How People Are Using Home Appliances in Southeast Asian ...eedal2017.uci.edu/wp-content/uploads/Wednesday-12-Xuan...Part 2: Housing Characteristics • building type • structure

JYUKANKYO RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC.

How People Are Using Home Appliancesin Southeast Asian Countries?

9th International Conference Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL’17)

Ji XUAN 1)

Azasa TAKAYAMA 1), Chiharu MURAKOSHI 1), Hidetoshi NAKAGAMI 1) and Hiroto TAKAGUCHI 2)

- Evidence from a Comparative Analysis of Southeast Asia and Japan

This project is supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (1-1502) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan

1) Jyukankyo Research Institute Inc.2) Waseda University

13rd September, 2017, Irvine, CA

© 2017 Jyukankyo Research Institute Inc.

JYURI

Introduction

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JYURIOverview of Project

Da ta b a se Deve lop m en t

Resea rch ers

En erg y in d u str ies

Po l icy m a k ers

BELDA

Op en -p la tfo rm Da ta b a se

h om ep a g e

BELDA: Bu i ld in g En erg y stru ctu re a n d Lifesty le Da ta b a se o f Asia

• co l lectin g a n d p ro v id in g en erg y con su m p tion d a ta to m a k e con tr ib u tio n s to a d d ress cl im a te ch a n g e issu e

• con stru ctin g a com m on d a ta b a se re la ted to ca rb on d io x id e em issio n s in th e resid en tia l a n d com m ercia l secto rs

• ver i fy in g th e e ffectiven ess o f p o l icies a n d m ea su res co r resp on d in g to th e sta g e o f econ om ic d eve lo p m en t

• p rom o tin g a d va n ced tech n o lo g y tra n sfe r from Ja p a n to Asia n cou n tr ies

Con tr ib u tio n to En v iro n m en ta l

Po l icy

H ou seh o ld En erg y Con su m p tio n

Thailand , Vietnam , Cam bod ia

※subject reg ions： urban areas, suburban areas

※# of va lid responses (FY2015) : 1 , 000 households in 3 countries

※# of va lid responses (FY2016) : 650 households in 3 countries

Electr icity M ea su rem en t Su r vey

Deta i led I n te r v iew Su r vey fo r Li festy le & QOL

Upload

Fie ld Su rvey

Pro j ectio n M od e l & Po l icy Recom m en d a tio n s

Ex istin g Da ta

Ex istin g d a ta

existing paper and survey resu lt

Oth ers

m acro data , m etrolog ica l data

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• Residential energy use in Japan is compared with the above-mentioned Southeast Asian countries, on the variance in household factors,housing, equipment ownership and ways of usage.

• Preliminary findings of electricity end-use measurements over the past four-month analysis, to explore the consumers' usage-relatedbehaviors and day-to-day usage patterns of major appliances in 30 households of Bangkok.

Today’s Talk (with 2 parts)

household characteristics

housing characteristics

penetration rate of

appliances

energy bills

lifestyle & behaviors

Household Energy Consumption Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia vs. Japan

room-air conditioner refrigerator

electric water heater

stand fan

microwave oven

Measurement Survey Thailand vs. Japan

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Part 1Survey on Household Energy Consumption

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Survey on Household Energy Consumption Survey Items

– Part 1: Identification of Household• demography• age• gender• occupation• the days that people usually at home

during the daytime on weekdays• annual income of all family members– Part 2: Housing Characteristics• building type• structure type• number of floors• gross floor area• established year• ownership relationship• number of rooms– Part 3: Energy Consumption and Energy Bills• monthly energy use by fuel type• monthly energy bills by fuel type

– Part 4: Home Appliances and Electronics• space cooling (room air-conditioning, fan, etc.)• space heating (room air-conditioning, heaters, etc.)• home appliances• lighting– Part 5: Hot Water• type and number of water heating equipment• hours of use• bathing habits– Part 6: Vehicle• Type, number and frequency in use of automobiles and

motorbikes/ scooters– Part 7: Lifestyle and Behaviors• ways of keeping home cool• satisfaction with the indoor environment• willingness to buy energy-efficient home appliances in

the future and problems when buying energy-efficienthome appliances

• energy saving behaviors• other

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Survey on Household Energy Consumption Sample Size by Subject Region

