How Old is the Earth According to the Bible

8/12/2019 How Old is the Earth According to the Bible

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ow Old is the Earth Accordingto the Bible?

Northwest Creation Network ow old is the earth? Earthquake Animation Fun Links

o Creation Links are found on Fun Links here! in the lefthand column

"a#en E$e for the %inner &u$ 'indows of ea#en and the (h$sics of Creation! )arious

Bible *ranslations )ersion 'indows of ea#en and the (h$sics of Creation! +ing ,ames

-.-- *ranslation )ersionLast modified on ,anuar$ /nd! /0-1 2 Contact Brian 3a#isfor comments4 5se

"esolution 6007.00 or finer4 Counter

starting

from

%cri8ture

9N:);

we find this timeline

9#alues rounded tothe closest $ear;

*he cumulati#e

uncertaint$ t$8icall$

inde7es u8 b$ 0 $ears old

when %eth was born!

or ->0 $ears 8lus >.1

da$s4

ear

cumulati#e

uncertaint$

from

Adam

from

,esus=

Birth

&enesis @- *his is the written 0 2


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account of Adam=s

line4

&enesis @>%eth born when Adam

is ->00 2 0 1!/61 BC

&enesis @.Enosh born when

%eth is -0@0 2 @ 1!-D BC

&enesis @D+enan born when

Enosh is D00 2 >/@ 1!06D BC

&enesis @-/ahalalel born when

+enan is 00 2 D@ 1!0-D BC

&enesis @-@,ared born when

ahalalel is .@

0 2 !D@1 BC

&enesis @-6Enoch born when

,ared is -./0 2 !D/ BC

&enesis @/-ethuselah born

when Enoch is .@0 2 !/ BC

&enesis @/@Lamech born when

ethuselah is -60 2 !@10 BC

&enesis @/6Noah born when

Lamech is -6/0 2 !>@6 BC

&enesis --Flood starts when

Noah is .000 2

Ark comes to rest

when Noah is .0-

9actuall$ onl$ 6 of

a $ear;

0 2


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&enesis

---1

Eber born when

%helah is >00 2 10 2 -!@6 /!.@. BC

&enesis

---6

"eu born when (eleg

is >00 2


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was at least /0 $ears

old when the$ left

Eg$8t4 Also! assume

that his reign was at

least /0 $ears in the

8romised land4;

Let=s guess this

8eriod lasted @!


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for 10 $ears

,udges >-1

:srael is o88ressed b$

+ing Eglon for -6

$ears

10 2 D BC

,udges >>0

:srael li#es in

de#otion to the Lord

under ,udge Ehud G

,udge %hamgar for 60

$ears

10 2 -

:srael li#es in


under (ro8hetess

3eborah for 10 $ears

10 2 !0-@ -!>DD BC

,udges .-


the idianites for

$ears

10 2 !0// -!>D/ BC

,udges 6/6

:srael li#es inde#otion to the Lord

under ,udge &ideon

for 10 $ears

10 2 !0./ -!>@/ BC

,udges D//


+ing Abimelech for >

$ears

10 2 !0.@ -!>1D BC

,udges -0-

:srael li#es in

de#otion to the Lordunder ,udge *ola for

/> $ears

10 2 !066 -!>/. BC

,udges -0> :srael li#es in


under ,udge ,air for

10 2 !--0 -!>01 BC


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// $ears

,udges -0


the (hilistines and

the Ammonites for -6

$ears

10 2 >!-/6 -!/6. BC

,udges -/

:srael li#es in


under ,udge

,e8hthah for . $ears

10 2 !->1 -!/60 BC

,udges -/D

:srael li#es in


under ,udge :ban for

$ears

10 2 !-1- -!/> BC

,udges

-/--

:srael li#es in


under ,udge Elon for

-0 $ears

10 2 !-@- -!/.> BC

,udges

-/->

:srael li#es in


under ,udge Abdonfor 6 $ears

10 2 !-@D -!/@@ BC

,udges ->-


the (hilistines for 10

$ears

10 2 !-DD -!/-@ BC

,udges

-./D

:srael li#es in


under ,udge %amson

for /0 $ears

10 2 !/-D -!-D@ BC

,udges - :srael has no ,udge in

force! and e#er$one

does whate#er the$

think is right in their

own e$es4 %tories of

0 2 !/1D -!-.@ BC


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icah! attacks on the

tribe of BenIamin b$

the other tribes!

i8ah! etc4

A #er$ big guess is

that this 8eriod lasts

>0! 0

- %amuel

1-6

:srael li#es in


under ,udge :li for 10

$ears

0 2 !/6D -!-/@ BC

- %amuel .-

Ark of the Co#enant

in (hilistine

8ossession for

months

0 2 !/D0 -!-/1 BC

- %amuel /

Ark of the Co#enant

in the care of the men

of +iriath ,earim for

/0 $ears

0 2 !>-0 -!-01 BC

- %amuel

-@

%amuel is :srael=s last

,udge

A guess is that he

Iudged while the Ark

was in +iriath ,earim!

and for an additional

/0 !>>0 -!061 BC

subtotal

,udges (eriod lasts @/- $ears! @0 2 good

$ears 2 -11 bad $earsJ see - +ings .- for more:sraeli Calendar data;

- %amuel

->-

+ing %aul rules :srael

for 1/ $earsD0 2 / >!>/ -!01/ BC

- +ings /-0+ing 3a#id rules

:srael for 10 $earsD0 2 > >!1-/ -!00/ BC


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- +ings

--1/

+ing %olomon rules

:srael for 10 $earsD0 2 1 >!1@/ D./ BC

- +ings

-1-D

+ing ,eroboam rules

:srael for // $earsD0 2 @ >!11 D10 BC

- +ings

-@/@

+ing Nadab rules

:srael for / $earsD0 2 . >!1. D>6 BC

- +ings

-@>>

+ing Baasha rules

:srael for /1 $earsD0 2 >!@00 D-1 BC

- +ings -.6+ing Elah rules :srael

for / $earsD0 2 6 >!@0/ D-/ BC

- +ings

-./>

+ing Omri rules :srael

for -/ $ears

D0 2 D >!@-1 D00 BC

- +ings

-./D

+ing Ahab rules

:srael for // $earsD0 2 !@>. 66 BC

- +ings

//@-

+ing Ahaiah rules

:srael for / $earsD0 2 !@>6 6. BC

/ +ings >-+ing ,oram rules

:srael for -/ $earsD0 2 !@@0 6.1 BC

/ +ings

-0>.

+ing ,ehu rules :srael

for /6 $earsD0 2 >!@6 6>. BC

/ +ings ->-+ing ,ehoaha rules

:srael for - $earsD0 2 !@D@ 6-D BC

/ +ings

->-0

+ing ,ehoash rules

:srael for -. $earsD0 2 !.-- 60> BC

/ +ings

-1/>

+ing ,eroboam ::

rules :srael for 1-

$ears

D0 2 !.@/ ./ BC

/ +ings -@6

/ +ings

-@->

+ing Kechariah 904@

$ears; and then +ing

%hallum 904- $ears;

rule :srael for 04.

$ears

D0 2 !.@> .- BC


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/ +ings

-@-

+ing enahem rules

:srael for -0 $earsD0 2 !..> @- BC

/ +ings

-@/>

+ing (ekahiah rules

:srael for / $earsD0 2 !..@ 1D BC

/ +ings

-@/

+ing (ekah rules

:srael for /0 $earsD0 2 !.6@ /D BC

/ +ings --

+ing Hoshea rules

:srael for D $ears 9this

is :srael=s last +ing;

D0 2 !.D1 /0 BC

/ +ings -6-

+ing Heekiah rules

,udah for /D $ears!

starting in +ingHoshea=s >rd $ear4

Net /DD/>

D- 2 !- .D BC

/ +ings /--+ing anasseh rules

,udah for @@ $earsD- 2 !/ .1/ BC

/ +ings

/--D

+ing Amon rules

,udah for / $earsD- 2 >!1 .10 BC

/ +ings //-+ing ,osiah rules

,udah for >- $ears

D- 2 !60@ .0D BC

/ +ings

/>>-

+ing ,ehoaha rules

,udah for 04/@ $earsD- 2 !60@ .0D BC

/ +ings

/>>.

