispcnrt~ie cor~diligti-lcl li~e ccc~i~ Of 3 ~ t j ~ 1 8 ~ ~ ) ~ ~ i( I gt l - l ( ~ ~ ~$ ~ L ~ c ~ I I c ~ ~ L art tl1lt IiCL4rVY a ltltfi-l ~ i l ~ gt[ l j c ji ~-liicii all id f~ ~I-~SgtII- Ilt~lisecp$~~ lliltbz1i-p tht ~ l l ~ ( l i liVampii [fit ~~SIII S~OI~of f11~iii~crli-1lioi12 aac~it vliii-ll 1iiist tltwclit-r iiod tlre vorlti at caei Ii cti7cry tlicstioli of tllc l)c~cc t1aii iiist iii(l tili iat- it i-)tLLltl

g ~ ~ ~ ~ t i ~ ( l 1 ) ~ltgtIIG+CCI sltgtiiic ltllt-f i~l i t~gt t111t i i~t gt(gtZClt 11qk Igt col~c-io gtcgtwCri ] i f i l iiil iliilt( it -irtiaIly ilrllocsilc tiiat t l ~ ~s~iltlitziasirop~i si1o11lc1 c v ~ i orcrn-hchn 11sagain Fgtvvry 1o~~c1- e17cry jil11c ~ I J C l~ot~gllll~~ 11u~t tat(of ~~-i~nlltinci I J I L ~ ~

t~aLoi-grultrtP T ha-(amp s ( ~~q l i t this op1)orlulit) t o addrcss (ti because i

il~tiu_litillat oictl i t t o oil as thc oinncil asscieiated -iih 11i

ill t h y lit^] (lttlt-iiii~li~i)tl iilLerr~~tiolal olAigalicn~s t o lt)f OIil

tIiscloe tci gt-tgtuii t l ioi~t retciic tiic l-io~~gt ill( jurposctliai li~ loccii talig XI ~iii(It(i 1 1 1 ~lut of ouiorlil in In)- ~ i l i i ~ d Co7lt-r~iii(~~tiii tllcgt (lays to couc 1yilcn i t ill bniiesat-y to i ~ i

la L ~ I - L S ~ Iai~tlI I ~ ) O I ILL ncLvpiall tlic iouniialolis oi jicrtce anlong i I t lt ~iitic)~ls

11 is irconcxcialc tliat tile people of tlic Uuitvc1 Sta tes slljtli [gtla iro pi I-t in tha t great cntcrprirs Jo take par t in suc l~a

A d d r e s s e s of t h e P r e s i d e n t

sw-ice v r i l l be the opp0rtuoiry for 7i~lichtfey hz-e soglt L) - prc~ixmt11c~1lis~~Ivis 01 rlic-l-h y tlle very princip1cs a1lC1 ~)~~pojrs

1~I i ty aiid tlic q)l)ro-ed practices of their Co-criilllr1ii i-~j

siiicc tlie days whci~ t l ~ e y sct lip tic5z I L I ~ ~ I ~ Iit1 ihp ligli i1oiou~abte 11opc tliat i i liiight it1 il tillit it VL ad ditl sliltti r~la~iii~d to 1iI)cl-t ~~il~~~iithe vay llic~y cat~liot ill l i( j~ltjt~r tii sitrvice to ivhicli tIlcx- arc no-alout to be cliicllgcd TiIyu do 11ot wish to ~vithhold it But they O V ~ Cititkeme~tsid to ti other ilaliolls o the ~ o i l dto state Llle coiliii(l~s11il~ ~ ~ i l c hthey will feel free to rcndcr it

I r1hat servicc is nothing less tian tijis to amp(il u ~ e i ritijiv-il j~

ar~cheir poivcr to the aulo-it)- aiii fpi-cc of cith~s ~jiioi io

g u a r a ~ ~ t c c th( ~iorlt i St i~l i +-1eace nild j us t ice t i i-o~~gl~out L

i1cnltnt can not now Itc icjr~g o ~ i i gt ~ ~ c d I i is riliL tiL I I L ~ ~ it cnliies this Govcrnrr~cnt 1)ud f r tt~ilyfor~ilr j l ~lelie coil i -

t i o x u p o ~ l ~ilich it ~vottii iecl justiiiccl it1 askirlg orr rople I)

SDII~I~ 1) tapilrove its iorlal LD-I lher~il~e 1~aglicfiir Iltiilt I a x here to attetilp to state iiiosi ca~liiiiolt

lile prcsext war Iiiliiit Grst be vtliicc ~ I I L~vt owc ii io cardcrlr airtl to a jnsr regard for lit tjjgtilliltgt~ soof ~ilttlkincI tigt I i li~~ far AS our ~) t r t ilt- i~j ~~t i~~~ 01 f(~(~ U L K L I ~ ~ V ~ S ~XI(-( is c(i11-~ C r l l ~ d ~ C ~ C L ~ iil ivhit -say 111lt1lgtc)(ii t I I I ~ ~ lt C S~ I - C Y I ~ (d ltiifci-(rl~~ wvh~ttcr~ls i t is erdcil ll3c I-(aics I iil i~grciilcillt iiicii briiig it ti an ctid n ~ ~ t s t tix-ns ~+~l icI~ t)ciCic u ~ l ~ o d y Yii crctc a t11~tis ~b-0~111gi~a~amp~ltcciig ~ i ~ d l)igtcctl1at vii])~-ygtrrvil~g ii

t he ~pigtro-alof li~~niiiii not ~nc-ciyt ~jeni(iih~i~ i lserve i I

scgtlrcmi irltel-i~iS tld jllllile~3i a j i ~01 Ill iaiOlis ~11~igici Ve shall have rio voice in t1etcrniiiling ivIlni ti~oscilcrn~s sliili

be i11-~iwc shall I fec1 sure IIL~I-C t v o i ~ t l l i (lter~liiiiitig ~ l i ~ i i lt ~ -

they shall be nlatle Instiill or ilot I) i l ~ e g ~ r n ~ z i ~ t c c s a u1i-of versai coi-ensilt 111tl otlr j~ldgi i l~i l i is iit~idancltairlpctn ~ l i a l ind csseniiai as a condili)ii preccltltil ( per1ialliitc hotiltl spoken low not afterwards ~vleil i rila be ioo Inti

K O co-el~niltof cooptraiire 11c~wtiaf d i~csi ~ o ti~lclrcle t i l t

~)colgtlcsof the Xeir Vorld i o 1ccp i ~ ~ l u r c ~can s ~ ~ i l i c c ie saf against var nlid ltet iicl- 1s on) i-[ )I )e~cc tha 111~

~)colgtlesof Xrizc1-ica coud j(1i1l i t i gunt-~li(ej~iglllt clcliietit of iilnt peace ~xiust be clei~lillis t l i i~t iTlgigc t l i ~ C ( I I ~ ~ ~ C I I C Cid satisJy tile pri~lciples of the Anicricari gocrli~ueiit ee~ilct coilsisterit with their political hit11 and witli he [)I-~clealcoli-

A d d r e s s e s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t

victions tvhich the peoples of Ainerica have once for all em-bracctl ailtl uildcrtaken to defend

I do not Inean to say that any Atnerican government would throw any obstacle in the way of any terrns of peace tlie gov- crnirieiits now a t war might agrce ~tpotl or seek to upset them when l l l ~( i~ I only take i t for granted ~vliatever they rnight he tllat lilere term ol peace between the bc1ligereits ~viil not satisfy eyen thf belligcrcilts thcinscloes hlere agreements may not malte peace secure I t will bc absolutely necessary that a force bc crcatetl as a guarantor of the pcrnlallency of tlc sett ie~l~ellt so riucli grcater than t ~ c force of all) iiatioil liow engaged or ally alliance llitllcrto loririicl or projected than no nation no prob-able co1il)inatiou of 17atioils could face or ~vitlistancl it If the peace p x ~ ~ i i t l y is Lo elld~irc it must be a peace ~ i iade to be ~ n a d e s e c i ~ ~ e by t ~e orgailizeil nlajor force of manltind

11lie terixs of tlie inimediate peace agreed UI70li will dt CrIllille whether i t is a peace for which such a guarantee can be secured t 11c c~ucsticn upor1 irliich the whole future peace and policy of the world depends js this Is thc prcwnt var a strt~ggle for a just ant1 secl11-e peace 01- oiily for a nev balaiice of l~oicer If it be only a struggle for a Ilev btlnncc of po-er ~ v l ~ o ill guarantee vho call gilarzntec the stabic ecluiiibriurn of tlie new arrange- ment Only a tra~lcluil l$itrope can be a stable Jlttrope Tliere muse not a t~alance of power hut a ~ o ~ ~ ~ l i ~ i t i l i t y of power not orgailized rivnlrles but an orgailizcd col~mon peace

Fortuliately xvc have received very explicit assurnnces on this point he statesiricn of both of the groups of natioils now arrayed against one anot~er have said in tcrrns that could not be rnisintcrpreted that i t was no part of the purpose they had in nlii~d to crtlsil their ant~gotlists But the inlplications of these asslrrances limy not i)e cq~ially clear to all-may not be the wnle on 110th sides of the water I think i t will he service- able if I atteinpt to set forth what mre uiiderstantl therri to be 1hey imply first of all that i t must be a peace without victory

I t is not ple~sant to say this I beg tliat I I I I L ~i ~ epcrinitied to put lily o iv i~i n t ~ r j j ~ e t a t i o oxpon i t aicl that i t Inny he understood that no other i11te-pretation was in 11iy tlio~~ght I a117 seeking only to face realities and to face the111 r1ithoit soft conceamei_ts Victory woultl mean peace forced upon the loser t victors teiiris itiiposec itpoi1 the vanquished I t ~ rou ld be acceptctl in 11t1nili-