Region Country City # of valid responses

Urban Areas

Thailand Bangkok (BKK) 300 households

VietnamHanoi (HAN) 194 households

Ho Chi Minh (HCM) 185 households

CambodiaPhnom Penh (PP) 280 households

Other cities 40 householdsSub-total 999 households

Suburban Areas

ThailandSamut Sakorn (SS) 150 households

Ang Thong (AT) 104 households

VietnamHoa Binh (HB) 110 householdsMe Linh (ML) 70 households

CambodiaKandal (KD) 170 households

Other cities 39 households

Sub-total 643 householdsTotal (3 countries, 11 regions） 1,642 households

Note: Other cities of Cambodia include Battamban & Kompong Cham

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Survey on Household Energy Consumption Survey Methods (1st Year)

Bangkok

• When choosing subject households for thesurvey, we used the most appropriate and mostrealistic methods considering the circumstancesof each country.

• Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) method:Considering bias of sampling distribution, weused a stratified random sample. (selecting 20PSUs, and from one PSU chose several tens ofhouseholds).

Bangkok

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Country Local Partner Organization

ThailandJoint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), KingMongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT)

Vietnam Institute of Energy (IE)

Cambodia Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC)

• Snowball sampling (a method of at the time of recruiting subjects searching for otherparticipants through relationships such as friends and acquaintances who meetparticipation conditions) was used.

• Investigators conducted field interviews lasting one to two hours to narrow down thehead of household or spouse who understood household expenditures and electricityusage for the past several months’.

Survey on Household Energy Consumption Survey Methods (2nd Year) 8/24


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【タイ・ MEA（ SmartLife）】【ベトナム・ EVN（ハノイ）】

• Electric utilities in Thailand andVietnam already provide web-basede-service, so customers is able toobtain their monthly electricity usagespaid for the past 6 months or 12months after entering their IDs andpasswords.

• In this way, it was possible todecrease the burden on respondentsand obtain reliable data.

9/24

Survey on Household Energy Consumption Web-based e-service

MEA’s Smart Life, Thailand EVN’s web service, Vietnam


JYURI

Survey on Household Energy Consumption Basic Characteristics

10%

13%

36%

47%

51%

42%

58%

63%

58%

45%

36%

27%

21%

29%

19%

30%

28%

14%

41%

27%

31%

20%

39%

13%

8%

13%

41%

23%

BKK（n=300）

HCM（n=185）

HAN（n=194）

PP（n=280）

other cities（n=40）

BKK_fv（n=254）

HAN_fv（n=180）

PP_fv（n=170）

other fvs（n=39）

THVN

KHTH

VNKH

Urba

n ar

eaFa

rmin

g vil

lage

household type

4.1

4.6

4.4

5.3

5.3

3.5

4.4

5.7

5.3

2.5

# of household members

79%

84%

66%

82%

95%

74%

66%

95%

97%

53%

frequency of stay-at-home

• Family ties are strong in Southeast Asia, so there are many cases of multiple households who may havemigrated to urban areas for work living together.

• For all regions, a very high percentage of households have someone at home essentially every day. It isnot unusual to have dual income families, but they do not necessarily commute to work at companies,working at home and it is not rare to take care of children and housework while running a business fromhome.

Household type & Frequency of stay-at home

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• Although there is a recent trend in Southeast Asia toward increased construction ofattached housing (such as condominiums), detached houses and townhouses are stillcommon.

• There is little difference in average dwelling floor area in these countries from the averagein Japan, but the standard for floor area per person is low compared to Japan or Westerncountries due to a living environment with many household members.