+ing ,ehoiakim rules

,udah for -- $earsD- 2 !6-. @D6 BC

/ +ings /16+ing ,ehoiahin rules

,udah for 04/@ $earsD- 2 !6-. @D6 BC

/ +ings

/1-6

+ing Kedekiah rules

,udah for -- $ears!after which the first

tem8le is burned

down and destro$ed

9/ +ings /@D;

D- 2 !6/ @6 BC


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subtotal +ings (eriod lasts 1D $ears! - 2 6 BC first ,ewish e7iles return to ,erusalem

@-. BC new tem8le com8leted in ,erusalem

1@6 BC Era returns to ,erusalem

11@ BC Nehemiah builds ,erusalem wall

1>0 BC alachi becomes a 8ro8het

:n the $ear /!0-1A3

*he earth is .!1/6 9D-

2 > to .!@61 $ears

old

*he $ear of creation would be

11-1 BC 9D- 2 />

BC to 1!@0 BC

D- 2


11/97

ow Old is the Earth Accordingto the Bible and %cience?b$ "ich 3eem:ntroduction*he age of the earth has been a to8ic of debate among Christians o#er

the last two centuries4 %e#eral Christian ministries 8romote the idea

that the earth is less than -0!000 $ears old! which the$ sa$ comes

from the Bible4 :n realit$! the Bible makes no claim as to the age of the

earth! although it does establish a minimum age4 *his 8age e7amines

some of the histor$ of the contro#ers$Mwhat the Bible actuall$ sa$s

and does not sa$Mand the scientific e#idencesurrounding the age of

the earth4

Age of the earth according to the Bible*he following is a summar$ of the biblical e#idence 8resented on thiswebsite regarding the age of the earth4 For more detailed e78lanations

of each to8ic! 8lease click on the associated link4

istor$ of the age of the earthAs indicated earlier! the Bible does not fi7 the age of the earth!

contrar$ to the claims of Answers in &enesis4-Historicall$! their claim

comes from the work of ,ames 5ssher! Bisho8 in the Church of

:reland! from -./@ to [email protected] Archbisho8 5ssher took the genealogies of

&enesis! assuming the$ were com8lete! and calculated all the $ears to

arri#e at a date for the creation of the earth on %unda$! October />!

1001 B4C4/Of course! e#en assuming the method was #alid! such an

e7act date is not 8ossible from the genealogies of the Bible 95ssher

assumed all the $ears the 8atriarchs li#ed were e7actl$ >.@4/@ da$s

long and that the$ all died the da$ before their ne7t birthda$;4 *here
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are a number of other assum8tions im8licit in the calculation4 *he

first! and foremost! assum8tion is that the genealogies of &enesis are

com8lete! from father to son throughout the entire course of human

e7istence4 *he second assum8tion is that the &enesis creation da$s

were e7actl$ /1hours in length4 :t turns out that both assum8tions arefalse4

:ncom8lete genealogies

Biblical &enealogies

Although Archbisho8 5ssher assumed the &enesis genealogies were

com8lete! it is clear from the rest of the Bible that those genealogies

were telesco8ed 9some names were left out for the sake of bre#it$;!

which is common in biblical genealogies but rare in modern

genealogies4 %imilarl$! the ke$ genealogical terms 9such as son and

father; ha#e much broader meanings in Hebrew than their

corres8onding English words4 *he Hebrew word translated son can

also ha#e the meaning of grandson! great grandson! descendant!

etc4>Likewise! the Hebrew word translated father can mean

grandfather! great grandfather! ancestor! etc41An accurate

understanding of biblical genealogies is difficult! $et it is im8ortant for

the understanding of %cri8ture4 Ha#ing a 8ro8er understanding ofbiblical genealogies is a 8rerequisite to attem8ting to address the

&enesis genealogies4 B$ cross referencing the biblical genealogies

with other e#ents dated in the Bible! one can find instances where

numerous genealogies were telesco8ed! resulting in the e7clusion of

numerous generations of indi#iduals4 'hen e7amining indi#idual
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genealogies! one can find e7am8les where indi#iduals are e7cluded or

added to the lists found in &enesis4 *he fact that the genealogies of

the Bible are gi#en s$mmetricall$ 9where the numbers of generations

in each grou8 are identical; lends credence to the argument that the$

are re8resentati#e of generations found throughout human histor$4ore information about the biblical genealogies can be found in our

article! *he &enesis &enealogies Are *he$ Com8lete?

Length of creation da$sost 8eo8le who read English translations of the Bible assume that

the English words ha#e the same meaning as the original languages in

which the Bible was written 9Hebrew and Aramaic for the Old

*estament! and &reek for the New *estament;4 :n fact! the original

biblical languages contained man$ fewer words than modern English!

which means that the words in those languages had more different

meanings4 :n the &enesis - creation account! each da$ ends as

e#ening and morning =n= da$!@where n is the da$=s number4

Although man$ Christians claim this makes the da$s e7actl$ /1hours

in length! the Hebrew word translated da$ in English actuall$ has

three literal translationsJ the da$light 8ortion of a /1hour da$! a /1

hour da$! and a long! uns8ecified 8eriod of time 9as in da$ of the

dinosaurs;4.*he Hebrew word translated e#ening also means

sunset! night or ending of the da$4 *he Hebrew word translated

morning also means sunrise! coming of light! beginning of the

da$! or dawning! with 8ossible meta8horic usage4Our English

e78ression *he dawning of an age ser#es to illustrate this 8oint4 *he

intended meaning of the word should be determined from the conte7t4

ore information and e7am8les can be found in our article Biblical

E#idence for Long Creation 3a$s4

/1hour da$s?Although some Christians claim the da$s of creation are

e7actl$ /1hours in length! it is a88arent from the literal

reading of the &enesis - te7t that this is not so4 *wo da$s

stand out! in 8articular4 On the third da$! &od created the
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8lants4 *he 8articulars are im8ortant! so let=s look at what &enesis -

sa$s

*hen &od said! Let the earth s8rout #egetation! 8lants $ielding seed!

and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind! with seed in them! on the

earthJ and it was so4 And the earth brought forth #egetation! 8lants

$ielding seed after their kind! and trees bearing fruit! with seed in

them! after their kindJ and &od saw that it was good4 9&enesis ----/;

*he interesting 8art of the account is that &od did not create the

8lants in the manner we might assume He did4 :nstead of creating a

world filled with fullgrown 8lants! &od actuall$ created seeds and

8lanted those4 'e understand this from the word s8rout!6which

refers to &od allowing the earth to 8roduce 8lants through germination

9s8routing;4 *he Hebrew word dashatells us that &od used 8rocesses

identical to what we see on the earth toda$4 (lants s8outed! grew to

maturit$! and 8roduced seeds4 %e#eral kinds of 8lants are described4

*he Hebrew word desheDrefers 8rimaril$ to grassesJ the word eseb-0

refers 8rimaril$ to herbs and the words 8eri--ets-/refer to fruit trees4

%ome Christians claim that &od could ha#e s8ed u8 the 8rocess so

that it all this s8routing and growing ha88ened within a 8eriod of /1

hours4 Howe#er! the te7t clearl$ states that the land8roduced the

#egetation and trees4 ConIecture about what &od could ha#e done to

s8eed u8 the 8rocess ha#e nobiblical su88ort and directl$ contradict

what the te7t actuall$ sa$s4 %ince fruit trees take se#eral $ears to

mature and 8roduce fruit! the third da$ must ha#e been at least

se#eral $ears long4

*he si7th da$ was also a #er$ bus$ da$4 On the si7th da$! &od

created the ne8hesh9soulish; animals! including the wild animals

9carni#ores;! cattle 9herbi#ores; and cree8ing things 9rodents?;

9&enesis -/@;4 *hen &od created Adam! the first man 9&enesis -/!