~i lo t l u~lder duress at nti intolerable sacrifice and worlld leave a sting n reseninlent a hittci ~r~enloi-y upon which terms of peace would rest not pennaiiently hut only as upon quicksand Only n peace between cqunls czn last Oi11y a pcnce tllc ~ e ry pritlciplc of which is equality and a conlmon participatiotl in a

t 1)enefit right stae of mind tlie rigllt feeling C G ~ I I ~ I ~ ~ I I lhc hetween nations is as necessary for a lasting pcace as is the just ~~itlciiieliOT T-excd yucstio~ls of territory or of racial and ~lntioslnl allcgiance

-he ccluality of nations upon ivhich peace 111~1st- be foulldecl if i t is to last must he an equality of riglits tie galmntees ex- changed lnust ncithcr recognize nor imply a difiererlcc l~ctmrcen big 11atio11s and small between those that arc po~zcrful and tliose that are weak Iigiit 111ust 1)e l~ased upon the cornrrlotl stresxgti~ not upon tlie individual slrel~glh 01 tlie zlatiotis upon whose coi~cert peace will depend 1quality of territory or of i-esoui-ces there of course cannot he nor ally otier sort of equnlity not gaiiled in the ordinary peaceful a ~ l d legitimate developnlent of the peoples themselves But no one as l s or e a ~ ~ c c t s ~nything rcorc than an equality of rights 12Innkind is looliing now for freedorrl ol life not for equil)oiscs of pover

ilrld tliere is a dccl~er tliitlg illrrolwl tran eve11 cclunlity of right among organized i~a~tiotlsK o pcace can last or ouglt to last Tvliicl~ docs lot rccognizc a ~ i d accepl the priilciple that governments derive all their jlst po~~vcrsfrom tlie eoilsent of the governed a~icl that no rillL a~lvlicre exists to I~LLJICI peoples ahout Iroln sovercinty to sii~-creignt) as if t11ty wcrc property I take it for granted for instance if I 1lay cnttirc up011 a single exaruplc that statcsmcn everywhere a-e agreed that tlicre should be a unifcd illdependent and autotlonlous Iolarlcl an( that hcnccforth i~lviolablc security of lift of orshi ship and of industrial and social development should he guaranteed to all peoples vlo have livcd hithcrto undcr the power of gobern- me11ts devotcd to a iaith and ptlrpose hostile to their o~i-11

I speak of titis not becaase 01 any desirc to exalt ail abstract political priticiple wliich Ilas always hen llcld very dcar by those vcho have sought to build up liberty in Asi~crica but for the same reason that I have spokcn ol thc other conclitions of pcace wliich sccnl to nle clearly ii~dil)cnsal~l(~-l~cca~~se wish frankly to uncover realities 121147 peace wl~icli docs not

rccoglize and accept this principle will itlevitably b e ul~set I t -ill ilot rest upon the affections or the convictions oi inan-- kiil(1 Che fcrillc~it of spirit of vhole populatiotls wil fight snbty anti colistantly agxinst it and all tile worlcl M-ill sS-niii- Ihc- world can be a t peace only if its life is stahic ancl thcrc call bc no stability where the will is in rebellion whcrc t1cl-c is ilot tranquillity of spirit and a sense of justice ol it-crlotn and cf right

$0 fa r as practienblc tiloreover every great people now s~~-ugliugtowards a full developnlent of its resorlrces and of its powers sliould bc assured a direct outlet to the great Iligli- IIs crf the SCR Wllcl-e t l~ i s cannot he done by the ecssior~ of territory it call no doubt hc done by the ~leutralization oi tlirect rights of way under the general guarantee which will assure the p e x c itself With a right conlity of arratlgenleiit no tlacion t~ced Ilc shut away from free access to the operi paths d the worlds eolitucrce

And the patlis of ttich sea must alilce in law and in fact be fre The frccdotli of tfic seas is the s i rw quc~non of peace ccii~aiity aild coopcratioli No dolrbt a somewlint radical I-ccolisidcratio11of many of the rule of iilternationtl practice hitliertci tcught to he established tilay he necessary ill order to nlake the seas indeed free and conlrrlon in practically a11 circut~lstaricesfor thc use oi mankind but the ~riotivc for such ciialiges is convincing and cotnpc~lling Lhere can hc no trust or intinlacy hetween the pioi)lcs of the world without tllelil 1l11e frcc coilstatlt ~11th~-catzncd natioi2s is 811inirrcorlrse of ezsc~nlia i)art ol the procws 01 peace and of tlevrlogtii~ellt I t 11ccd not he tlifficlllt citlier to dcfirlc or to secure the irccdonl of the seas if tIic govcrnmenls of world sinccrc1~~ the tlcsirc to colile to a11 agrccrneilt coilcerning it

I t is a pro)lctli clobiily connected witli the lirnitatioii lt)ina~l armaments and the coopcratioll of tlie lav vies of lie ~vorlltl ir ltcel)ing tlie seas a t oncc free ant1 saie A l ~ ~ ( l queqtio~ioit i iv limiting naval arrnatncnts opens the wider arlil l)trh2~)~ Illor( riifficnlt cjucsiioti of thc linlilatio~lof arnlics a11d ol all p~ o- graninics of niilitar~i prcparatio~i 1)ifficult aild delicate as these cl~i~ampioniarc they I I I U S ~ hc iacctl wit11 the utmost calltlot~r and dccidctl in a spirit of real accornliiodatio~~ if pcacc is to co111c wit11 ilealing in its wings ancl co~ilc to stay lcace ea~ i t~o tl ~ c

A d d r e s s e s o f t h e P ~ c s i d e n t

I~ati lvithout co~lcession n11d sl~crificc I1ii1-e cal be 110 scan (I Lc y a ~ l d eciuit cbilollg II n~iltilsif gscit prcjcll(icraiing al-i~llallllt~a rc l e t l c ( I ~ ~ ~ ~ l I t cLO coiliill1lc iicril ailcl t]lcrc Ir[ill 1113 a n d tnaintaincd Ihe of tstnivsrr~cl~ w(i-ll unilst I311 for peace ald IIL~~OIS1111i~t acij~isl l~l( t1lCir i)olicy toa c ~ o ~ i i ~ ~ ~ o ( i t t r i t a s t i ~ ~ x y hsve ltla11ied Ior nlr ailti Ii~atte ~ecj foll)iilc cull- tc-t a11tl rivaIrgt- Iic of L ~ I I ~ ~ I I ~ L ~ U ~~ ~ h ~ t l i ~ rq ~ l e ~ t i o i ~ gt or1 larIci or sea is the 1rroii i111ni~tiiaicly n r ~ d irltr~ilscxly 1)tariicil clucstiorl co~inettecl xvith 1-lie ful1c rc~i-ui~csof x~tiols lilcl oi ~ i i a ~ l i c i ~ l ~ l

I lmvc spolccn uporl tilesc jiiat1niitcr nitllo~it ~c~s~~-i i ~ ~ ( l vriL1 tlc utlliost explicitllcs itcraisr i l lias scclllci i (1 ilic f ( I I c necesiary if t l ~ e worlds y e a r ~ l i ~ g desire lor pc1tce iris a l l j ~ ~ i ~ i b ~ to find f-ii vicc at_ltl u l i i~ra~lce Perliilps I an1 iiic o l l l~ pilrcni iii high aut1io-iY L I T I O I I ~ S ~ ~ C O ~ I C S is 31all t l i ~ of I ~ c ~ v o r l dn11~ Lihcrly to slwzk and hold notlling k~ck 1a sealltilig s an intlivitlua and yci I i111 speaking iiso oi CO~IS-SC re-as the slgtol~siljic~ICYLCI g o v e i - ~ ~ ~ ~ e n t of a reat m ~ c i1 iwl c-)~~j(ic~ll illai I ha- said $-bat ihc ~co)l c ui tlx IJi-iitcd States tlor~lti~visilic

t o say Xry 1 1101atitl l i ~ a t I h o l ~and i~elicvc that i ~III is effect s i~raking lor Iihrrr~ls and iric~lct of liruatiigt i ~~ ~ - 2 1 y nation aritf ol nvcry prrgralulnc cE lii)crty I rlo~ild k t i ~ t be- lievc tiat I an si)ralti~lg Ior t hc silcni najs of i112iiillti vlrv -

vl~cre ~vl io i~avc3s l-inti J I O piace or oj)port~riii 1 0 sl)enli tlleir real hcaris out coi~ccrt~i~g the dcatli a n d ruilj ti1iy sctr t o ha-c cotnc alrcacly u l ~ o ~ i tilt pcrsois 311(1 tli 1011i(i t11ry 10(

1110si clr11- L~l ( lill lioltli~lg out tie cxi)cxct3ion t l ~ ~ tt i l e people lun+(oc-

csfitncnt of thc Uniteti States ~riij)i~ithe otli(r ii iizl 1i~tionls of t l ~ cv~oritl in guararliticilg tile lltrtilliltlicc of i)caccgtLI~)CII~ u c l i ti1rrls a s 1 have rl~~ncti1 sjcak wi t i~11111 gcatcr I)oldl~css a n d col~ficlc~lcc it is c1~a1- 7nail I lo CIII think that I ) ~ C B I I ~ C t o CYltI-

tli(arc is ill this p r o i ~ ~ i ~ c l 110 ~ixtri-~i l l cil ~ I I -O L I I - ts~ltiili)s~sor ( j t t r

poiicy a a r~afion~ 1-iiil~cr vc I~tve hrri a fr~it i imcr~t 01 ill 111~

prolessed or strive11 for I a m ~ s u ~ ~ o s i t ~ g illat tile lialiqris sl~otild Lviil~ o ~ ~ c a s i t ~ ( i - e

iccortl adopt the doelrille of Ir~sitl~l~tLl(lroc ~ sl i l y loclrine of the vorld t ha t no 11ition ~ i ~ o u l t i see 1 ) cxtc~r(lit polity oT-cr an) other liatioll or peoplr 11111 t l ~ a t cvc8t-~ ~coljlc sllot~ltl I)c it frec t o dcternii~le i ts o ~n polity ils (i-ll waj oI lt l c v i l o ~ ) ~ ~ t ~ ~ t

unhi~ideretl uilthrcaielled unafraid the little along with the great and poiverfill