Housing Characteristics

89

110

108

92

130

110

149

114

140

100

gross floor area (square meter)

21

24

25

17

25

31

33

20

26

40

suqare meter for one people

50%

55%

38%

50%

100%

60%

43%

89%

100%

56%

28%

14%

28%

39%

2%

44%

23%

31%

35%

46%

0%

56%

8%

0%

BKK（n=300）

HCM（n=185）

HAN（n=194）

PP（n=280）


BKK_fv（n=254）

HAN_fv（n=180）

PP_fv（n=170）

other fvs（n=39）

JP（n=11,632）

THV

NK

HTH

VN

KH

JP

Urb

an a

rea

Farm

ing

villa

ge

housing type

41%

12%

8%

10%

26%

1%

20%

16%

14%

6%

11%

8%

6%

19%

3%

15%

19%

17%

37%

23%

25%

18%

17%

13%

19%

33%

23%

21%

37%

63%

49%

65%

51%

67%

78%

41%

29%

established year11/24


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Survey on Household Energy Consumption Household Energy Consumption

95

102

70

72

70

53

33

20

19

21

19

13

10

13

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

USA('09)

Canada('10)

France('10)

Germany('10)

UK('10)

Korea('08)

Japan('15)

Kuala Lumpur('15)

Bangkok('15)

Hanoi('15)

Ho Chi Minh('15)

Phnom Penh('15)

Samut Sakorn('15)

Hoa Binh('15)

Kandal('15)

Nor

thAm

eriv

aEU

Japa

n&Ko

rea

Sout

heas

t Asia

Energy Consumption per Household

lighting & plug load

cooking

space cooling

water heating

space heating

（GJ/hh/year）

• When we compare the energyusage excluding heating demand inurban areas in Thailand andVietnam, it has already reachedlevels exceeding Japan and otherdeveloped countries.

• Therefore, the introduction andexpanded adoption of energyefficient technologies in SoutheastAsia is an urgent issue, as there isa need to curb the increase inresidential energy consumption inthe applicable countries.

• To provide basic information forsetting appliance efficiencystandards and for analysis of theinfluence of increasing energydemand and increasing numbers ofhome electrical appliances on loadcurves, we carried out a meteringsurvey.

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Part 2Hourly Metering Survey of Whole House and

Major Appliance Electricity

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• The purpose of the metering survey is to understand variations over time inelectricity consumption of the whole house and major household appliances, suchas the refrigerator, air conditioner, TV, water heater, and others and is ongoing from2016 through 2017.

• The subject regions are Bangkok, Hanoi, and Phnom Penh. In this paper weintroduce results that are available at present, collected from 30 households inBangkok over 4 months from September to December, 2016.

Purpose

Measurement Survey Purpose & Survey Method

• The metering survey in Bangkok uses meters and a metering system developed byspecialists at Thailand's Chulalongkorn University for 30 households in the city thathave one or more wall-mounted air conditioners.

Survey Method

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Measurement Survey Survey Method (metering system)

HOUSEDistribution board

External Server

Room Air Conditioner, Hot Water Heater,…

Television, Refrigerator, Others

Smart meter

Smart Plug

Plug

Router

Internet

Gateway

: Measurement Device: Gateway and Data Collector

Classification Gateway Smart meter Smart Plug Multi sensor

Method of datacollection collect data via

the internet

distribution board connect to a plugtemperature &

humiditywhole house, AC, water heater, lighting, plug load TV, refrigerator, fan, etcMeasured

appliances• Data for the whole house and for one air conditioner can be collected for all households.• For each household a total of 5 points can be metered, so besides the first AC unit and the whole house,

3 other appliances, including a second AC unit are metered.

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Measurement Survey Survey Method (metering system)

• The metering system is enable toremote data collection via theinternet and allows metering resultsfor each household to be viewedfrom a dedicated website.