/;4 He 8laced the man into a s8ecial garden that He had 8lanted

9&enesis /6;4 Again! &od was 8la$ing farmer b$ 8lanting the garden

and letting it grow 9&enesis /D;4 Adam was 8laced into the garden to

work it and take care of it 9&enesis /-@;4 'e don=t know how long

Adam worked the garden before &od ga#e him another assignment4

Howe#er! it wouldn=t ha#e been much work if Adam was there for
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less than /1 hours4 Ne7t! &od had Adam gi#e names to all the beasts

of the field and all the birds of the air 9&enesis /-D;4 *he 8rocess

would ha#e required Adam naming tens of thousands of s8ecies

9minimum;4 E#en naming one animal e#er$ ten seconds would ha#e

taken Adam se#eral da$s! at minimum4 *hen &od 8ut Adam to slee8and created E#e from 8art of Adam=s side 9&enesis ////>;4 Adam=s

res8onse to E#e=s creation is also telling! since u8on seeing E#e for

the first time! Adam said at last4->*his is not e7actl$ the res8onse

one would ha#e e78ected from a man who had waited for less than one

da$ 9or else Adam was the most im8atient man in the histor$ of

humanit$;4 %o! we must conclude that the si7th da$ was much longer

than /1 hours! and 8robabl$ took at least se#eral $ears! based on

Adam=s res8onse4 For more information! see our article &enesis - *he

Literal :nter8retation of the Creation Account4

*he se#enth da$Besides the biblical e#idence that at least some of the &enesis da$s

are long 8eriods of time! &enesis /1refers to all . da$s of creation as

one da$

*his is the account of the hea#ens and the earth when the$ were

created! in the da$ that the Lord &od made earth and hea#en4 9&enesis

/1;

:n addition! the se#enth da$ of &enesis is not closed

*hen &od blessed the se#enth da$ and sanctified it! because in it He

rested from all His work which &od had created and made4 9&enesis

/>;

:n all other da$s the te7t sa$s! there is the e#ening and the morning!

the n da$4 :n the book of Hebrews! the author tells us to labor to enterinto &od=s se#enth da$ of rest

For He has thus said somewhere concerning the se#enth da$! And

&od rested on the se#enth da$ from all His works444 Let us therefore

be diligent to enter that rest! lest an$one fall through following the

same e7am8le of disobedience4 9Hebrews 11--;
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B$ an$ calculation! &od=s se#enth da$ of rest from creating has been

at least .!000 $ears long! since it continues to toda$4 &od=s se#enth

da$ of rest from creating will end when He creates the new hea#ens

and new earth4

Age of humanit$Other than incom8lete genealogies! there are other measures of the

age of humanit$ found in the Bible4 First! the Bible sa$s that the Lord

made a co#enant and commanded his law to -!000 generations

"emember His co#enant fore#er! *he word which He commanded

to a thousand generations! 9- Chronicles -.-@;

He has remembered His co#enant fore#er! *he word which He

commanded to a thousand generations! 9(salm -0@6;

but showing lo#e to a thousand generations of those who lo#e me

and kee8 m$ commandments4 9E7odus /0.;

but showing lo#e to a thousand generations of those who lo#e me

and kee8 m$ commandments4 93euteronom$ @-0;

+now therefore that the LO"3 $our &od is &odJ he is the faithful

&od! kee8ing his co#enant of lo#e to a thousand generations of

those who lo#e him and kee8 his commands4 93euteronom$ D;

5nless those generations are onl$ . $ears long! these #erses indicate

that humanit$ has been around much longer than .!000 $ears4 :n most

instances! a biblical generation is 10 $ears long!-1meaning that

human beings ha#e been around for at least 10!000 $ears4

Another! less accurate wa$ to look at the age of humanit$ is to

com8are an earl$ biblical e#ent with earth=s natural histor$4 One

e7am8le is the 8erson (eleg! of whom it is said for in his da$s theearth was di#ided444 9&enesis -0/@; *his di#iding of the earth was

likel$ a result of the remo#al of land bridges at the end of the last

interglacial 8eriod! about -/!000 $ears ago4 3uring this time! seal

le#els rose se#eral hundred feet as continental ice sheets melted and

flowed into the oceans4 Assuming the biblical genealogies were

com8lete! we could calculate that (eleg li#ed 1!000 $ears ago4
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Howe#er! since the di#iding of the earth reall$ occurred -/!000 $ears

ago! one can determine that the genealogies re8resent onl$ one third

of the actual generations 9-/!000 1!000;4 *his would 8lace the

beginning of humanit$ at /1!000 $ears ago! assuming the missing

genealogies are missing at the same rate throughout human histor$4%ince it would seem likel$ that more of the earlier genealogies are

missing! the estimate is likel$ low! 8robabl$ being more in line with the

biblical 10!000 $ears4

From a scientific stand8oint! : would 8lace the creation of Adam as the

first modern human 9Homo sa8iens sa8iens;! corres8onding with the

e78losion of so8histicated tool making! art! and religious worshi8 in

Euro8e! about @0!000 $ears ago4-@: do not belie#e that Adam was a

Neanderthal! Homo erectus! or other hominid s8ecies found in the

fossil record! but a full$ modern! s8iritual human being4

%ummar$ of biblical e#idenceContrar$ to the calculation of Archbisho8 5ssher! it seems that the

biblical genealogies are telesco8ed! re8resenting onl$ a small

8ercentage of the actual human generations4 *herefore! the time that

humanit$ has e7isted on earth is in the tens of thousands of $ears

rather than thousands of $ears4 Howe#er! humanit$ was the #er$ last

of &od=s creations! on the si7th da$s4 *he da$s of creation can be

shown to be longer than ordinar$ calendar da$s! with at least two of

the da$s being $ears long or longer 9in addition to the se#enth da$!

which is a minimum of thousands of $ears long;4 %o! although the Bible

ma$ gi#e us an a88ro7imate date for the creation of human beings! we

can onl$ guess at how long the other creation da$s are4 Howe#er!

&od has gi#en us another book that testifies to His 8ower and

creati#e abilit$Mnone other than the creation itself4 *he Bible

e78licitl$ tells us that &od=s creation is a reliable witness for the truth

about &od=s 8ower and righteousness4 *he Bible also sa$s that one

can see the truth about &od from His creation! so that unbelie#ers are

without e7cuse in den$ing &od=s eternal 8ower and di#ine nature4-.

%o! the Bible sa$s that we can learn about &od from His creation4 Let=s

do thatP
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Age of the earth according to science

Kircon

*he age of the earth can be measured b$ numerous different

techniques! most of which 8ro#ide Iust a minimumage4 *he absolute

age of the earth has been most accuratel$ measured through

radioacti#e deca$ of its rocks4 Because of 8late tectonics 9which

rec$cles the earth=s crust; and the late hea#$ bombardment! none of

the original rock formations a88ear on the surface of the earth at this

time4 %o! the oldest known rock formations ha#e been dated to 14014/

billion $ears old4-Howe#er! tin$ ircons! some of the hardest minerals

on earth! ha#e sur#i#ed these catastro8hic e#ents and ha#e beenreliabl$ dated to 141 billion $ears old4-6"ocks returned from the A8ollo

moon missions!-Dalong with meteorites deri#ed from ars/0ha#e been

dated at 14@ billion $ears old4 eteorites from the solar s$stem that

ha#e landed on the earth ha#e been dated to 14@. billion $ears old!

which establishes the date at which the solar s$stem and all its worlds

were created4

"adioacti#e deca$
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19/97

"adioacti#e *able of Elements

*here are o#er -00 elements in the 8eriodic table 9right;4 *he

8ro8erties of each element are determined b$ the number of 8rotons

and neutrons in each element=s atoms4 *he atomic number 9which

defines each element; is a function of the number of 8rotons

98ositi#el$ charged;! which is e7actl$ balanced b$ the number of

electrons 9negati#el$ charged;4 *he number of neutrons 9each

consisting of a 8roton and electron! being chargeneutral; within each

atom is usuall$ about the same as the number of 8rotons! although

some elements can e7ist in different forms 9called isoto8es; based

u8on different numbers of neutrons4 A fundamental 8h$sical law!

called the weak nuclear force! determines the stabilit$ of atoms that

contain differing numbers of neutrons4 %ome isoto8es are somewhat or

#er$ unstable and deca$ in a 8redictable wa$ and at a 8redictable rate4

3e8ending u8on the isoto8e! this deca$ can occur in se#eral different

wa$s4 One form of radioacti#e deca$ consists of a neutron deca$ing

into a 8roton and electron! which is eIected from the nucleus4 *he

atom=s atomic number increases b$ one! so it becomes one element

higher on the 8eriodic table! although its mass remains about the

same4 :n other forms of radioacti#e deca$! a 8roton combines with an

electron to form a neutron! resulting in its atomic number decreasing

b$ one4 %till another form of radioacti#e deca$ results in the emission

of an al8ha 8article 9two neutrons and two 8rotons;! which lowers the

atomic number b$ / and mass b$ 14 Both the original amount of an

element and its deca$ 8roduct9s; can be measured to determine the

age of the sam8le4
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:soto8es and the age of the earth*he im8ortant thing about radioacti#e deca$ is that is 8ro#ides us with

clocks that allow us to determine the ages of #arious materials on the

earth4 *he stabilit$ of a 8articular isoto8e determines its halflife! theamount of time required for half of the atoms to deca$4 Halfli#es of

isoto8es #ar$ from billions of $ears 9or longer; to fractions of a second4

*he e7istence of certain isoto8es on the earth gi#e us a minimum age

for the earth4 :t is significant that there are o#er -@0 unstable

isoto8es! although the #ast maIorit$ of those do note7ist naturall$ on

the 8lanet4 :t turns out that e#er$ isoto8e 9other than those which are

8roducts of other radioacti#e deca$ or are formed toda$; with a half

life less than 60 million $ears do not e7ist4/-One could make the claim

that ma$be &od didn=t want to create isoto8es with short halfli#es9other than carbon-1;4 Howe#er! the most com8elling answer is that

all those isoto8es with short halfli#es ha#e com8letel$ deca$ed o#er

the earth=s 14@ billion $ear histor$4 An earth that was onl$ tens of

thousands of $ears old would be e78ected to contain isoto8es with

half li#es less than thousands of $ears long4 Howe#er! there are none!