I an1 ~xoposing that all nations henceforth avoid entangling allancs wlicli voulil draw tllern into co~npetitions of power catcll tlielll in a nct of intrigue and selfis11 rivairy and disturb thcir ovn aflairs -it11 influences it1trudid from without There is no c~ltanglir~g When all unite alliance in n concert of power to act in the sttllle sense slid with tlie sanle purpose all act in tlc cotririlotl interest and are free to 1ise their ovn lix-es under a c o l ~ ~ i n o ~ iprotection

1 ti prol)osiig go-ernmetit by the conscllt of the governed tat freedom of the seas whicl in international conlerence after coniPcrence rcpresentativcs ol the United Staies have urged wiil tlic ejccpience of those iho are the c o i ~ ~ i l ~ ~ e d tiisciplcs of liberty a r ~ dthat moderation of arnian~ents which makes of arnics and navies a power for order merely not an instruti~ent ol agg~essioil or of selfish violcncc

Phcse are hmerica~l principles Aillcrican policies We could staild for no others A ~ l d they are also the principles and politic of forward lookitlg rneil and rnoti~en everywliere of ex7ery i110clcrn ~iatic)n of every enlightei~cd ~olnmuilicy llley are the principl~cs ol sliankiild and ~l iust prevnil

APPENDIX 11 ADDRESS OF T PRESiDSKr OF THE UNlrED STATES DELIVERED AT

jOiNT SLSIGN GF THE TWO HOJSES 0 CGNGRESS ARIL 2 1917

(IX~IIIIY 111k ~ O X ( I lt I ~ S S

linc called tilt Cotigress i1to cxtmordinnl-- I)ccallsc t l l c r ~ are st1-iotr~ Vcl-y scric~us c i i~ices of po1icy Ic rilatlc ~d liiadc ir~~ilidiatcly which it was 11titlitr rigIlt nr collli t tr t io~~~ily assulne tile rcs1onsi1ilitY 1x1-tnissible t1itt I sould riali~g

Or tlie tl~it-tl of Icgtrcar-y last I officially laid I~eiot-c- yorl tli es tmordi~iary mliourlccl~lc~it ol the Ili7p(rit ( gt ~ ~ ~ l i l a ~ l (oVeril-mcnt that cn arid aflcr the first day of Lcrua~-y it iils i t s 1)arIiosc io p11t aside all rcs tx~inis o1 l a ~ v or of l iu~i i ~~l i ty ai(i use i ts subnari~les to sink e-cry 1-c-ssci that sought t o al)iroacll citlicr the ports o f Cl-eat Britain and Trcxl~d cir the wvstcrii coasts of 13uro~e or ally ol ilie porls controlled by the cnei~lic of Gcril~any ~vi t l~i l l ille 31cditcrl-atlcar~ lliat 11ad scenllccl to be the object of the Gertnan suhmarile warfare earlier it1 thc war but since April ol last ycar thc li11pei-ial Go~~ei-rlmci~t liad somevlxat resirairled hc ccm~l~~ndc-rs of i t s ur~tlcr-sea craft ill co~~lormitjri~ill its ~ironiise tlicll gi~rcll t o 11s tlat p~sscrigcr t~oa t sshoud not he silllk and illat clue -i-~~illgworlld t)e gic~i to all oillcr vessels which i ts suhliiaritic tiligilt st~sllt t o dvst ro- when no rcsistlncc vas offcretl or csca11 a t tcmpictl and carc talic~ii tliat their crelr-s were givc~a t least a Pair chance t o save tlicir l i ~ c s it1 tllcir opcn l~onts liie irccauiiotis takcn were rxcagl-e ancl i~alilaznrcl c~lougli as v a s l i i - o ~ d in distrcssitlg ilstance after illsist~tlce in the progress of the crliei and t lal~n~~ily b ~ i s i ~ i ~ s ~ II certaiil degrcc of rcstruillt xvas o l~se rv t l Thch ~ ~ t new policy- has swcpt every rcstrictioi asiic Vcssi1~of cvcrJ kill( Jvi~atever tlicir flag tllc~ir clinractcr Iticir cargo Ilicir ticstillation tiicjl- crrinc ha-e hcc11 ri~tl~l(ssy scnt to tile hot-tori1 gtitlout waming and witiloa thouglit of Icll) or mcrcy for iliosc on l)ortl the vcsscls of frici~diq rici~t rri along ~i-it11 tliose of Ijlligcrcllts llti(n ]~os~ilals l i i i ~ n~itl sliil~ GLI-ryillg 1-elic1

t o the sorely berea~-ed a n d strickell people of ILklgii~t~l t l lougl~ tile lat ter were pro-idccl wit11 saSe C O I ~ ( ~ L I C IIjirottgl~ the pi-o- scrihil arcas by tic ltgtirman Govc1-nuenl itcl lntl rere rlis-tiiiguishetl by unmistakalle marks ol idcrltit ila1e bec11 sunk ~vi t l l the satnc recldess lack ol colz~pas~iori or- of i)riiciple as for a lit tlc wllile unaf)le t o Ficiic~i i1131 stlcil t l i i t ig~

xvciuld in h c t hc done h)- ally go-it-~r~c 1xxi liitllet-t011- tIai s~~bscr i f )cd oi ci~iixitl t~iLiiii~s iiltes- tv ti~ci humane 1 ) ~ ~ c i i c c s nltliol1tl law 11d t o sct up some laiv i ts origin ii tlicl a t t e ~ i ~ l ~ t vtPich IvoL~I(Ih respcccd 1nc1 olcerved u ~ ) o t l t Iw cgts ~ h r e r l i ) rlaticin Iiad right of clominion ant1 -hi- la ilri f scc high -imys of ihi worltl I3y painiul stage afcr slag( 11~st h a ~a I)cren 1uilt t ~ l ) wit11 nlcagre cnougli rvsults l i l t l ~ ~ t l c~E1cr ~il zL

accomplishetl tha t could he aecori~isiicd lji aIvnys villi n clear vii a t le~rt oP ~17hatthe irart a n d co11icic~tlcc of in~~ilcincI irtlralldec Iliis ~l~irlitnuiiiof right the (erilian Go-erntneni ha wept aside rlrltler t h r 1)lc~ ol i-(tali~tiotland nclccssity a i ~ d 1)ecausc it liad no -vcxl)ois w l ~ i c i ~i~ e0111d US( a t scXl cLxcel) thcse ~vhich i t is inipossi1)lc to ciny)loy a s i t is emi)loing their1 without t l ~ i o i ~ i ~ ~ g to tli(2 ~ i r i d s a11 scruples of humanity or of respect for the ttnderstar~climigs tha t wcsr supposed to rl~idicrlic tllc irltcr- colrse trf the vorld I arn no1 nou- iliinirix oof tlle loss oi jxopcrty in-ol~cd i7liriciise and seriotls a s t l i ~ ~ ofis Iui onl- lie ~vSntolianci ilolcsale deist t-uct ion of tlc lives of non-conni-gtatan~s~ner i voincx~~ ~lld childrei~ etijiagctl iri urstrits which lrave tlvays evigtrl in the tiarkest periods of modcnl Itis- tory been dee~rletl irlnoccnt anti i e~ i t imute Ilrop(vrty ei~ite paid for tile livi of pcaccCu1 cr i~t i ii~nocellt pcol)ie cannot he ]he presrnt itcrl~r~rl t ~ a ~ k i r e i t i h ~ i ~ ~ i ~ i ~ l s ngailist co1iirncrre is a ~ a r f a r eagainst rrlankinii

I t is a Mar a ~ a i l r s t ~11 iiatiol~s 91ncricai sliips ha-e been sunk ~ i n ~ e r i c a i l ill Lvas iives t ~ i c e ~ i which i t has stir-red u vcrlr tleci)y to learn of bu t the ship arid l)eol)l( ol other ~ leu t ra l axd f-iendly uat io i~s ha-c bee11 s11r1k a t ~ t l o i -er ~~l~clnlcd in tiic ~x-atcrs ill tire samr vty

Iilcrc~has liven lli) tiiscri1~1ilatiolr

1hc clallelge is t o all mankind 15~cli lat ti oil tlitist tlecide ior itself how it ivill riiect it l i ~ cchoicc vr irlllte f c i r orlrsclc

111rlrt 1)e niirdc vitli t m~tler~tiot~ a tcmpcrati-oE coii113ci nul licss of ju(1li1eiit a i ai)clitCilg o u r caractcx~- a ~ l t l (gtill ~ ~ o t i v e s l o Lic ii1~1st p11c cxci ( (~~l i i i ~ 0 1 ~ r iolivc i5 i i lf c~i i i i~

IlOL be reenge or tile vitirious ascrli()l oi i i ~ ephrsicai lili~ll( of Ihe natiosi 1)tll o r~ ly tiic ~lidicatioi~ oT rigfit ral klu~llail 1iiit of wl~ich c-c arc only a single cl~arlll)io~l