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17

191 163 120 81 59 22 87 75 36 13 10168

20 9

289118 58

193 13439 4 28 4

18558 5 26 61 93 59

115

173192

9 45108 97 15 0

69

5732 1

99 6310

419

249 206272

198102

301

564

332 279 295

587

168236

782

506 516 477

309238

172 136

545 498595

149 137

328

650752

0

600

1,200M

onth

ly E

lect

ricity

Use

(kW

h/m

)

1st AC unit 2nd AC unit others

# of units owned: One

Ave. monthly electricity use: 241 kWhShare of AC: 42%

46%

66%58%

30% 30%22%

29%13% 11% 4% 3%

29%12%

4%

37%23%

11%

41% 43%

17%3%

21%

1%

37%

10% 3%19% 18% 14% 8%

15%34%

37%

2%

14%

45%

56%11%

14%

10% 21%1%

30%

10%

1%0%

50%

100%

TH1

TH2

TH3

TH4

TH5

TH6

TH7

TH8

TH9

TH10

TH11

TH12

TH13

TH14

TH15

TH16

TH17

TH18

TH19

TH20

TH21

TH22

TH23

TH24

TH25

TH26

TH27

TH28

TH29

TH30

Shar

e of

Mon

thly

Ele

ctric

ity U

se# of units owned: Two # of units owned:

Three or more

Number of metered unit: One (ave. monthly electricity use_301 kWh) Number of metered unit: Two (ave. monthly electricity use_425 kWh)

# of units owned: Two

Ave. monthly electricity use: 409 kWhShare of AC: 46%

# of units owned: Three # of units owned:

Four or more

Note: Above is the AC metering results measured in all 30 households with 46 units in total in Bangkok

• The average monthly electricity consumption for all 30 households is 367 kWh, nearly the same levelas previous research results (348 kWh) .

Whole-house electricity use

• Households with only one AC had total monthly average electricity consumption about 40% lower thanhouseholds with multiple AC units, and the AC used 42% of total electricity. This is essentially thesame share used by air conditioning in households with two AC units (46%).

• The average monthly consumption of the 46 AC units metered was 78 kWh each, which is more thantwice the monthly average electricity consumption per AC unit in Japan (the average value for 36households in the Tokyo area during the August cooling season was 32 kWh/month per unit).

17/24


18

0

500

1,000El

ectr

icity

Use

(Wh/

h) High Consumption Households： 5.2 kWh/unit/daysleep： 3.0 kWh

wake up&breakfast

commute&work&return home： 0.4 kWh relax&sleep： 1.8 kWh

0

200

400

Elec

trici

ty U

se (W

h/h) Typical Consumption Households： 2.8 kWh/unit/day

0

200

400

Elec

trici

ty U

se (W

h/h) Low Consumption Households： 1.0 kWh/unit/day

Note: 13 times greater at night



sleep： 1.0 kWh commute&work&return home： 0.7 kWh relax&sleep： 1.1 kWh

sleep： 0.4 kWh commute&work&return home： 0.2 kWh relax&sleep： 0.4 kWh

Note: These results are abstracted and totaled from only those households (with 1 metered unit and 2 metered units) for which all AC units could be metered. The colored lines represents different AC unit

Average Daily Consumption Patterns During the Measurement Period for the 3 Types of Households

• High consumption households have a unit consuming 20% or more above thetypical household range.

• Typical consumption households are those with AC consumption per unit from 90%to 110% of the average value for all 30 households.

• Low consumption households have units consuming 20% or more below the typicalhousehold range.

• All household types use air conditioners more at night than during the day.

• In particular, high-consumption households' AC electricity consumption duringsleeping is twice that of typical consumption households, and 5 times that of lowconsumption households. There are cases in which even though they have an AC,users with a strong sense of frugality will not use it, even while thinking that it'sdifficult to fall asleep.

18/24


0

300

600El

ectr

icity

Use

(Wh/

h）)

Most Energy-intensive User (weekday)Low Energy-intensive User (weekday)High Consumption Households (weekends)Low Consumption Households (weekends)

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 24 24

27 26 26 26 25 25 25 2728 29 31 31 32 32 32 31 30 29 29 28 28 27 27 27

64 6567 68 68 69 69

7376 76 76 76 76 76 75 76 76 76 75 74

7067

65 63

• All households use a little more during the daytime on weekends than weekdays.• The reason for this is the likelihood that more people are at home during the days on weekends than on

weekdays (e.g. children are at home on weekend days, and AC is used at naptime and other times).