with the e7ce8tion of carbon-1! which is formed continuall$ in the

earth=s atmos8here! through the bombardment of atmos8heric

nitrogen-1 with cosmic ra$s4 %ome $oung earth creationists ha#e

attem8ted to get around the radioisoto8e 8roblem b$ claiming that thehalfli#es of radioacti#e elements were shorter in the 8ast4 Howe#er!

since the halfli#es of radioisoto8es #ar$ o#er man$ orders of

magnitude! this would require that &od would ha#e had to ha#e

changed 8refall or 8reflood 8h$sics to adIust the deca$ rates of

indi#idual isoto8es more or less com8ared to others4 Needless to sa$!

creationists who 8ro8ose such s8ecial 8leading ha#e ne#er 8roduced

an$ kind of coherent scientific model for how this contri#ed idea might

ha#e been accom8lished4 :n addition! the Bible tells us that the

8h$sics of the uni#erse are constant and fi7ed!

//

suggesting thatsuch s8ecial 8leading is incongruent with biblical theolog$4

3ating of meteoritesBecause of the earth=s aggressi#e tectonic acti#it$! it was antici8ated

that dating of the earth=s rocks would $ield a minimum! but 8robabl$
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$oung date for the earth4 As stated 8re#iousl$! the oldest rock

formations are Iust o#er 14/ billion $ears old! while the earth=s oldest

minerals are 141 billion $ears old4 %ince the moon has no measureable

tectonics! its oldest rocks date from 14@ billion $ears ago4 'ith the

assum8tion that all the solar s$stem bodies were formed at the sametime!/>scientists ha#e dated meteorites to determine the age of the

solar s$stem4 5sing different isochron methods! the dates for all these

meteorites fall in the same rangeMfrom 14@14. billion $ears ago4

:sochron 3ating of eteorites/1

eteorite :sochron Age 9billions of $ears;(b(b %mNd "b%r "eOs ArAr%t4 %e#erin 14@1> Q 040-D 14@@ Q 04>> 14@- Q 04-@ 14.6 Q 04-@

,u#inas 14@@. Q 040-/ 14@. Q 0406 14@0 Q 040Allende 14@@> Q 04001 14@@ Q 040>

Other dating techniques"adioacti#it$ is not the onl$ means of measuring the age of the earth!

although it does gi#e us the most accurate measure4 Howe#er! other

techniques allow us to calculate a minimumage for the earth4 Below is

a table of these techniques! all of which show the earth is much older

than .!000 $ears4

*echniques for easuring the Earth=s Age

(art of &od=s CreationEinimum Age

of theformation

9$rs4;Age of moon rocks 14@ billion-D

Age of meteorites 14@ billion/1

Accumulation of s8ace dust on the moon 9at themeasured rate of about / nanograms 8er square

centimeter 8er $ear;

14@ billion/@

Age of earth rocks 14/ billion-

"ela7ation times of star clusters 1 billion/.

Erosion on ercur$ ars! and oon 1 billion/
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of theformation

9$rs4;Length of da$s of coral fossils >0 million/6

Accumulation of sodium in the oceans /.0 million/D

"ate of continental drift to form the the Atlantic Ocean /00 million>0

"e#ersals of the earth=s magnetic 8ole recorded in the

Atlantic Ocean sea bottom60 million>-

Erosion of the &rand Can$on - million>/

&eometric measurement to the gala7$ N&C1/@6 />4@ million>>

Carbonate de8osits *he &reat Bahama Bank! off the

coast of Florida! has multi8le la$ers o#er -1!@00 feet

thick

-/41 million>1

*here are sedimentar$ rock formations on ars that are

o#er 1 kilometers thick4 %uch la$ers would require tens

to hundreds of millions of $ears of running water to

form4 :n addition there must ha#e been millions of $ears

for all the water to ha#e disa88eared! since ars is now

e7tremel$ dr$4 9)iew 8ictures from the article;

-0 million>@

Ooids 9small s8heroidal bodies; Formation for addingman$ la$ers of mineral de8osits in#ol#es massi#e time

elements4

R million>.

*he &reen "i#er annual la$ers 9alternating %ummer

calcium carbonate and 'inter organic la$ers;1 million>

&eometric measurement to the gala7$ >> /41 million>6

E#a8orites 'hen bodies of salt water are tra88ed so

that circulation is limited! e#a8oration 8roduces

8reci8itation of calcium carbonate! then calcium sulfate

and finall$ calcium chloride out of the water4 Each la$ertakes se#eral $ears to form4 *he 3elaware Basin

formation is -!100 feet thick! consisting of /00!000

la$ers! requiring at least .00!000 $ears to form4 *he

editerranean %ea floor is underlain b$ about !000 feet

of e#a8orites! requiring millions of $ears to form and

R> million>D
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of theformation

9$rs4;e#a8oration of a .0 miles de8th of salt water4

Length of time that surface rocks ha#e been e78osed to

cosmic ra$s 9Antarctic rocks;> million10

Huge stalactites! stalagmites! and columns in the

Carlsbad Ca#erns in New e7ico 9Carlsbad reference;@00!0001-

)ostok ice core in Antarctica 1/0!0001/

*hickness of coral reefs ->0!0001>

Organic banks 9*he Ca8itan "eef of 'est *e7as! /!000

feet thick in 8laces! with fossilied remains of

organisms4;

-00!00011

"adiocarbon dating of wood 9u88er limit of -1C dating

method;@0!0001@

Bristlecone 8ine trees in California --!0001.

3olomite formation "e8lacement of calcium carbonate

8articles in lime sediment or lime rock gi#es strong

e#idence of #ast amounts of time required4 "ate is as

slow as /00 million $ears2mm4

millions1

Conclusion*he Bible establishes a minimum date for the creation of human

beings on the si7th da$ of @0!000 $ears ago4 Howe#er! because the

Bible clearl$ indicates the length of the 8re#ious fi#e creation da$s!

are longer than ordinar$ solar da$s! we must look to &od=s creation to

establish an accurate date for the length of the da$s and the age of

the earth4 *he age of the earth is most accuratel$ established b$

e7amining the age of its rocks! along with the age of rocks from the

moon and meteorites! which were formed around the same time4 All

these measurements indicate that the earth is Iust o#er 14@ billion

$ears old4 easurement of the ages of some of earth=s features

establish a minimum age for those features that is in the hundred of

thousands to millions of $ears4 %ince most of the measurement merel$
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in#ol#e the counting of annual la$ers! the$ are unlikel$ to be grossl$

inaccurate4 *herefore! the $oung earth 8aradigm that the earth is

merel$ .!000 $ears old is falsified b$ both the Bible and science4 *he

#ast ages of the earth does not diminish the 8ower and glor$ of &od!

but establishes that &od thought that 8re8aring the earth for humanhabitation was worth the billions of $ears of 8re8aration4 %ince &od is

not subIect to the tem8oral dimension of this uni#erse!16it all

ha88ened instantl$ for Him4

But now ask the beasts! and let them teach $ouJ And the birds of the

hea#ens! and let them tell $ou4 Or s8eak to the earth! and let it teach

$ouJ And let the fish of the sea declare to $ou4 'ho among all these

does not know *hat the hand of the LO"3 has done this! :n whose

hand is the life of e#er$ li#ing thing! And the breath of all mankind?