WIIVII I atlilresscd t21cl Cos~grcss on t i ~ c trcuty-sixth iel-ruary last 1 thought t h a t i t rotlltl suli~cc to assert oul- n c ~ t - ~ l right3 Vvvtl lYillS lt)US 1-jllt tlt) 1l ic~Scs5 q x ~ ~ i r ~ s ~ ill-l l ~ ~ ~ b ~ v [ ~ ~

tc~lcrcnccour riglit to keclp 0111- people sr~icagaillst l11l13~j1l

~ I - T I C C ~ i t i i ~ ) ~ is~i ~ l ~ ~ gt i a ~ ~ ~ t i ~ ~ --iol~icc t ~ t ~ i c ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ I i t gt ~ L~)gt(~I-S

I i i w 311 effect c~ii~lan- ieli L-SBccausc iih~~~ariiii-s iil i ~ t ~ tirib ltrniail iuilria-inc5 hixe 1jccr1 usci ag-illst rictcllillt shjl-pin it is i1n~jossilj3e to dcfc-ritl sllips agairlst Iiiiii alracks us tlc la- oi ~iatioiis113 a~siinrcl t ha t s0111(1 ~ l c i e ~ i d rn~rcli~~ltlii~i

t hcms~~ivesaaist jri~ntccrs or cr~isirs isillc cralt g-I t11g chase ul~olithe olci sea I t is cooulic)li ~) r~dei~c ill sucll cir- cu~ltances grim cccbssity inltltecl to toc~ i t l~~ ~ o t i t~~irog tliill hcf0le tle)- hn I S ~ ~ C J L V I I 1 ~ 1 i ~ htlizii- Oli illl(ililtjil~ i l~e)~ be 3cJt with ui)c)ll sight il ccal~ i111at al l ( gt C T ~ I ~ L L I I ~ I L C Cltft-

c ru l r l c~~ t 10 use trii iviLliit1denies the right of I ~ ~ I I L I - L ~ ~ II the arcas of lhc sea llich i t Ilas iroscrifcd ieli 1 l I ( tlrfc~sc of rights ~vIijcli ilo 1ll0dC~il ~ u b l i c i s t has c-er k~c~loi-c cucstiolied tllcir riglit l o dcfctld Sirc i~it i l i iat iol~ is ~oiic~~e(l t ha t tlc armed guards vlich ye liave plaeccl 011 oily ~iercll~l~t sllips ~ v i l l be treated a s beyond the pal( oE 1~w a11t1 sltl)jl~t to 1)c ~Zezlt-wit11 a s pirate ~vouic I) Ilrsncii ic~~talit~ ii1cffcctua1i5

~ ~ l ~ u g l ia t bt in such cii-eurn~tance-i L I ~ ill tlcx iacc of sieii pretensions i t is xvorsc thmi i~icgtffectual it is lilitlj o ~ ~ i j -1 o 111-o-duce 3vl~at it was n i ~ a ~ ~ t t o prcc~t i t is ~)ractica)- certr~ii to draw us into thc war without either the r ig l~ts or tllv effc~ti-~-i~- II~ of i-)eiligerer~ts l i~c~c I I I ~ ~ yeis otie cioice I-e ~ a n ~ i o t a rc i~~capal)lc of lziaxing mre rill not cI~oosiy tlit pa111 ol sii-i~lission a i ~ t l sl~fc tile most sacri~cl rights of oilr 1i~tionttld 0 1 s

l~eopleto Ic i g ~ ~ o r e d lllc Lvrongs ~gliiist I-hich or violated now array ourselves a rc no comiuoli n-riings thegt cut lo lhc very roots ol hutliail life

IIitli a )rolou~~tl scli oi tlci ~clcri)n alllt c-c-i tragic21 clllraclcr of 1 11~stcp I am tiking and of t tic gI-axc rcsygtoiil-dl tics ~viiel~ it i~~olv(s o l ) ( ~ j c ~ f c ~ 1b t ~ tin iijlIicltilati~~ to tvllai t l~c i~l tiueyj i at-isc 111lt the ~o-iijir-ts my co~istiiutior~ai aiccltic3 Ill I-clctnt course of 1 11~i~i l~ er ia l ir~i~iicilt h i (kr-man (oi t i ) l i i

fact nothing lcss tila11 war a g a i ~ ~ s l all( l)eo~)ethe gorcr~iic~it

of tlic Unitcc St2tcs that it Ionnall ncccpt t ~e stattis cl hcl-liercilt ~vl~icl i upon it atld that i t take lln thus 1)ccn tlrust iiil~~ciiatesteps ut o~i ly the co~uitry iil s nnorc tlio~s~tgll to p ~ ~ t sttlzoof defcnsc biit 2150 to exert ail its ljosver and cn~ploy all its resoul-cc to ljring t11c (gtoverulilc~lL of the Ger~uan Ilrripirc to tc~l l ls xit l cild tli TTL~

YIlit this vili irl-olyc is clear I t will involve the c t n ~ o s t l)2qc+ iie cool)esaliol ill counsel a r ~ d action ~ v i t h the goirli- icr-~licnt io~va t m r it11 (gternn)- and as incident to that tlic csci~siorl to those governrlcuts oi tlie most 1ihcrll financial creclils ill ordr that our rcsoul-ces xlmy so far ss 1~0ssi1)le lc ndclecl to tlieirs I t 5-ill irivolvc the organizniio~l ai1l 11loliliza- tioli of all tile nlaterial resource of thc couritry to sulipy tile materials ol and scie thc it~citIcnta llccils of tlie ration in t-hc m o s ~ abunlant tild qct the most ccono~i~icril ant1 ci-ficient xvny l)ossi-lc I t vil itivol-i ihe immediate full ecj~iplncnt of tr ria-y ill all res)ect s but psi-ticuarlr in supplyii~g i t with the hcsf tntans tleaiillg ~$-ill tllc eii(111~~ cf S U I ~ L I I ~ ~ ~ I I C S I t will ill-ovc thc iilin~~dinte aclditiorl to tlic arrr~cd lorccs of t7c United 3atcs alreacly ~rcvidccl for by law it1 csc cif war a t least five huliclrcd ii~otland lneti ~vllo should in rny opililoli 1)e chosen u l~on thc 1)rillcil)li of ullix-crsal liability to sen-ice atid also the autlioi-ixaiic-ill of s~~ksccjucrltadditional i~lcrcrllcllt-s of ccjua for-ce so soon as they rnljr 1)c needed lrtl call he handled ii training I t vill it~iovc also of coursc tlic gmntitig oC ade- ciuate credits to tlic G o ~ c ~ r ~ ~ m c n t sustailicd I l~opeso Par a s tiicy cat1 cc~~ilal)ly t)e sustli~icd hy the present gcncratioi by xvell concci~ctl taxatioi

1sap sustnitlcl so far as ixay 1c equitable by taxation because i t seems to rile that it ~voultl be 111ost unxvisc to base the credits xliici ]-ill n o v ~ lic necessary entirely or1 I I I ~ I I ~ ~ Itborroi-cd is our cluty 1 ~rlost respectfully urge i o protect oar 1c1ope so far as we may against tile -icry set-ious Iiardships and evils which woultl 1)e likely to arise aut cf the ii~iiation wiicll would be prciclucccl h y -as loan

Iti carrq-iri o~t llic iilcisurcs by n ~ h i c l ~these things are to be ac~~~iililis~ccwc s11oull 1cep constantly it1 miild the 7visdoln cf ~ l ~ ~ - f c r i i ~ g n lit tlc ts jlossihle in our own preparation ailtl in thc e~ i i i j~~( i t tG F OIS ow^ military forces with t l ~ e duty-for Jt ill be a -(-ry practical duty--of supplying the nations all-mdy a t

l iar i i i ~ hGernniIy with the nlateriah wlGch ihey can obtain only froru 11sot 1) our assistance Iilc) alc in tlic ficld alcl ure shoul~l11lclp then1 in evql y lay to be cfTcctic tlicrc

1 4 ~ ~ 1 1take thc~ li~crt ol suggesting tll1011q11 the sc-eial ciccutivc dcpart~rlciit of tlic Coer~l~licnt fot i i ~ rco~iiitle~atioll of your cr)nltnittces I[rc3iiIlci lor the ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ l ) l ~ i r i i ~ I t of the several o1)jcct s I ha e ~~le~~tirti lcri I I ~ P ~ I L t l u t l ~iill be your pleasure to deal ~ ~ i t l l i ~ t ~ i i alter very the111 a i itvi11 l ) a ~ i ~ ( i careful t h o ~ q h t by tlic bt~licli of 111~~ I ~ ~ ~ O I L( O - C ~ T ~ ~ I I C I ~ ~ which the rcsponsii~ility of co~l~luctingtile Tar aricl sarcguarding the ntion rill i~lost clucctll fall