Differences in AC Usage Patterns between Weekdays & Weekends for High & Low Consumption Households

• During AC operating time, the room temperature is decreased from the initial 26℃ to 23℃,and relative humidity decreases from 75% to 64%.

• The relative humidity in the room stays constant at 76%, maintaining an uncomfortableindoor environment throughout the day.

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0

50

100

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Elec

tric

ity

Use

(W

h/h

)

Refrigerators（n=11）Ave.：1529(Wh/day)

0

20

40

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Elec

tric

ity

Use

(W

h/h

)

Flat TV sets（n=5）Ave.：304(Wh/day)

0

20

40

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Elec

triit

y U

se (

Wh

/h)

Electricity water heaters（n=21）Ave.：230(Wh/day)Water Pumps（n=3）Ave.：115(Wh/day)

0

20

40

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Elec

tric

ity

Use

(W

h/h

)

Fan（n=5）Ave.：366(Wh/day)

0

3

6

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Elec

tric

ity

Use

(W

h/h

)

Washing Machines（n=7）Ave.：34(Wh/day)

0

3

6

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Elec

tric

ity

Use

(W

h/h

)

Microwave Ovens（n=3）Ave.：29(Wh/day)

※JP：1279 (Wh/day) ※JP：777 (Wh/day) ※JP：n/a

※JP：n/a ※JP：112 (Wh/day) ※JP：131 (Wh/day)

Measurement Survey Usage Patterns of Other Major Appliances

• Of the various appliances, refrigerators have the highest per unit electricityconsumption, at 1.5 kWh/day.

• The average internal volume of the 11 refrigerators that were metered is 250liter. Comparing to the fewer than 300 liter products in Japan, it consumes about20% more electricity.

• After the refrigerator, the next highest electricity consuming appliances are, in order, fans, TV, and water heater.• When consumption from all these is added up it comes to about 1.0 kWh/day.• But considering that one household uses on average 3 or 4 fans nearly around the clock to keep cool, it is

reasonable that fans are the next highest energy consuming appliance, behind AC and refrigerators.• It seems that the TV is on for a period after getting up, and then in the evening after returning from work, until

before bedtime.• A hot water shower is taken once after waking up and once at night.

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• Our goals are to construct a common residential and commercial energyconsumption database for Southeast Asia by adding existing surveys of householdenergy use, population, economic and meteorological statistics to our surveyresults, to build a open platform database that can be accessed freely.

Importance of Creating Database

Conclusions

Importance of Improving Energy-efficiency• Jointly with specialists in Japan and Southeast Asia, to provide climate change

policy recommendations corresponding to stage of economic development.• Air conditioners with inverter technology: It can help in significant savings in

electricity bills and can improve indoor environment to create a more comfortableenvironment that people needed.

• Vacuum-panel-insulated refrigerator: After the room air-conditioners, refrigeratorshave the highest per unit electricity consumption, and comparing to the fewer than300 liter products in Japan, it consumes about 20% more electricity.

• Implement mandatory energy efficiency standard as well as accelerate theintroduction of smart appliances, HEMS, renewable energy.

21/24


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Japanese ver. English Ver.

Vietnam Thailand Cambodia BELDABELDA Home Page (Building Energy structure and Lifestyle Database of Asia) 22/24


JYURI

• Symposium for “Development of the Platform on Energy Demand Structure and Forecasts in AsianResidential and Commercial Sector”

• 1st Symposium：26th Jan. 2016, 2nd Symposium：23rd Jan. 2017, 3rd Symposium：24th Jan. 2018

• Venue：Waseda University, Nishiwaseda Campus, Tokyo

• Registration Fee：free

• Attendees：Chulalongkorn University, Thammasat University, Thailand

Hanoi Architectural University, Vietnam

Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC), Cambodia

Tohoku University, National Institute for Environmental Studies

Yokohama University, Yamaguchi University, The University of Kitakyushu, Tokyo University