3oes not the ear test words! As the 8alate tastes its food? 9,ob -/

--;
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*he Age of the Earth and the Bible *imeline *his Bible *imeline research concludes that the first da$ of Creation 'eek

starts on the &regorian calendar on %unda$ October /-! 1-0- BC at .00 84m4 in what

is now :srael4 *his e7act moment in time starts onda$ October -1 Creation 3a$

One in 1--@ BC on a ,ewish Hebrew >.13a$ SsacredT calendar4 *his >.13a$

calendar is called SsacredT because it is totall$ deri#ed from the numbered $ears in

the te7t of %cri8ture4 :n October of /0-/! the real age of the earth is .!0-/ solar $ears

according to the Bible4 *he Biblical te7t clearl$ states there are 1!0D. solar $ears

from Creation 'eek in 1-0- BC until the birth of ,esus in @ BC4 *his web site and the

digital book commentar$! Earth=s %acredCalendar *he 3ated E#ents of the Old*estament!a#ailable at www4Laridian4com ! are the onl$ sources of this oneofakind research4 *he other web site! www4thesacredcalendar4com! isstill beingconstructed and has more detailed information4 *he Bible chronolog$ dates a#ailable

on these web sites were calculated b$ ,im Liles o#er the 8ast eight 8lus $ears using

onl$ thenumbered dates gi#en in the New +ing ,ames )ersion of the acArthur%tud$ Bible4 All of the e7act and estimated dates used in this *imeline of the Bible until the

E7odus are based on information found in the Old *estament Book of &enesis4 *he

remaining Bible e#ents are also dated from the Book of E7odus until the e#ents of

Easter 'eek in >0 A3 found in the New *estament4 *he $ear of -11@ BC! the most

acce8ted $ear of the E7odus! was used as the Anchor ear for the entire Bible

*imeline4 *he Author of this *imeline of the Bible ho8es $ou will enIo$ e78loring this

unique research and gain a greater understanding His %o#ereignt$4 'hen $ou gras8the ob#ious fact that onl$ the &od of the Bible is in control of e#er$thing! there is no

e7cuse for $ou to be an7ious or worr$ about an$thing unless $ou do not belong to

HimP *he Bible is #er$ clear that if $ou do not belie#e in the &od of Abraham! :saac!

and ,ose8h andacknowledge ,esus the Christ as essiah and Lord! $ou ha#e a greatdeal to be worried about for a #er$ long time4

*he >.13a$ Bible "eference CalendarConsistent with%cri8ture UF"EEClick link below to )iew and (rint the >.13a$Calendar4 *his Calendar shows the months G da$s at Creationand the . month change at the start of the E7odus4*his Bible *imeline Calendar assumes a >.1 da$ $ear in *he Bible4 *he
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3a$s of Creation 'eek from %unda$to%unda$ 8lus the >@. da$s of the

Hebrew Calendar make u8 the >.13a$ Bible "eference Calendar 9B";4

*he dates and da$s of the week on the B" Calendar are the same da$

of the week e#er$ $ear4 *he calendar shows the months G da$s at

Creation and the . month change at the start of the E7odus4 Learnore About *he Calendar RR

F"EE %ee and (rint the >.1 3a$ Bible Calendar4 Click ere RR

5ssher=s 3ates Com8ared Biblical *e7t ears >!DDD %olar ears 1!0D. %olar ears 1001 BC to @ BC i 1-0- BC to @ BCClick ere to %ee 5ssher=s 3ates Chart RRClick here to order the 5ssher Com8arison Chart RR

*he Beginning of Creation 'eek &enesis --/>%unda$ October ->! 1--@ BC 9B";is S*he BeginningTof Creation'eek with / calendars starting -1 $ears and da$s a8art4 *he&regorian Calendar date! for this same e#ent at .00 (! is%unda$ October /-! 1-0- BC4At .00 ( in :srael on %unda$ itbecomes the start of onda$ October -1 on the Hebrew Calendar and

the start of 3a$ - of Creation4 *he 3a$s of Creation 'eek are not on

the current secular Hebrew Calendar and occur between *ishri >0 and

Hesh#an -4

Learn more about the e#ents of Creation 'eek RR
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/Color364DayCalendar.pdfhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/Color364DayCalendar.pdfhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/CompareDates.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/Items/Details15.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/creationweek.cfm


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NoahVs Ark and *he Flood &enesis Cha8ters .--

Frida$ %e8tember -> W *ishri -! /1@6 BC 9B";starts the e#ents of*he Flood and NoahVs Ark with the 3eath of ethuselah4 Noah entersthe Ark 1 da$s later on 'ednesda$ October >0 esh#an -0 in /1@6BC 9B";4 %e#en da$s later! on 'ednesda$ No#ember . W esh#an -!it begins to rain Sfor 10 da$s and 10 nights4T*he co#ering on NoahVsArk is remo#ed on the Sfirst month! the first da$ of the monthTaccording to &enesis 6->4 *his date is Frida$ %e8tember -> *ishri- in /1@ BC 9B";4 *he &regorian date of Noah remo#ing the ArkCo#ering is Frida$ ,anuar$ >0! /116 BC4*his date would be thebeginning of *he :ce Age4Learn more about Noah=s Flood RR

,ose8h in Eg$8t to *he E7odus &enesis 1D *o E7odus-/1-'ednesda$ ,anuar$ D W *e#et /0 in -6@ BC 9B"; is when ,acob tells (haraoh heis ->0 ears old4 *his date is also ,ose8hVs *h birthda$ as he was born on ,anuar$ -W *e#et -/ in -D-1 BC 9B"; 4 oses is 60 $ears old on Frida$ A8ril 1 W Nisan - in-11@ BC 9B";4 On this same date! :srael makes cam8 at %uccoth the first da$ out ofEg$8t at the time of the E7odus4 *his date is e7actl$ 1>0 $ears and 6. da$s after

,acob arri#es with his famil$ to Ioin ,ose8h in Eg$8t4 *he E7odus start date is the

Anchor 3ate and ear for all other Bible *imeline calculations using onl$ dates and

information gi#en in %cri8ture4

Learn more about ,acob and ,ose8h in Eg$8t RR

+ing %olomonVs *em8le Begins W : +ings .- and ::Chronicles >/%unda$ a$ -6 W %i#an / in D.@ BC 9B";is the start date for%olomon=s *em8le in the Fourth ear of his "eign4 On this same date
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/noahsarkandtheflood.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/josephinegypttomosesandtheexodus.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/noahsarkandtheflood.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/josephinegypttomosesandtheexodus.cfm


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160 $ears before! oses climbs ount %inai for the first time in the

second month of the E7odus on %unda$ a$ -6 W %i#an / in -11@ BC9B";4 *he &regorian date of this same e#ent is %unda$ %e8tember6! D./ BC4Four da$s later! &od s8eaks to the Nation of :srael fromount %inai4 *his e#ent on *hursda$ %i#an . marks the start of whatwould be called (entecost in >0 A34

Learn more about +ing %olomon=s *em8le RR

Bab$lonian Ca8ti#it$ 0 ears of E7ileOn onda$ ,ul$ /- W A# in @/. BC 9B";! the Bab$lonian arm$ enters ,erusalemand starts burning the *em8le according to / +ings /@6D4 *he &regorian date forthis same e#ent is onda$ a$ -1! @/1 BC4 *he battle is o#er > da$s later on*hursda$ ,ul$ /1 W A# -0as stated in ,eremiah @/-/-.4*his date marks the endof the "eigns of the %outhern +ings of :srael along with the destruction of ,erusalem

and %olomonVs *em8le4 ,eremiah /@---/tells us the Bab$lonian E7ile will last for- $ears until S0 $ears are com8leted4T*he end of the E7ile is the start date of3anielVs S0 'eeks (ro8hec$4T

Learn more about the E#ents of the E7ile RR

11 BC3aniel=s has #ision of 0 'eeks (ro8hec$ W3aniel D-/onda$! ,ul$ /- W A# in 1@@ BC 9B";marks! the start date of3aniel=s 0 'eeks (ro8hec$! the end of the E7ile in Bab$lon! and the

*h da$ of rebuilding of the ,erusalem 'all4 *his is the most likel$ start

date for the e#ents described in 3aniel D-/4 *he &regorian date isonda$ Februar$ -.! 1@> BC4 3aniel=s (ro8hec$ ends 16> $ears and10 weeks later on onda$ A8ril /6 W :$ar --! >0 A3 9B";beginningthe e#ents of Easter 'eek4 *his da$ is onda$ A8ril - W Nisan -0!>0 A3 on the &regorian ebrew calendar 9& ;4,esus enters,erusalem on this first da$ of the Feast of (asso#er4 On this da$ the

Lamb is chosen to be sacrificed on (asso#er on Frida$ Nisan -1 in >0

A3 as instructed in E7odus -//>4
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/kingsolomonstempleandisraelskings.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/kingsolomonstempleandisraelskings.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/babyloniancaptivityandtheexile.cfm


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Learn more about 3aniel=s 0 'eeks RR