Mylriien c do tllcie t l l i i lg~ tllcse tlceply r~lonclitorti il~iirgs let us he v c r r cleal ai~c 11~1e vc1 y cictr i( all the world ha t our n l o t i ~ e s and olir objects at( l i y own thought hns not been d~i cn fro111 it habitual ad iiornlal coulse by the unliappg7 er ents of t rc 111gtilthlast t ~ o and 1 do not b c l i e ~ e tha t the thonglrt of the llatioil 1 l i ~been nlte~ctl or cloudec by t l ~ e ~ n 1 have csacily tlic sa~rlc 11iilgs it1 nlind llolTr tha t I had in mind nlicii I adtli-rss~tltile Scrllte on the ttgtenty-secotltl ol Ja1iary lac t l ~ csame tllat I l ~ ~ ( 1i l l mint1 lrrlien I adclrcsscd tllc Congicss on 1 hc third of February and 011 the t~tcil i -sirr 1 1 of ~ C I ) I - U T ~ Oetr o1)lcct nnn a t hcn is t o ri~lclicate the itlcil)lcs 01 gtpace and jutire in the life of the iorld as agai i~st sclfiih rind uutoclatic pones and t o set u p amoilgst the rctlly ilce and scli-governed peoples of the world such a co~lcc st of pur po-e ~c~cl of a c l ~ o n a s nil1 henceforti crule the obiclr ancc of t11oc principles Seutrality is no longer feasiljle or cioiil al)lr T$ hzrc th pence of the T$ orlcl i i iilvolvctl atid the f i cctlonl of it i pcoplcs a rid tile rneiiace to tha t peace ant1 Eiec~tlotrl lici i i l tile cxislcnce of ailtocratic g(-erntl~ei~t~ backer1 h y orgnni7cd Iorce ~vbich is c~iitroled whoily b y their $ill ~ o i tile i l l of llleir lgtcople Mre I l a ~ 01 n c ~ l t ~ a l l t e seen tlic l a s ~ v in s~lcli cit curn- stances We arc a t the begilinillg of all tqch in iillich it wlll he i ~ ~ i s t e dtha t tile satilc sa~i~artls of colidrlct ali(1 of rc-apofisil-iility lor wrong dorlc 51~~11 bc obscl cd alnoug nations and their go~crrn~cnts tha t are ob ic i r td an ion t l ~ c indi- vitlual ciizcn of ci l l i~e t lstates

Tire hd e no qrtavc1 witll the Germall peol~ic We llave

no ferling towards them but onle ol 51 rnp t i l y and friendship

A d d r e s s e s s f t h e P r e s i d e n t

It was not upon their imlgtrllse that l l i~ i l - g o 7 e r ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 altittl in cnlering this l iar I t byas not wit11 their l)re-i)~~ lt n o ~ ~ l -edge or approvaY I t w-as a war dc l e rmi~~ed111oii 3 itarb used t o be detvriilincd ~rpon ill t l i ~ old 111111a~)l)y vlic~ld~ 11eol)ics Treri no-licre consulted b)- tlieir 1-uler3 ~ n t l i-~r

~cr-c l)rovokcci a i ~ d waged in tlie interest of dyllastic o r )I little groups of aml)itioui mcli vho iveri arcuslolnec t o usti tiicir iello~v rllcn as IaTvvtls and tools Sell-govr ilcd ~atioi do liot ill t h~ i r ~cigiibour states n i th spits 01 sit tllc course of i n t r i g ~ ~ ci r 111iilg al)o~t sonie critical posture of slfaii-lt

vhich wili f i i ~ c thein a n opportu~l i t~o stri1r and nial~~x collcrcsi S1iih cesigr car1 be succcsslt11y vorkctl oct o~ ~tnc1tr coi-rr arltl where no one lias tiie right icgtis (ij~gttiotl Lvn~itggtcoltri~etl pla~is of drccl)tion 0 arcj~io~i(a~---1-ic1it I I ~ S L Vhe fro111 eneration t o gcneratio~ ciii h r uol-tl out slit1 kept Irorn thc light on- iiifhin Ihc p~-ivnc oi courts or behind the carefully g~rartietl coil5dc11ics 01 I

narrow arid lli~ilegctl class lie- arc i~al)pii- i~nl)ossil)l~ vh(i-( ublic opinio~i corntnands allti isisis i1)(ilt I~ll illlo--

111atio11coacerniiig all tle ~ l a t i o ~ i s affaii-s 2 steadfast collcert for peace call neYc1- )t iaintaiiic~ri cuccp

h a ~ ~ r t ~ ~ ~ r s l i i p o aaloci-atic go 1111-of d(iliocmiic n a t i t ~ ~ ~ s tlicr~t could he trtlstcti to kecp faith -itii~ i~ or ofser c if co-enatits I t must t-~ea ~ L ~ L I Cof lloilltu- a ~~art~lersI l iyi op in io~~ intrigue I-outi ii~t its -iltis iLfa he )otinfi- of ituer cilcles wlio co~lld plan what the- M oultl and rcnd(1r accoulil to 110 onrx would be a corrul~tion seacd a t its very heat-t OII fret p e o l ) ~ ~ can hold their I)LijIose anti ilreir honour ite~rl to a conli~non end ant1 p1-eCer the interests of ~r~anlltindto any ilarrosv interest of the I- C)WII

I)ocs n)t e-ery A11ieric~n lee1 that lisriirlce has eel1 r~iiccqi to 0111 ~opc for tlie firttlr-c peace of lie w(rci by i l l e ~~gt~dci-f~ ant1 I~earcgttli~~g tliiilgs that Iase Z)cc11hal)pcning v-iiin he Iisr few -eclcs in Russia Russia was k1loiz11 by t11ose w~o kiict it best to have hecri alvays it1 fact deii~oc~-atc a t Ile~ri in a i l tile

i~i iz l habits of hcr ti~ougbtsin all tiie iniimate relatioas1~1s ) her i)(ol)lc tiral s1)okc their t1aiu-ra1 inslict their Iiabitual il-titutli to~rtis Iile ihe ri 11ij-~iocrr~cy that cioi-tier1 the s u ~ i i ~ i ~ i ~

potirs ~ ( z - ~ ~ c t ~ ~ r e 11~~loig as it h~tigtiilt)oda ~ i d tL -il)c LC~ V L L ~

reality of its power sas riot i ~i~ciI-~lssit~~ill 91-igin e11iraclci-

or purpose ~ ~ l d now it has hecn slizkerl off and the great g e ~ ~ c l - o u ~ peoplv have beer] at l t i rcl tflciy 1lai1c Russian ill all majesty atid niiglit to the forces that arcs figlitilzg for CI-cctlotlt in the world for j~lsticc slid for peace l i c r r is a fit part r i c y i -

for t 1eague of tIonou1- One of the ~l~i l ig illat has stx~-uctl to coillcc 11s tiin[

Irussian i~~ioei-acy 1101 i ) ~ irL(i~Iiji~iixv~ L I I ~co111d 11~~vt1- 01x1

front the very o ~ ~ t s c t o f iiic preset~t wal- i~ iras filictl OIII- lirisilx pectiilg cot~il~iutlities arid cx2cri our ofilces g o v ~ r r l ~ n e ~ i t0 ~ v t i i

spics and set crinilnai i l l t r ig~~es evcsy~iici iiot ali~si our nalirilal unity oi co~illsei our peace uiIii lit1 iiiflicblt Otii-

intiustrics and our collnielce 111(1etd if i r ~ o ~ ~ ~ c v i ~ l e ~ ~ til ~t i ts spies were here evctl l)cfore thc war begar ar~tli t i5 ul~i~it)ily 1101 t ~ a t t ~ ~01 ~ o l l j e ~ i ~ t ~ ~ ~ - o t ~ db111 i i ~ olii cotlris of justice tliat the ililrigt~cs ~vl~icli 11avc ~rioi-c tiiii ollcc co111~ perilotlsly near to dist~lrbingthe peace tll(i ticciisloc~ti l~~ indt~strics of the eountr) have bee11 carried oti a t t ile i~istiga- gat io i~ with the support anti egteli undc- tlc ~jersoiial direcfio~i o l oliicial agents of the Inlptrial (o-vei-~irner~t accrccliiccl to tlc Covcrlllileilt of t ~ c Unit eti Stat vs llt-eri ill ci i~cli i l~ltthcsr 1 liings ant1 trying to yxtirpale thcu ~ v c11alesoughl to pu t tiir most jenerous intcr~jretrtioii possiljle up011 tlicrr~ iecat~se 11-e 1lt11r- that t licir source lay not in an) hostile feeling or prirposc of the Gcrrr1tln ~copletowards us (who xvcre 110 duul)t as il-noi-~n~tol ti1cl11 is re olrsclvcs avcrc hxt only ill tllc scfiili designs of a go-ernriient that did what it ple~scti ant1 toitl its peoplc nothing I3ut t Ilcy 1 1 ~ ~l)I~7ccl t licit- part ~ I Isorvil~gto convince us at last that tirat go-ernment cntertaius no rc~a1 frie1idhip for its and t~ii ~ti ito a r t against o u r i)(gtaceailti scc~lrif j

a t its convenience ll~atit ilienns to stit 1 r l ) e~ie~nics 11~l~iitist ~ tour very tioors the it~lcrceptctl 11ote to tile Gcrnlall liinister at LIexico City is clocluctlt ericlcnce

lie are acccptitlg th i s cli~lle~c liostilc Itlrposc hcgtcnuse wtiC

k t ~ o wthat in such a governrrlent ilt)lloivit~g sucli nlcthotls we cair tlevcr haxrc L fric~ltl ailti that Sir i i ~ cprcsellcc of i l s organizt(1 power- alb2ly I-ilig ill ail to aicolill)ii~ll w k t l o i ~ nilt ~ h n i puqjos(gt tllC-e call I)e I ~ Oasslrctl ltcuriy 1trr tile rlciltci~ti~~ go-el-l1rrleiltsc3f tile ol-l(j lbe ii( iiow aii7ciif io r ceit gLllgC of 1)~tile [ritil t1is natllr~l foe to liliei-ty aritl gtilt if fiCckSSlrJ sl)cxd tile wllolc iorce of 111 li~l nullifgt-its prcioii to clcrk ~ i r ~ i

tensioils ar~clit pol-er We are glxd 11ow that we sce tlie facts vitl no veil of k l sc pretence ~i)ott t l i~ill to figlit th11s for the ~~tiiltepeace ol t l ~ e wcr(l and for tile lil-)erati011 of its peoples the (gterma~l ~gteoplcsinclucled for t t ~ ci-igllts (I nations great and nail nncl the privilcgc of rrlcll c-vrjli-hcare to choose their -ay

ltoI life alrd of ol~cclicllce Lhe vborltl niist t)t nlade safe for ticlocr~cy It 1eace 111ust bc iia~ltcd 11po11 the tested founda- iios of pclitical liiertjr We 11tvc 110 sclfisi etltls to serve We tlvsil-e 110 coriijltcst no douliiiion Ve seek no incletilllitics for oirrselres no ~liateria coinpensation for t l ~ c sacrifices we shall r e I We arc hut ote of the ci~anipiot~s of the rigk~ts of ~inniilld We shall he satisfied when tllose rigl~ts have been ~ n r c l eas sccurc ns thc iaith and tlc freeclonl o f slations can nlakc them