Symposium

International Symposium 23/24


JYURI

JYUKANKYO RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. ／ Est. 1973http://www.jyuri.co.jp/

Investigation of Household Energy ConsumptionConsultation on Energy Conservation / Global Warming CountermeasuresInternational Energy Policies/ Trend SurveysEnergy Conservation Plans in AsiaSurvey on Commercial Energy Consumption / ESCOPerformance Evaluation of Energy Facilities, Equipment, System

Thank you!Contact [email protected]

24/24


JYURI以降は備考

25


JYURIBackgrounds & Objectives Backgrounds

In Southeast Asian countries, residential energyuse increased annually and will likely continue torise due to higher living standards and economicgrowth.

Nevertheless, data collection related toresidential energy consumption is lagging behindin these countries, and understanding the stateof consumption is challenging.

Objectives

In this study, we will develop a database ofenergy consumption of building sector inSoutheast Asian countries, create scenarios forreducing carbon dioxide emissions and buildplatform that can evaluate of step-by-stepmeasures in accordance with the developmentstage.

At the same time, we are planning to build aninternational academic & research network inAsian countries.

26/26


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• The average number of household members with employment: approx. 2 people perhousehold.

• Within Southeast Asia, household monthly income was highest in Thailand. In urban areas,Thai households had about 1.2 times the monthly income of Vietnamese households andabout twice that of Cambodian households, but the gap between these and developedcountries remain large.

1.8

1.9

1.9

2.1

2.5

1.5

2.0

2.1

2.9

1.2

BKK（n=300）

HCM（n=185）

HAN（n=194）

PP（n=280）


BKK_fv（n=254）

HAN_fv（n=180）

PP_fv（n=170）

other fvs（n=39）

JP（n=11,632）

THVN

KHTH

VNKH

JP

Urba

n ar

eaFa

rmin

g vil

lage

# of people with jobs

12.4

9.3

11.2

6.1

7.0

7.7

9.1

7.6

47.8

(10,000 JPY/month )household monthly income

Number of people with jobs and Household monthly income

27/26

900～1200USD/month

600～900USD/month

JYUKANKYO RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN

5 countries：ca. 2,800 hhs

出所：http://www.mofa.go.jp

28

Database Expansion


家庭用エネルギー消費実態調査

家電機器

29

0.61.2

1.80.40.7

0.40.8

0.50.2

2.2

0 2 4[台]

42%65%

95%26%

48%28%

54%28%

23%91%

0% 50% 100%

バンコク（n=300）ホーチミン（n=185）

ハノイ（n=194）プノンペン（n=280）他の都市部（n=40）

バンコク郊外（n=254）ハノイ郊外（n=180）

プノンペン郊外（n=170）他の郊外（n=39）

都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

日本

＜世帯普及率＞＜台数普及率＞壁掛け式エアコン＜世帯普及率＞＜台数普及率＞スタンドファン

3.02.72.72.8

2.12.5

2.72.82.8

0 2 4[台]

100%95%99%96%

80%100%100%

98%79%

0% 50% 100%





都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

日本

0.8 1.3

1.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

1.5 0.7 0.6

1.9

0 2 4[台]

54%84%

94%48%

53%53%

89%42%

59%88%

0% 50% 100%





都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

日本

1.0 0.5

0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7

0.2 0.9 0.8

0 2 4[台]

63%33%

28%60%

65%57%

16%72%

56%19%

0% 50% 100%





都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

日本

＜世帯普及率＞＜台数普及率＞＜世帯普及率＞＜台数普及率＞液晶テレビブラウン管テレビ

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・


家庭用エネルギー消費実態調査

家電機器＜世帯普及率＞＜台数普及率＞冷凍冷蔵庫

1.01.11.1

0.60.7

1.01.0

0.50.7

1.2

0 2 4[台]

87%97%99%

53%70%

97%100%

50%64%

99%

0% 50% 100%





都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

日本

＜世帯普及率＞＜台数普及率＞電気温水器0.1

0.6 1.4

0.1 0.2 0.1

1.1 0.1 0.0

0 2 4[台]