*he Birth of ,esus %unda$ October /0 Creation 3a$ !@ BC%unda$ October /0 W Creation 3a$ in @ BC 9B";is the 3a$ that,esus was born in Bethlehem4 *he &regorian ebrew Calendar 9& ;date is %unda$ No#ember > W esh#an ->! @ BC4:n the ear that,esus was born! the numbers of the $ears on the >.13a$ Bible"eference Calendar 9B";and the &regorian Calendarwere thesame but -1 da$s a8art4 From 3a$ of Creation 'eekon %unda$October /6 W esh#an ! 1-0- BC 9& ;until the Birth of ,esus !there are 10D. solar $earsthat are com8leted4 *his number e7actl$matches the number of $ears stated in %cri8ture4 *he 8recise datingof these two historical e#ents is the foundational mathematical error

in all other current Bible Chronolog$4

Learn ore about the Birth of ,esus RR

*he Ba8tism and Life of ,esus and Easter 'eekOn %unda$ %e8tember 6 W Elul /@ in /. A3! ,esus walks down to the"i#er ,ordon and is ba8tied at about thirt$ $ears of age according to Luke >/>4

*his e#ent starts the 1/ months of His (ublic inistr$4 On the &regorianHebrew

solar calendar! ,esus starts Easter 'eek b$ entering ,erusalem on onda$ A8ril - W

Nisan -0 in >0 A34 *his is the start of (asso#er and the da$ the sacrificial Lamb is

chosen4 ,esus is crucified on Frida$ A8ril @ W Nisan -1 which is the da$ the (asso#er

Lamb is sacrificed according to ,ewish Law stated in the Book of E7odus4 *he >.1

3a$ calendar of %cri8ture is connected to the &regorianHebrew calendar because

Nisan -1 (asso#er alwa$s falls on A8ril @ in a nonlea8 $ear4 *he Ascension of ,esus

ha88ens 10 da$s after the "esurrection and is the last date in %cri8turethat can be8recisel$ dated4

Learn moreBa8tism and Life of ,esus and Easter 'eek RR
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/daniels70weeksprophecy.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/thebirthofJesus.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/lifeofjesus.cfm


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@ ears


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An E#aluation of E#idence forthe Age of the 5ni#erse:ntroductionA grou8 of Christians 8rofessionall$ trained in astronomical research

has re#iewed 8resentations b$ 3rs4 3ann$ Faulkner and Hugh "oss!

co#ering arguments on the age of the uni#erse4 'e a88reciated the

ci#ilit$ and res8ect of the discourse on a to8ic often generating more

heat than light within the Christian communit$4 Our anal$sis

concentrates on arguments made b$ the s8eakers dealing with

astronomical data and calculations! rather than about Biblical

inter8retation or biological e#olution! because the former are our areas

of 8rofessional e78ertise4 'e do note that! for e7am8le! one=s #iew of

%cri8tural inter8retation and theolog$ will affect the range of models

one would consider4

AimOur aim has been to assess the e#idence for the age of the uni#erse in

the light of the arguments 8resented! using a standard scientific

a88roach4 %cience seeks to make 8rogress in understanding the

8h$sical world through inducti#e reasoning! rather than the watertight

8roofs found in mathematics4 *his means that scientific understanding

ad#ances through an enormous amount of focused! incremental efforts

with man$ consistenc$ checks in the conte7t of a mutuall$

accountable scientific communit$4 3rawing sound conclusions about a

general question such as the age of the uni#erse cannot be done on

the basis of one argument alone but requires man$ different

inde8endent e78eriments including tests that could falsif$ com8eting

claims4 An$ conclusions! along with an e#aluation of their certaint$!

are then made on the basis of the o#erall weight of the a#ailable

e#idence4 *here will often be some data that a88ear to disagree with

the rest of the e#idenceJ this does not automaticall$ 8ro#ide e#idence


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for alternati#e h$8otheses but often means that our theoretical

understanding is not $et entirel$ com8lete4

Anal$sis"oss=s arguments 8ro#ide solid e#idence that the uni#erse is billions of

$ears old4 He 8resents se#eral inde8endent arguments! based on a

wide range of data! indicating that the uni#erse and most obIects in it

are much older than ten thousand $ears4 *he lighttra#eltime

argument is 8articularl$ strong in both its basis in 8h$sical 8rinci8les

and its sim8licit$4 Faulkner does not 8resent e#idence for a uni#erse

thousands of $ears old but rather makes claims for isolated

inconsistencies in the case for great age4 'hile it is common scientific

8ractice to look for holes in wellestablished theories! the new

contrar$ e#idence must either be #er$ strong to counter the e7isting

e#idence for the theor$ or else be su88orted b$ a new theor$ that

readil$ e78lains both the new e#idence and the old4 'e Iudge that the

inconsistencies 8ointed out b$ Faulkner do not meet either of these

criteria4 :n some instances the obser#ations are com8letel$ consistent

with our current understanding of these 8h$sical s$stems in the

conte7t of an old uni#erseJ in others! while uni#ersall$ acce8ted

inter8retations don=t e7ist toda$ and our knowledge is often still

incom8lete! such e78lanations are likel$ to be forthcoming as

obser#ations and theor$ 8rogress4 :t is our 8rofessional Iudgment that

the weight of the e#idence o#erwhelmingl$ su88orts a uni#erse that is

billions of $ears old4

%ignatories &abriela Canalio! (h434 9Associate (rofessor!

3e8artment of (h$sics and Astronom$! 5ni#ersit$ of

California! "i#erside; &erald Clea#er! (h434 9Associate (rofessor! 3e8artment

of (h$sics! Ba$lor 5ni#ersit$;

+$le Cudworth! (h434 93irector! erkes Obser#ator$!

(rofessor! *he 5ni#ersit$ of Chicago;
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.html#top


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"elated (ages How Old is the Earth According to the Bible and

%cience?

%cientific E#idence for the Age of the 5ni#erse

"ebuttal to =*en (roblems Against the Big Bang=

%cientific E#idence for the Ageof the 5ni#erseb$ "ich 3eem:ntroduction*his is not a com8lete list of the e#idence from creation that the Earth

is ancient! but is sufficient to 8ro#ide a reasonable su88ort for the

idea4 *he Bible is not silent on the issue! since e#en &enesis 9the first

book of the Bible; declares that the mountains and hills are ancient4-

ost of the e#idence 8resented does not gi#e an e7act age of the

uni#erse! but Iust a lower minimum age4 an$ ha#e com8lained that

the measurements of the age of the uni#erse are based u8on

assum8tions that are questionable4 Howe#er! recent studies ha#e

calculated the #ast distances to astronomical sources based u8on

geometr$P *he calculation of distances using triangulation require no

assum8tions! but are based 8urel$ u8on mathematical 8rinci8les4

'h$ must we! who trust the Bible! belie#e the testimon$ of the

creation? *he Bible tells us that the creation declares the truth about

&od

*he hea#ens declare the glor$ of &odJ the skies 8roclaim the

work of His hands4 3a$ after da$ the$ 8our forth s8eechJ night

after night the$ dis8la$ knowledge4 *here is no s8eech or

language where their #oice is not heard4 *heir #oice goes out into

all the earth! their words to the ends of the world4 9(salm -D-1;
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#n01http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2019.1-4http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.html#tophttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#n01http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2019.1-4


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And the hea#ens declare His righteousness! For &od Himself is

Iudge4 %elah4 9(salm @0.;

*he hea#ens 8roclaim His righteousness! and all the 8eo8les see

His glor$4 9(salm D.;

For since the creation of the world His in#isible attributes! His

eternal 8ower and di#ine nature! ha#e been clearl$ seen! being

understood through what has been made! so that the$ are

without e7cuse4 9"omans -/0;

&eometric measurements of quasar >C /D now establish that the

uni#erse is at least @4D billion light $ears across4 %ince light cannot

tra#el faster than the s8eed of light! the light from that quasar must

ha#e been tra#eling for @4D billion $ears4 *he alternati#e $oung earthe78lanation is that &od created the light in transit4 Howe#er! we know

that quasars e7isted onl$ during the beginning of the uni#erse! since

none are seen closer to us than billions of light $ears4 :f &od created

light in transit! He would ha#e created the light in transit from a

quasar that does not now e7ist4 Likewise! we ha#e obser#ed

su8erno#a e78losions in gala7ies millions of light $ears awa$4 :f &od

created light in transit from these obIects! He would ha#e made the

light from an obIect that does not now e7ist! since it a88eared to ha#e

blown u8 millions of $ears before the uni#erse was actuall$ created4How can the uni#erse declare the glor$ and righteousness of &od if it

declares a lie? Like man$ $oung earth doctrines! the a88earance of

age argumentis nowhere taught in the Bible4

Here is the testimon$ from the creation about the glor$ of &od4 :t is

still under construction! since : ha#e been adding to it as : find new

studies in the literature4
http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2050.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2097.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Romans%201.20http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2050.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2097.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Romans%201.20http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.html