Just hccatlse ve figl~t mFtliorlt ralieoirr axid without selfish ~ I ~ j c c t sl~all wish to seeking rotliil~g for oursclres bu t vlitt ve sllare wit11 all free l~eoples we shall I reel conticlent conduct our operations as helligcrc~its wiihout passion and ourselres c i f~scr~e1rit11 prouti ptinctiii~ the principles oi right and of fair play we profess to 1)e figlitiiig for

I hare said notiiirlg ol the go~crnments nliictl wiiii the Im-perial Gocri~ilcnt of (crlnanv hecause t l~cy have slot rnade war Irpot 11s or challengeit 11s to tielend our right and our Ilonour Llie Austi-o-Iltt~lgarim (overni~ett Ii~s iiitleetl avotired its un-q~lalifiecl et1dorscmelt ailtl acceptance of the rcclltless and lawless s1lbtziat-it1c war1arc adopteti now n-ithout tiisguise by tlie I ~ n p e ~ i a l ltcrnan Govcrmnctlt ~sl(l i t lias tl~ereforc not heen possible for this Go ernmelit to receive C011i1t iari~oviski the Anlbassador rccel~tly accrctlitcti to tliis (oyerlnleiii by thc Imperial and Iio-al (o~ei-t~i~le~~L l)ut that Co-ernrilent 01 ~~tstl-i~--Elutigary lias slot actitally ellgaged in arkire ngaiilst citizens of t lle United States on the S C ~ S and 1~LIc ~ I I Cliljerty for tiic prcsc~lt a t least of postl)(~ning a tiisc~~ssio~ ol oar relations n-ith the authorities it icnna Ve clltcr tllis war only wlierc ~ v c arc clearly forced i n t o i t l~eca~zse our rights there are no other srieails of tlefer~tlil~g

I t will 1)e a11 the easier for us to co~irillct ourse1~cs as helliger- e11is ill a 1igh spirit c ~ fright ant1 lair lie^ hecausc lac act ~vithout ~uim~~11ot iri eniiity tozarcls a peoplc or I-ith the desire to r)rill ail)- iljlr-y or disntlrn~itrige upon thexli hut only iil tirtrctl o~)lositioti to 511 irrcsponsille goverti~netlt which has tilrovli asitlc 311 cor~sitler~tioi~s of huliaiitjr aiitl of rigkit alld is

~tii111i1ig ai~li~ltk iLiiX let 11ic iy 2vgzi~l ~ i ~ i ~ c ~ - ~ i l l ~ i - ~ l ~ [ s of i l ~(~frirlal leoi)jt illti sit ticsiri- itliii~ so lllu[l 3s [hi Cwl 14 ol irltislc rcijtloii (I[ 111uilrc~~stal~iisl t~~c i~f tcig~~c~ccI~lli---lj0i~~~7liar( it In)) I 101- lcrl foi lie ti111e Iciig t o L c i i ~ ~ ctliit iliis i sltkcil fro111 our I~c~rt lrc ijai~tborni wit Illlt-is li-esc3i~t g~i-crni~icl t tilroligii all t11cs~ ljittltsi- I I O I I ~ ~ I S~ V C L L L I S ~ tat

2~of I ~ ~ j c ~ ~ ~ lt ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ - ~ y lt ~ - ~ l s ~ i i lt ~ ptiicncc and icjrbtaanie i~ic~i-or~d cii--vic 1av 1ccn ~ I ~ ~ ~ I O S S ~ ~ I I C ltill Ii--e tt)LvTc ~ l l d i hi~)lgtjlgt~ o ~ ~ I o T ~ ~ ~ L ~ pso-gt-e at 1ricndslip ill cnr titilj cltiluii- ni1d atic~is l igti ~~-( ~ the niYiiu~ls 01 xic~i mid ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~i~irtLc[ luti~c01 ( C ~ ~ I I L ~ L

s ~ I I I ~ ) L L ~ I ~ ~7110 i i ~ lt l I I I O ~ I ~ S ~11s L I I ~ ~121-lt 0lir IiIv ~11ld JC

hdi 9)~ ~ I - O L I ~to prove it to~artis all i - l i o arc ill i ~ c t lonl to tllcir nrig1ljoars srd to ihi Ilt~irnnlcllt i11 tii holr 01 test 1licy arcx most oC tbcin a-tr~i a1id oval_liil~r-iaris as if t1cy h ~ dic- a1y (it1iir fca1t)- or sliia~cc l~ril-oiv~l rljcy 7jill f)i r~l~pt tii staail ~viiili us il reiilkii~g aicl rest-zimiiig tlii few cio lay bc (il a cli2~crclt illiild a ~ l d pur)osc1 i i titi-c siouiil )c- disloyalty i t -ill he tlealt vicfl n i l l i 3 f i r l~ h~r~cl strii-11 reprcssic)~~ ierit~u if i t lifts i ts 1i~d a t 211 i t ill lilt i t ~ ~ i l

atitl t i iv i ~ 2xcl ~itIut coiilvin~cc c~icq)iErol 2 x~lvis aaci I I I C I ~ ~ I I ~ I ~fv~

I t is a tiistrcsshg arx oppi-cltsi-c dllty Gc111lcncn of thc Co~lgrcrs vl~ich I hnvc pc~d~rilcclin ~ I I I S i(~-es~ilig~ 0 1 1

rlicrc are it lilay i~r rnaliy iligtitl~s of licry lri221 and bjciiicct

z~icad of us it is 3 ferriil tlir=g t o lend tliis grcst pc~nci~iiil pcople illto M-ar inlo t1c ost tcrriblc alc cisastrous of LI i-2iSx

riviiiatiol itself s~ c ~~ i ing 1alalcrt o 1c in t l ~ But t l~e r ig l~t i more prccJoas t1atl pcscc arlcl -c2 sii~Il6 g h i for tic tiiiilgs hich vc la~c a l -gta~s caricli ncarcs our i lc t~r t~ -10~( ICI~~OC-rgte for tle right of thosc ~ r l ~ o to ha- asul)rl~ltto autlority i-oicc in their o ~ v n go-ernments for tile rights a11t1 iil~ertii of sall ~la t ions for a u~lirtvsal co~iinic~i if riglt I- silcli a coil-ccrt cf fi-cc 1)eopIcs a sliail 1ring pcac and safcty to all 11-

tio~s arid rlakc 1-11~ vold itsclf a t lait free 1o sucli a [ask v-cl

call clcdicatc our 1ivis and olir for tu~ics c i crti~ing thz t urc ad c ~ e r ~ l l l i ~ g nc IlZ7c wit11 tilf p-icc oi tlios(2 v l i0tha t I i l ~ tlint t l ~ c day ilas cotlle when Arr~cricn is rl iicgcd to ~il 11cr tiicod nric1 Iic-r li~iglii for tic p-illci~l(~s tha t gave 11cr

iirll~ altl 11~ppincss and tll 1cacr yiich she has trcssllrcc (gtrrci ~cli)ing llcr slit can tlo 110 otlicXr

APPENDIX ill

ADDRESS OF THE PR1SlDENT OF THE UNlTFD STATES DELIVERED A T VJASHINCTON FLAG DAY JUNE 14 1917

Xu Prr~ow C I T I Z I ~ lc meet to c( I11)ratv Ilag Day because this flag 111lich we

to~lal iild a~itlct lricil wc scrvc is the vinI)le~n of our t r l ~ ~ t ) oilr p ~ u m our thougllt aiid purpow a i x ~latioii I t Iias 110

othr I c l l~lactc lLiltll tli~1 wliicl~ vre give i t fro111 gencratiori to ginci~lioil Tlic c1ioiccs arc 0111s I t lloati in triaje~lic sile~lcc above tlic hosts that cxecute Lticisc choicci whctlicr i ~ peace I I I A l t ~ dyr r hourrh silltlt i t speahs to u-speaks t o

oC t i l i 1 ) ~ c t of the me11 aild wotlleit who wetlt bc fo~e us arid oC thc I C L O T ~ ~t h ~ yv i l o t c upon it We cclehlitc the day ol i t i bi t h and from it5 51ti1 ~ i i l ~ i lno i t has witnessed t great his- tolv lias floatctl on Ilil~ t l i c symbol of great c-czits of a great plan of lifc orhcct out 11y a gcaf 1eoplc Vc alc about to (-a1iy it into batclc to lift it here i t mill dinw t l ~ e fire of our eilernics TVe at( ti~oul to bid tholrsanc~r Iiindrcds ol thou- cands ~t tliay be rnilliotls of our men the young the strong the capable men ol the nation to go forth a i d die beneath it on ficlds of blood la1 anay-for what For some unaccets- tomed thing For somctlling Cor mhich it has never sought tile fire before Imerican arillics were never before sent acloss the scac Tlilly ttc t11cy 5ent t io~v For solllc new p ~ ~ r p o s ( gt be-for nhich this great flag has never been cairied fole or for sorne old familiar Ilcroic purpose for which i t has seen men its o ~ c n men die on tgtbrery battlefield upon icliich mericans have l~orne alm i sitlee tllc Revolutiotl I+llcse ale cjltcstimr 17 hich must be answeiecl Ve are ~2mcr-