9%36%

95%5%

13%13%

81%6%

3%8%

0% 50% 100%





都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

日本

100%95%

97%

96%

70%100%

94%

93%

64%

0% 50% 100%

3%

21%

25%

4%

0%

1%

56%

5%

0%

0% 50% 100%

3%

59%

37%

6%

10%

2%

39%

6%

18%

0% 50% 100%

バンコク（n=300）

ホーチミン（n=185）

ハノイ（n=194）

プノンペン（n=280）

他の都市部（n=40）

バンコク郊外（n=254）

ハノイ郊外（n=180）

プノンペン郊外（n=170）

他の郊外（n=39）

都市

部

都市

近郊

農村

部

白熱灯蛍光灯 LED

30

＜世帯普及率＞

カンボジア・

カンボジア・カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・

カンボジア・


31

explanatory of potential variable(confirmatory factor analysis)

observed variables (explanatory factor analysis)

Factor Analysis

calculation results

model setting

discussion and summary

Covariance

Structure Analysis

model verification

Note) by using SPSS and SPSS Amos

Survey Items & Methodology


タイベトナムカンボジア

対象地域バンコクハノイプノンペン

対象世帯数 30世帯 15世帯 10世帯

調査期間2016年9月～ 2016年12月～

（一部2017年1月～）2017年3月〜(一部2017年4月〜)

調査世帯の選定方法※

一般公募エネルギー研究所内での公募

一般公募及びカンボジア工科大学関係者から選定

調査協力機関チュラロンコン大学エネルギー研究所カンボジア工科大学

目的：住宅全体及び主要家電製品の電力消費ロードカーブを把握

※エアコンを1台以上を使用している世帯

32

住宅全体及び主要家電製品の計測調査

調査概要

タイ（2016年9月～2017年6月の10ヶ月間）、ベトナム（2017年1月～4月の4ヶ月間）、カンボジア(2017年4月～6月の3か月間)の計測結果を報告する

※ カンボジアは現時点でデータが収集できた6世帯分を報告する


• 所有する家電機器を下表のとおりに想定し、仮想モデルを作成

• エアコン、冷蔵庫、扇風機、テレビ、電気温水器の順に大きい

家電機器 1台あたりの消費電力量所有台数採用した消費電力量のデータ

エアコン 98kWh/(月・台） 2台タイ・カンボジアの平均値

扇風機 11kWh/(月・台） 3台タイの平均値

冷蔵庫 47kWh/(月・台） 1台 3カ国の平均値

テレビ 8kWh/(月・台） 2台タイ・ベトナムのテレビの平均値

電気温水器 19kWh/(月・台） 1台タイ・ベトナムの平均値


機器別電力消費量

※住宅全体の消費電力量はタイ・カンボジアの平均値を採用

33

196 33 47 16 19 46 357

0 100 200 300 400消費電力量(kWh/月)

エアコン扇風機冷蔵庫テレビ電気温水器照明その他


ELセンサ

名称ｽﾏｰﾄｹﾞｰﾄｳｪｲ ELセンサーエコワットおんどとり

計測内容－電力電力温度

計測方法－分電盤より計測各機器のプラグ

より計測－

計測箇所－住宅全体、エアコン、

電気温水器などテレビ、冷蔵庫、扇

風機など居室（ACあり/なし）、外気温

計測可能点数－ 1点／個 1点／個－


計測方法（ベトナム）

34


JYURI

35

Survey on Household Energy Consumption Photos

When investigators made field visits, theyoften found that people had sidebusinesses at home, such as sewing.