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"ocks 9and other 8arts of the creation; of Ages

&od=s Creation (roclaimsEinimum

Age of the5ni#erse

9$rs4;3euterium abundance and mass densit$ -D billion

%un$ae#Kel=do#ich effect -6 billion

Nucleochronolog$ 9deca$ of radioacti#e nuclides; - billion

Anthro8ic 8rinci8les - billion

%tar color luminosit$ fitting 9Chabo$er; -1 billion

E78ansion of the uni#erse 9'A(; ->46 billion

&ala7$ lenses time dela$ 9%aha; ->4@ billion

Age of oldest stars 952*h! 52:r! *h2Eu! and *h2Os dating; ->4/ billion

%8ectral line of 5ranium/>6 9halflife14@ billion $ears;

9Ca$rel;-/4@ billion

%u8erno#a standard candles 9'atson; -/ billion

&lobular Clusters 9Chabo$er! (eterson! 3=Antona; -/ billion

&ra#itational lensing 9+undic! Falco; -- billion

Light tra#eltime based on quasarlight source -0 billion

Ce8heids 9Freedman; D billion

E78anding 8hotos8here 9%chmidt; D billion

%tar stream interactions in gala7ies 6 billion

&eometric measurement to the quasar >C /D 9Homan; @4D billion

Age of moon rocks 14@ billion

Age of meteorites 14@ billion

Accumulation of s8ace dust on the moon 9at the 14@ billion


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Age of the5ni#erse

9$rs4;measured rate of about / nanograms 8er square

centimeter 8er $ear;

"ela7ation times of star clusters 1 billion

Erosion on ercur$ ars! and oon 1 billion

Age of earth rocks 1 billion

Length of da$s of coral fossils 9coral reference; >0 million

Accumulation of sodium in the oceans 9sodium

reference;/.0 million

"ate of continental drift to form the the Atlantic Ocean /00 million

"e#ersals of the earth=s magnetic 8ole recorded in the

Atlantic Ocean sea bottom60 million

Erosion of the &rand Can$on /@ million

&eometric measurement to the gala7$ N&C1/@6

9Hernstein;/>4@ million

Carbonate de8osits *he &reat Bahama Bank! off the

coast of Florida! has multi8le la$ers o#er -1!@00 feet

thick 9Anselmetti;

-/41 million

*here are sedimentar$ rock formations on ars that are

o#er 1 kilometers thick4 %uch la$ers would require tens

to hundreds of millions of $ears of running water toform4 :n addition there must ha#e been millions of $ears

for all the water to ha#e disa88eared! since ars is now

e7tremel$ dr$4 9)iew 8ictures from the article; 9alin;

-0 million

Ooids 9small s8heroidal bodies; Formation for adding

man$ la$ers of mineral de8osits in#ol#es massi#e time

R million
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Age of the5ni#erse

9$rs4;elements4 9Algeo;

*he &reen "i#er annual la$ers 9alternating %ummer

calcium carbonate and 'inter organic la$ers;1 million

&eometric measurement to the gala7$ >> 9Brunthaler; /41 million

E#a8orites 'hen bodies of salt water are tra88ed so

that circulation is limited! e#a8oration 8roduces8reci8itation of calcium carbonate! then calcium sulfate

and finall$ calcium chloride out of the water4 Each la$er

takes se#eral $ears to form4 *he 3elaware Basin

formation is -!>00 feet thick! consisting of /00!000

la$ers! requiring at least .00!000 $ears to form4 *he

editerranean %ea floor is underlain b$ about !000 feet

of e#a8orites! requiring millions of $ears to form and

e#a8oration of a .0 miles de8th of salt water4

R> million

Length of time that surface rocks ha#e been e78osed to

cosmic ra$s 9e7tinct #olcanoes in Ne#ada;6>0!000

Huge stalactites! stalagmites! and columns in the

Carlsbad Ca#erns in New e7ico 9Carlsbad reference;@00!000

)ostok ice core in Antarctica 9(etit; 1/0!000

*hickness of coral reefs ->0!000

Organic banks 9*he Ca8itan "eef of 'est *e7as! /!000

feet thick in 8laces! with fossilied remains of

organisms4;

-00!000

"adiocarbon dating of wood 9u88er limit of dating

method;@0!000

Bristlecone 8ine trees in California -0!000


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Age of the5ni#erse

9$rs4;3olomite formation "e8lacement of calcium carbonate

8articles in lime sediment or lime rock gi#es strong

e#idence of #ast amounts of time required4 "ate is as

slow as /00 million $ears2mm4 9Ar#idson;

millions

"elated (ages An E#aluation of E#idence for the Age of the 5ni#erse

How Old is the Earth According to the Bible and %cience?

'h$ A:&=s Origins %cience #s4 O8erational %cience 3istinction is

Bogus

"ebuttal to =*en (roblems Against the Big Bang=

issing :soto8es from Accurac$ in &enesis

3a$Age &enesis One :nter8retation

Biblical E#idence for Long Creation 3a$s

:s the oungEarth :nter8retation Biblical?

"eferences1.our father=s blessings are greater than the blessings of the

ancient mountains! than the bount$ of the ageold hills4 Let all

these rest on the head of ,ose8h! on the brow of the 8rince

among his brothers4 9&enesis 1D/.;

2.Chabo$er! B4! (4 3emarque! (4,4 +ernan! and L44 +rauss4 -DD.4 A

Lower Limit on the Age of the 5ni#erse4 %cience/- [email protected]

34 N4 %8ergel! "4 Bean! O4 3orX! 4 "4 Nolta! C4 L4 Bennett! ,4

3unkle$! &4 Hinshaw! N4 ,arosik! E4 +omatsu! L4 (age! H4 )4
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/missing.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/day-age.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/longdays.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/youngearth.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%2049.26http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#tophttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#tophttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/missing.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/day-age.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/longdays.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/youngearth.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%2049.26


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(eiris! L4 )erde! 4 Hal8ern! "4 %4 Hill! A4 +ogut! 4 Limon! %4 %4

e$er! N4 Odegard! &4 %4 *ucker! ,4 L4 'eiland! E4 'ollack! E4 L4

'right4 /004 'ilkinson icrowa#e Anisotro8$ (robe 9'A(;

*hree ear "esults :m8lications for Cosmolog$4 Astro8h$sics

arYi#astro8h20.0>11D#/4

3.%aha! (4! ,4 Coles! A4 )4 acciZ! and L4 L4 "4 'illiams4 /00.4 *he

Hubble *ime :nferred from -0 *ime 3ela$ Lenses4 *he

Astro8h$sical ,ournal .@0 L-L/04

4.Frebel! A4! N4 Christlieb! ,4 E4 Norris! C4 *hom! *4 C4 Beers! and ,4

"hee4 /004 3isco#er$ of HE -@/>0D0-! a %trongl$ r(rocessW

enhanced etal8oor %tar with 3etected 5ranium4 Astro8h$sical

,ournal! ..0L--L-/04

@4 Ca$rel! "4! )4 Hill! *4 C4 Beers! B4 Barbu$! 4 %8ite! F4 %8ite! B4

(le! ,4 Anderson! (4 Bonifacio! (4 Francois! (4 olaro! B4

Nordstrom! F4 (rimas4 /00-4 easurement of stellar age from

uranium deca$4 Nature10D! .D-.D/4

.4 'atson! A4 -DD64 Cosmolog$ *he 5ni#erse %hows :ts Age4

%cience/D D6-D6>

4 Homan! 34C4 and ,4F4C4 'ardle4 /0004 3irect distance

measurements to su8erluminal radio sources4 Astro8h$sical,ournal@>@ @@@6@4

8.%cientific obser#ation shows that erosion of the &rand Can$on

takes 8lace at a rate of - ft4 e#er$ @!000 $ears4 :f the Can$on

started out flat! it would take /@!000!000 $ears for the Colorado

ri#er to erode @000 ft of the &rand Can$on4

9librar$4thinkquest4org;

D4 Hernstein! et al4 -DDD4 A geometric distance to the gala7$ N&C

1/@6 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk4 Nature100 @>D@1-4

10. Fla#io %4 Anselmetti! &regor (4 Eberli! and Kan3ong 3ing4

/0004 From the &reat Bahama Bank into the %traits of Florida A

margin architecture controlled b$ seale#el fluctuations and

ocean currents4 &%A Bulletin --/ 6/D6114
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449v2http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/19012/earthage.htmhttp://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449v2http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/19012/earthage.htmhttp://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3