icans Ye in oiir ~UI-11cerw Alncrica and call serve her will1 no pi-ate purpose We 111~51uCe h ~ rflag as she has a-ays 11sc1 i t Wc ate acco~mtnhic at ill bar of history and must r)lcati ill utter Iran1ncsi what p111poie i t is we seek to serve

it is plai~l cnotlI1 1io1 m e Ticre iorcccl into the war The ( ufraordinnry insult5 n l~d agqrcviolis of the Imperial Gernlari (o-eri~~rlcn~tleft us no self rcspcctiiig clloicc but to take up

arrils in dclci~se of onl- rigltgta L i1cc people a ~ l d cf oar i o i io~~r as a s)-(reign g o ~ e r n n ~ c i ~ ~ l I( ~~iiitrrn11asterioi (c~-nirll

deliicd is t 11c riglit to t ~ i 11~1tiin lilc fiiid our uriusicc-iig cot~~nuiiticst~ i t11virio~i pirs L I X ~(w~sj)iratorsLI( 5 s ~~~gl~L to co-1-1tpt tlic opinio~ oi our icol)ltl ill tl1ci~- ovi bc~~ii LVhc11 the Cou~cltllat they coldti il0t (10 t11a1 i l~cir alents tliilyhr~tIy s11rcacI s~ditio11 i~~oiigst ti gtIICIY~III to (1r~~-OUI- ui C I I

ziii liolll t~ci aiiegia~icr- sr i~l v OI I I(s(IltltII~gt i l i i j l-itit VII~

connccicti wiIi thv ofliclui limbaslt vi tlrc Ccrri~lrz C k ) - ~ r r i -

i~ ient itseii 11erv in oltr oli~ cil)iial i i ~~ ~t)~fit 1)) ioler(-c to tlcstroy oar indztric aic a~i-isi)ur conltrlei-ccii~iiik(i to inciic hlcxico to iaiic u p ar lm aair~t ris tiii io ~-LJ-Jjirl illto a l~ostilc allia~lce wit11 her- - L I c ~t ju t i ~ o i 1))- i~~( l i rltc~io~ ~ I L I Li)~direct suggcstior~ Crol~i iic Iiorcligi Olicc~ ill icgtiiic~ l+ incy itnpuclc~ntly de~ticc tts thi tst oi 111~ Igi sc a and -c-11ci~~dlyexecuted thvii- tilrcat that i1icy viiiiil srd lo i i l ~ i i

dvitIi any of our i~eo i~ lc u110 vewtr~scr(i t o aplricii i i ~ r consi-s of I~ii-(llX h d lnaii) 01 GUI- 011 ycgti)Ie i cr t corri[~ird IIcl bcga~ to look upoii their owti ncighloi~rscvi i i l siicio~r aiid to wojlde~- in tilcir lot rescllcnlclit al~ilsurprise tlietie~ the- was a n 4 conin1~11lify in ~ ~ i i j ~ i l i ~ ~ t r i g - ~ ~ i ~ i o i liostile tiitl I Ii ircat 11atioii ill sucli ci~-cn~i~stunc~- oul(not riakc talilail 111) ~~l l i hI1tc11 a+we ha(1 ccsirc11 pcncc i f tici~iirl I I o 1 o r 0 1o Iliis flag ~11dtrtv1irh wiTscrc uoriltl h~i 1)ccil disl~ollouiecl 11ad TI-( vitl~l~tlitlolir l ~ a ~ i t l

itlt t h a t is Olliy part oC the stor)- We k i ~ o ~ now as lc~riy as ic llic~v ijiforc TI-c crc- (YIjiljivd tll~f MC a r ~ 11(ii otlrsc~l~c~$ tllc cilcnlie 01 the German peu~ileand tl1at t l i ~ y are iloi c)llr i s lhcji tiid 11ot origiriatc or tl(sire this ilidewi~s iror u-isi~ tha t we sliould t)c cirat~n into i t nird $( a x vcg~l~iy coliseious that we are t i ~ c i rc a ~ ~ s c l11cy iv i i l s~ttllcfigli t i~~g as day see yell as oir ilvy art liivtnsc~l-~it 3s oiin iil 4ha grip or the sanle sinistcr i)oi-er tha t 1ias roTVvat last strtlti~ctf its ~trry talons out a1d dra1511 hl00i2 11-on1us lhe ~vl~ol i ~vor l t lis at T~-LSbecause tlic vhoc cotid i4 i l l I I I ( ~ grii 01 111~l 1)otcr and is trying o u t t h c grca t b~iL1~cvhidl slall r1il cr~~liic wl~ctherit is to hc brought untlcr its n~astcry oifliii if-sclI I r x

r 1hc ~ v a rwas begun by tlic nr-iiiiiary riastcrs of (crrn~iy viio I

pio~ctlto he also rllc lnnsiers of iltttn-in-1(11iig31J I ~ I L t ~ ( - l

ha ie never regarded iiaiior~sas pcopics men 7voncn and clril-

clrcli ijf liz lgtlood ntld lrano 2 s ~ tier~sc~lo for ~vho ~ go--TI-llicllts c s ~ h l e ~ l arid

- IX vhorn fiocrlincltts illti i i~irIfc hey

j l ~x -C rcgnr(lctl tileis 111irei y a ~gtricc~lie iiicnlt~g~li~j t ic)~i~ t l ~ c y c ~ u l d hy forcc or i1it1igrct I~cnd or eorrttpt to lcir cni j

slates in ~ni-ilciilr 1 lrc-y la-c rc~ardcd tlic s111~il~r aicl i-i- po~~lc coi~ld be c~cr~~lieiriied T-I) jy Iorcc 3 i i i ~ i ~ z~atr~i-a1 ilstrnrneuis tlomiilntio~i rlieil- p ~ i ~ p ~ gt s ~ ctoois nld of his 1g Icen a-oh-cd hc sratcsllc~i oT tooillrr ~iztio~l vllon tha t pnrpose was iilcr-itlil~l~p~id atlerltioll re- ir-c(c ~ln gtii-tiIiIl profssors ~ X U I ~ ( C ~ ill cis csrCoitls and Girtn~XI-iters set for th lo tlic 1-oil(las ht goal i ixr~iinll policy ~ t s ri~tcr cic dream of millcis clctaclic-c rroi~ p1-~cical aifai-s2prel)c~tc~-ouspsi-ate conceyii~ ol (gtcr~nl~~i cesi~~y tll~lliLS the 3ci1d231~ 01 r e ~ p ~ n ~ i l ) l lt tflulcrs lu i h c Fii~i-lt

Cernany thctnscives lcneiv all the ~ ~ ~ h i l c gta~is-h16 C C I ~ C I ( ~ ~ C

iliat n-ell aclanccd intrigvc ny back ol ilat L l i c x proielt-s a~iilthi ivritirs ere sayillg n l ~ d verit glad io go Icrv~irc utii~o-- lcstecl iilli1g ilic thrnj~cs of Ealknl stttcs it11 Ccrrt~ pli~irvs i)~lLirig (eri-na~i oampcers ~t the scr~ice of iur1~)- io dl-ill I ~ c r trmies and r11ilce interest with hcr go~crtlncnt cleveloji~g plalis oi ecitio~a i d rcbcllion in T~ltlin and gypt sc t t i~ig ticair fircs i i s Iile clemaiids nale hy iltrstria upon Cer~ja TWTC a rncrc siliglc stcl) ill a pian whici comp~sseii iCell-cpc aictl Asia f10~11Ucrliil to 1Jngdd Ihcy l~opctltilor dvmnrlds ii~i-lit rloi trGisc llturoi)c b r ~ t thcy rr~cant to press t h i 1 ~ hcthil- liry ditl or not lor they tl~ortgllt tlieniselx~es rcsdy ior tlie G~lnissue of ar111

lieis 111~t1i a h-(~acl1)c i~ military rltlit-er 11-as to t k ~ - o ~ of G ~ ~ I X L L I I ~nd gtolilicr~lcolitrol across tllc ~c1-y cclltrc of Ilurope n~ncl l)cyo~i(l ilie lIcdic~-~-aiiec~~ i i~ io tile hi~st of A ~ i a CLIIJ gtL~istrigt- I lu l~gary 7vas to be as niuch their fool and 1awli as Scria or J3ulgnria or iurkey or the l~c~li~lroasstates of the ISnst iiitrii-Httngal-y icticec 1 ~ 3 sto ~ C C O I I I C part oT the ci-lira1 Gerrlltn l$npire a1)sorbcd alld domi~latetl hy tlic same iorcps and influcnccs t91~t llnd or igi~~al l st tt csj 7 ccrne~lted the G e r ~ n a ~ i tlle~~scl-csilie drcanl Iind its heart a t i3erlin I t could 1 1 a ~ e h~d a hcart ~ioii~hcrc I t rejected f 1 1 ~ idea of soliclariiy ofelse race entirely 1ihe clioicc 01 peoplcs played rio part in i t at all I t conteiiplnted binditlg togctl~cr racial and lx)liticti tiriiis wlicz could be ltept togetiier only by force-Ozccis l iagyars