36© 2017 Jyukankyo Research Institute Inc.2017/9/21JYUKANKYO RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. 36Bangkok Samutsakorn

Ho Chi MinhHanoi

Hoa Binh

Phnom Penh

Kandal

Target Areas


JYURI

37

現地の写真

38© 2017 Jyukankyo Research Institute Inc.2017/9/21JYUKANKYO RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. 38

97%

52%

68%

20%

26%

100%

24%

22%

バンコク(n=34)

ホーチミン(n=63)

ハノイ(n=84)

プノンペン(n=44)

他の都市部(n=19)

バンコク郊外(n=29)

ハノイ郊外(n=57)

プノンペン郊外(n=38)

他の郊外(n=9)

タイ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

アタ

イ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

ア

都市

部都

市近

郊農

村エアコン

92%

50%

60%

82%

80%

94%

0%

83%

50%

バンコク(n=64)


ハノイ(n=10)






他の郊外(n=20)

タイ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

アタ

イ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

ア

都市

部都

市近

郊農

村

冷蔵庫

60%

26%

20%

15%

13%

72%

0%

16%

13%

バンコク(n=86)


ハノイ(n=84)






他の郊外(n=39)

タイ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

アタ

イ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

ア

都市

部都

市近

郊農

村

テレビ

33%

18%

23%

0%

20%

94%

0%

14%

0%

バンコク(n=3)


ハノイ(n=84)






他の郊外(n=10)

タイ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

アタ

イ

ベト

ナム

カン

ボジ

ア

都市

部都

市近

郊農

村

電気温水器

家庭用エネルギー消費実態

家電機器：省エネラベル


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%価格

ブランド

省エネ製品基本性能（サイ

ズ、容量等）

付加機能（デザ

イン、使い勝手）

バンコク

エアコン(n＝241) 冷蔵庫(n＝269) テレビ(n＝283)

電気温水器(n＝205) 照明(n＝286) PC(n＝231)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%価格

ブランド


ズ、容量等）



ホーチミン

エアコン(n＝167) 冷蔵庫(n＝169) テレビ(n＝171)

電気温水器(n＝166) 照明(n＝165) PC(n＝153)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%価格

ブランド


ズ、容量等）



ハノイ

エアコン(n＝189) 冷蔵庫(n＝186) テレビ(n＝188)

電気温水器(n＝187) 照明(n＝191) PC(n＝187)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%価格

ブランド


ズ、容量等）



プノンペン

エアコン(n＝258) 冷蔵庫(n＝265) テレビ(n＝271)

電気温水器(n＝232) 照明(n＝261) PC(n＝250)

家庭用エネルギー消費実態

家電機器：購入時の重視点


用途推計

• ①月別エネルギー種別消費量データから推計（剥ぎ取り手法）、②機器の積み上げによる推計、③熱負荷シミュレーションによる推計

• 機器の積み上げ（機器の容量（出力）、使用時間）により電気消費量の推計を行った

使用状況<月数、日数、使用ﾊ゚ﾀﾝー>

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

基本属性

世帯属性<人員数>

住宅属性<ﾘﾋﾞﾝｸﾞ有無、寝室数>

採涼方法

ｴｱｺﾝ使用<昼間>

ｴｱｺﾝ使用<夜間>

昼(ﾘﾋﾞﾝｸﾞ )no

昼(寝室)no

夜(ﾘﾋﾞﾝｸﾞ ) 夜(寝室) 判断不可

台数別の使用時間を決定

no no

昼(ﾘﾋﾞﾝｸﾞ )

昼(寝室)

夜(ﾘﾋﾞﾝｸﾞ )

夜(寝室)

エアコン (1台目)

全体平均

使用場所別の使用時間を決定 (1台目)

使用場所別と昼夜別使用を判断 (2台目以降)

冷房能力

エアコン (1台目)

冷房能力

カタログ値

冷房

COP

計測値電力量

Wh/h冷房消費電力

エアコン (1台目)補正

補正後の冷房消費電力

冷房消費量

冷房消費電力

既存データ参照

本研究の調査項目

温水シャワーの使用状況

入浴回数<回/人/日>

入浴時間<分/回/人>

入浴者数<人>

計測値電力量

Wh/h

給湯消費量

既存データ参照

本研究の調査項目

照明 (3種類別)の使用状況

使用時間<h/日>

設定値W数

(種類別)

照明消費量

部屋別保有数<個>

用途推計のフロー図（冷房）

用途推計のフロー図（給湯・照明）

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