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11. alin! 4C4 and +4 %4 Edgett4 /0004 %edimentar$ "ocks of

Earl$ ars4 %cience/D0 -D/-D>4 9)iew 8ictures from the

article;

+err! "4A4 /0004 (LANE*A" %C:ENCE A 3ri88ing 'et Earl$ ars

Emerging From New (ictures4 %cience/D0 -6D-660

12. Algeo! *4,4! and 'atson! B4A4! -DD@! Calcite! aragonite! and

bimineralic ooids in issourian 9588er (enns$l#anian; strata of

+ansas %tratigra8hic and geogra8hic 8atterns of #ariation! in

(ausX! (4H4! and Candelaria! 4(4! eds4! Carbonate Facies and

%equence %tratigra8h$ (ractical A88lications of Carbonate

odels (ermian Basin %ection %E(! (ubl4 D@>.! 84 -1-->4

13. Brunthaler! A4! 4 ,4 "eid! H4 Falcke! L4 ,4 &reenhill! C4

Henkel4 /00@4 *he &eometric 3istance and (ro8er otion of the*riangulum &ala7$ 9>>;4 %cience >0-1104

-14 Because of the tidal interaction with the moon! the rotation

of the earth is graduall$ slowing! b$ about 0400@ seconds 8er

$ear4 About >0 million $ears ago! each da$ would ha#e been

onl$ //4 hours longP %tudies of rugose coral fossils that were

inde8endentl$ estimated to be >0 million $ears old re#ealed that

when the$ were ali#e a da$ lasted about // hours4 *his

relationshi8 has been confirmed with other coral fossils4

-@4 :f we assumed that all of the minerals which are carried b$

ri#ers into the oceans remains tra88ed in the oceans! then it

would take /.0 million $ears for the concentration of sodium to

reach its 8resent le#el 9assuming 8lankton! fish and 8lants do not

adsorb sodium! which the$ do;4

-.4

17. Huge stalactites! stalagmites! and columns

9o#er @0 feet high and o#er >0 feet in diameter;

e7ist in the Carlsbad Ca#erns in New e7ico4 *he

rate of de8osition of minerals is such that the

structures must be at least @00!000 $ears old4

*here is no wa$ to increase the rate of de8osition!

since increasing the flow of water merel$

(hoto courtes$ of the

National (ark %er#ice4
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/307/5714/1440http://www.carlsbad.caverns.national-park.com/info.htmhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/307/5714/1440


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8roduces a waterfall and decreasing the flow of water 8roduces

no de8osition4 9carlsbad4ca#erns4national8ark4com;

-64 (etit et al4 -DDD4 Climate and atmos8heric histor$ of the

8ast 1/0!000 $ears from the )ostok ice core! Antarctica4 Nature

>DD 1/D1>.4

-D4 *he coral reef at Eniwetok atoll in the (acific Ocean

has been measured to ha#e a thickness of u8 to 1!.-0

feet4 E#en the most o8timistic coral growth rates would

require that the atoll be o#er ->0!000 $ears of age4

/04 %ome bristlecone 8ine trees in California date back

to /@00 BC4 But their tree rings ha#e been matched with those of

dead treesJ this shows that the latter germinated about 000 BC

/-4 Ar#idson! "4 %4 and F"E3 *4 AC+ENK:E4 -DDD4 *he

dolomite 8roblemJ control of 8reci8itation kinetics b$

tem8erature and saturation state4 American ,4 of %cience /DD

/@W/664

"ebuttal to *en (roblemsAgainst the Big Bang-b$ "ich 3eem[ Claim *ruth-4 %taticuni#erse models

fit the data better than

e78andinguni#erse

models

*his statement is blatantl$ false4 *he

static uni#erse model is acce8ted b$

#irtuall$ no cosmologists or astronomers!

since it fails to correctl$ 8redict what theuni#erse should be like4 :n 8articular! it

would 8redict that gala7ies would be in all

stages of de#elo8ment W forming! $oung!

middle age! and old4 Howe#er! the

uni#erse contains onl$ middleage
http://www.carlsbad.caverns.national-park.com/info.htmhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.htmlhttp://www.carlsbad.caverns.national-park.com/info.htmhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.html


43/97

gala7ies4 *here are no old gala7ies! and

the onl$ $oung gala7ies we see are those

that are -0-> billion light $ears awa$ Wat

a time that was onl$ 04@ billion $ears after

the Big Bang e#ent4

/4 *he microwa#e

background makes

more sense as the

limiting tem8erature of

s8ace heated b$

starlight than as the

remnant of a fireball4

Another false statement4 *he #ariation in

background radiation is inde8endent of

stars or gala7$ clusters within our

uni#erse4 :t is e7tremel$ e#en W something

one would 8redict from an e78ansion that

began -1 billion $ears ago4 *he #ariation

in background radiation is onl$ 040000-\+

W the e7act amount 8redicted b$ the HotBig Bang model4 *his #ariation re8resents

the largescale structure of the uni#erse

onl$ a few hundred million $ears after the

Big Bang4

>4 Elementabundance

8redictions using the

Big Bang require too

man$ adIustable

8arameters to make

them work4

*he o#erall 8rediction of element

abundance is e7actl$ what would be

e78ected from the Big Bang4 :mmediatel$

after the quarks and antiquarks combine

to annihilate each other! atomic nuclei

form 9h$drogen; and for > minutes! the

fireball remained hot enough to su88ort

nuclear fusion! which formed the /@

helium that we see in the stars toda$4 :n

local areas! the abundance of elements is

different from that 8redicted from the Big

Bang4 :t is 8recisel$ because &od has

8ro#ided a wa$ for hea#ier elements to

form that we are ali#e toda$4 *he %un and

our %olar %$stem formed late in the

histor$ of the uni#erse! and so contain the

remnants of hea#$ elements formed

during multi8le su8erno#a e#ents within

our gala7$4


44/97

14 *he uni#erse has too

much largescale

structure 9inters8ersed

walls and #oids; to

form in a time as shortas -0/0 billion $ears4

*he amount of matter W both bar$onic and

dark matter W is sufficient to account for

the largescale structure of the uni#erse4

@4 *he a#erage luminosit$

of quasar must

decrease in Iust the

right wa$ so that their

mean a88arent

brightness is the same

at all redshifts! whichis e7ceedingl$ unlikel$4

%ince quasars ha#e a #er$ short lifes8an

9a few billion $ears at most;! the$ would

all ha#e the same a88arent brightness

because the$ would be all roughl$ the

same age4 All quasars ha#e large redshift

#alues! since the$ were all formed o#er @

billion $ears ago4

.4 *he ages of globular

clusters a88ear older

than the uni#erse4

*his a88earedto be true a few $ears ago4

Howe#er! recent measurements ha#e

indicated that the Hubble constant is

smaller than originall$ thought 9making

the uni#erse older; and the ages of

globular clusters $ounger than 8re#iousl$

thought4 *he results of these studies are

shown in the table belowfrom a stud$

8ublished in %cience4

4 *he local streaming

motions of gala7ies are

too high for a finite

uni#erse that is

su88osed to be

e#er$where uniform4

*he motions of the gala7ies are e7actl$

what are 8redicted from the Big Bang4 *he

farther gala7ies are receding at a higher

rate than those that are nearer4 *he

relationshi8 is e7tremel$ linear 9#er$ little

de#iation;4

64 :n#isible dark matter of

an unknown but non

bar$onic nature must

be the dominant

ingredient of the entire

uni#erse4

At least four different scientific

techniques ha#e confirmed the 8resence

of large amounts of cold dark matter in

the uni#erse4 For a detailed descri8tion of

these studies! see 3r4 "ossV book! *he

Creator and the Cosmos4
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.html#tablehttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.html#table


45/97

D4 *he most distant

gala7ies in the Hubble

3ee8 Field show

insufficient e#idence of

e#olution! with some ofthem a88arentl$ ha#ing

higher redshifts 9 .

; than the faintest

quasars4

"ecent 8ictures from the Hubble 3ee8

Field ha#e re#ealed gala7ies when the$

were forming W o#er -1 billion $ears ago4

*he light that is reaching us now is -1

billion $ears old! and! as such! shows noe#idence of e#olution! since we are

looking back in time! and can see e#en

before true gala7ies were formed4

]uasars are formed when two gala7ies

collide and their combined ga

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