Croats Serbs lurks jjrogilltg2unlar~ial~s C-13lcnia~---ltl~~

iitcs of Eohcniia 311rl J-iungarys the sto-it ii(lc coiniol~c~~l~s of the Ballltals IC ir~rlo~rlitalcitirks tlic -ui-tie (-ojles cr_T the Iast Ihcscl cope tJiltlnot mist1 to lie uiiiied [icly ardiltly dcsird l o direct tllcir OJ1 aKzirs vcgtiiltl t~csnisigd cily 134

uildisputrl iliilcycndcl~cc Ihc could hi rpt qniei o111y fly ~ 1 1 ~l)rcsericc3or tiir colistxrt f 11reat of nl-ncl i J j ( l 1 lllcy -oulcl live a cct~nol~ l)ovcr oiIy 1y ~ i i c ~ ~ r II~cijrlil~i~lo~ alrait tile tiny of rc7011i0il Uet ilic 6ej-n1311 m i l i l ~ ~ s(it(rlil~l ]lz(i s c ~ O L C ~ ~ itil ~ ~ 1 1 t h ~ talld ver( r e ~ amp y (vtl jj i l l n j-iIcir ow11 way

Ail( tlicy lare a(iu~iy cariicd thc greater par t oi tllat aniazirlg pltiii into ( ~ ~ c c I ~ o ~ I A~~str iz tI(ollt liow t11iugs ji11~1

is a t t11ci- nicrcy JI lia ~tctctl rrot 1ipo11its onTn illifiative or 111~)1it i1c lgtut ~ t clloicc of i l s oi~i ~ i c o p ~ Tlrrlirls tlictitioli c-cr sillce i~r 1vlr began I ts 1)cc)i)lc now dcsil-e Ieicc l)nt cnnnlot ll sTc - i t until lccc is gri~it~x( Ucrlii s)-c~lctlCc~it-alI ror ~ 111~ Iovcls nre in J2ii but n siilglc i o ~ ~ c r Servia is a t its mcrcy sh(i~ld i t s i1~iis I)( bst For L r ~ o l ~ c r i tircttd Uuig~ria has cur-

scvltcd l o it ~vill1i1( Jltonlrialiia is otrl-tril L I I C i~~rlltih~ nr~iiics -iiltit ilt~linis -~ilid LTC sltrilg (~~Jiiy cc rl aiy lioi ilirlnsrl~-c~send tlie g1111 of ( ~i - l i i l i ~~ ~rs l i i~~ ill t l ~ ljlg linrborir a t Corlsltantinopl~ riiiiilti riuriq stac-ncil cXcsy day tha t lcy havc iio choice b u t t t a lx tlieii- ordc~i-sCrorli J3erlin lro~i IIallljgtii~-g I(J~s~LIIt o t i i ~ GillE tii 11elis q)rcxc

is i t 1ot c~sy to v~~lci-st~rlcthc caFii-lcs foi- i2cLtce thaI il~ becni r~inlifcici from lkt-il tAcXrsine( t~( snare cvas sct a~d ~ ) I - I IE~ liCRi p-ace has I ) c i h l tile tLI of her Ioriigi~ ICZW ()[li(y 10 I I C ~ ~ - year a~rci (ji-c J I Q ~ 11ci- c ) ~ t - ~ ipc1c12 ~ i p o i ~ i~il-iz-irc 1ut u1icj11 the i~zi t i ~ i i Iloii- of thi Ili iiilis uTcAr Ilich ~ 1 1 ~

(lcciri l~ersclf t o hoiti tie itlarlt~gc h little 01 the t~ik Iamps )ccl 1ul)lic l r z i t 1tost 01 it ~II i~ccj~ril( lllroilgii all scjrts of cian~~clsif hts come to Ilic ~mitl in l (gti i 01 guisi-S hlIl nlrvcr ~ v i t i ltllc tcrclis diseioscci wliicil tle (gterrril Ic-~r~~ncnt youltl wjli~g lo acccl)t 11lit 11~s ILgo ~ I - I I I I - ~ I I ~ r - L ~ I I Z ~ I ~ C

p v f i s j11 i t s ]ian(ls besi~1cs tlostx 1 ha-c liicntiilxd I t still ]l(Jlltisi -TL~~[)~~01 Ira~cc 111011 lit^ SIC$- r(gtlzii~~gprt grxs) tilt1 lractically tiie thole of Iklgium I t s arnics press close 111gt011 l i ~ ~ s s i aand c-crrln Ioland a t 111eir vIll 11- C L I ~ I I O ~

go furlllil- i t dare go back It ~vis1ics to clocicis bargain

before i t is too lat atlrl i t I ~ a s little left to offer 101- llie pound of flcsh i t will d c m a ~ ~ d

Chi militas- Illaskers urlticr whonl (ermany is bleeding see vc1~- ~lcar11 to vhat poit~t Icate has hrouglit them II they fall f~cilt or are Corcetl 1)~ck nil inch t lwir owe^- 110th abroad all( nt hoinc mil la11 to pieces like a iiouse of cartls I t is their povcl- at Iol~ethey arc thinking n1)o~it 11oiv niore t11at~ their poiver ~l)~ia( I t is t11at polver ~viicIi is t r e ~ ~ ~ l ) l i i ~ g their1~1dcr vcrJ- I c ~ ~ t haveailci ticel fear has entered their 11eai-1s Ihcy b ~ i it l i i t o 1)ir1)et~s~t~c11a11c~ tlleir tr~ilitary powvr or eve11 their cciltrolji~g ~x)liiicalitlflue~lci I f tllci can securi peace ~ i o w ~vitlilv i~~itricr~seaciv~r~qis stiil ill t i ~ lt - i i -hanils which fhcy ha-e i y ) 10 gtimccl tiic t tiis j)oiilt ~~ppare j i t ly vcill 1i~ve justilied tilcr-r~selvc~sIteCorc lie (ierniaii 11eo111e tre ivili Iiave gained by Eorctx t-lrct tilvgt- praniised to gain by i t a n inliliic~isc expansion of er~iiail po~vcr-an inlnicr~sc cilargvrrernt of crman itldus-trial lid opport rt~iitirs will becorr~~~escial i 1lci~ prestige s c i ~ ~ r ~ If theyant1 viii tlcir prcstig [heir po1itical pon-tbr fail iieir ~)coigtl(I il tlir11l tli~~ asidi a governlrlent account- LJgtIcti) the ~tcoi~ie the1~1sel7es wili be set up in Gennzny as it has 1ecli i t IiiLgl~ngl ill tiv United Statcxs 111 ir~nce and it1 all tile rcat ccilintric~sOF c tnod(1rn t i~i ie ( l ~ ~ ~ q i If(crrnal~y tlic si~cceecltilegt- arc saie and Gcrtnany al~ti t he world arc l i r i d o ~ i ~ ikr-ti~any is salved uid the world -ill he a t ii ti1ch ail irxcc Il thcy succeed X~rlericrt will fall within] t he inellace V17c ~ld ali the sc~st of thc vrorlti n v ~ ~ s t reniaiil arrned is they will I-ci~iti I I I U S ~~nalcc readgt- for the neltt step ill their a(rfl-(-ssio~it il the laii the world may uiiite for ~)cuce and Gcr- Inany nlay bc of tile anioli

Do oi~not tio~r- t~i~erstnnd the ncw iiltrigue the intrigue for peace ui(i ~ 2 1 1 ~the I~YA~~( s sof G e r ~ n a ~ i y(to 11othesitate to usc ail agency tila promiscs to ciiect their purposc tllc tleccit of the iai ions ]heir present particular air11 is to tlcccivh ~ ~ 1 1 t11oje iviio t~ro~rgliout the vorld stancl lor the rights of 1)eoples and the sell-govcr1ir11t11t of iatiol~~for hey see n h a t immense strcllglh I he ioi-ces oC justice and of libc-r~lisrnare gatheris~g out o 1 i s Ibcy are employiilg 1ibertls in their enterprise i l~cj-arc t~sirlg 111e13 in Cermally ant1 ivithout as their spoltes- ulcli lion1 thry have hithcrto des)ised ant1 opprcssctl usillg tlie111 for their o ~ v n tlestructio~- -ocialisis the ieatlcri 01 Inboul-

ncild has aCiorleti ro palallel and ill tile f~ce of nhic11 political freedonl must ~vitllcir e n d perisll

For us tlcrch is but one choice i i c have made it Woe he to the mlr or grot113 of men that sceks to stand in our way ill tili5 clay oi high ~eoltttion nhcli every principle we hoid d e a r ~ s t is to be vinrlicated and made secure for the snl~atioii of ~lc

-71Je arc rcady to plcad at thc bar 01 history and 011s Fag siall wear a new Itstre Once lllore a-e shall make gsod with our lives am1 fortmles the great faith to whicll ve were born and a ncxv glory shall shine in the face of ciur people

R ~ L ~ O I I S

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EXECUTIVE GRDER

L l~c reby create a Cor~imittiton ll11)lic IrlEorrnaiiotl LO I)c conll)osed of tile Sccrcti~rj-i l i State tlic Secreiry oi Vr tlic Sccrctary cC tllc Nav) znc a eiili~l111o s11ll 1e clared -it11 t11t uccl~tivc dircvtior oT he collilnitcc

Is ci-ilix~( - I I~~~I I L I I L Mrof tile co~i imi t tc(~ 1~)1xgtiiiL ((ire Crctl

I lc Srcrctary ol gttiiLc the Secrctzry or nTirand tlle ijc~crciry ul the iqjvy are au tho r i~cd cacll (I dctiil in

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Documents

How the war came to America. - Library of Congressmemory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2006/20060629012ho/20060629012ho.pdfHow the War Came to rch~-.;~es.ica So it was In ihe case of