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How Multimedia Design
Impacts the Learning Experience
Mark Fazioli, ABDCT Distance Learning Consortium
http://ctdlc.org/
NERCOMP Blackboard-WebCT Users Group SIG - 5/13/2008
2
Agenda
• Outline basic theory and principles of using
multimedia in learning
• Address some elements of multimedia design:
– Graphics
– Text
– Alignment
• Goal: maximize potential for student learning
through good practices.
3
Warm-up
Why do you think multimedia design impacts learning?
4
Warm-up
Why do you
think multimedia design impacts
learning?
Basic Principles
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What is the Multimedia Principle?
• The theory developed by Dr. Richard Mayer that
people learn better from words and graphics
than words alone.
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What is (are) multimedia?
• The combination of audio, graphics, video, and
text delivered via electronic means.
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What is (are) multimedia?
Why is the use of multimedia desirable in online
instruction?
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Four learning styles
1. Visual-Verbal
2. Visual-Nonverbal
3. Auditory-Verbal
4. Tactile-Kinesthetic
Gagne, R. M., Golas, K. C., Keller, J. M., & Wager, W. W. (2005). Principles of instructional design
(5th ed.). California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
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Learning styles
Visual-verbal learning style:
• Visual-verbal learners retain instruction best when the
content or information is presented visually as well as
textually.
A 4.3
B 3.7
C 2.5
D 2.1
E 3.2
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Learning styles
Visual-nonverbal learning style:
• Visual-nonverbal learners retain instruction best when
the content or information is presented visually in a
picture or diagram format.
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Learning styles
Auditory-verbal learning style:
• The auditory-verbal learner retains the instruction best
when it is presented in a oral language method.
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Learning styles
Tactile-kinesthetic learning style:
• The tactile-kinesthetic learner retains the instruction best
when he/she is physically engaged in the activity or
lesson.
Visual Literacy
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What is visual literacy?
• Visual literacy is the ability to create and
interpret visual messages that convey meaning.
“A picture is worth a thousand words”
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Art and science
How do art and science contribute to visual literacy?
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Art and science
Art includes:
• Historic paintings such as the Mona Lisa
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Art and science
Art includes:
• Powerful writings: fine literature, poetry,
children’s books
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Art and science
Science includes:
• Understanding of behaviors: how the mind
processes information and stores it as data for
long-term memory.
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The educator’s role
• Educators must mirror and apply elements of art
and science together to create effective
instruction.
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Behaviors of visual literacy
What should a visually literate person be able to do?
✓ Interpret, understand, and value the meaning of visual
messages
✓ Communicate effectively by applying the basic principles
and concepts of visual design
✓ Develop visual messages using different types of
multimedia and technology
✓ Incorporate visual thinking in order to conceptualize
solutions to problems
Graphics and Images for Learning
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Graphics and images for learning
What does it mean to use graphics “instructionally?”
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Six functions of instructional graphics
1. Decorative
2. Representational
3. Organizational
4. Interpretational
5. Mnemonic
6. Relational
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Functions of instructional graphics
• Decorative graphics
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Functions of instructional graphics
• Representational graphics
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Functions of instructional graphics
• Organizational graphics
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Functions of instructional graphics
• Interpretational graphics
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Functions of instructional graphics
• Mnemonic graphics
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Functions of instructional graphics
• Relational graphics
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Graphics and images for learning
Key points:
➢ Use arrows or other objects to direct the learner’s
attention to important information or elements in the
instruction
➢ Visual elements should always retrieve relevant prior
knowledge to reinforce information
➢ Use graphics/images properly to build long-term memory
and to create motivational presence to enable learners to
achieve their learning goal.
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Activity 1
Refer to activity sheet
Typography and Alignment
for Learning
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Typography for learning
Where does type fit into visual literacy?
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Typography and communication
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Typography and communication
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Common styles of type
• Roman/Serif
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Common styles of type
• Roman/Serif
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Common styles of type
• Sans Serif
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Common styles of type
• Sans Serif
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Typography for learning
Key points:
➢ Sans-serif fonts lessen reader fatigue in the online
environment
➢ Consistent typography helps build unity across the
instructional module
➢ Consider the typeface’s visual message
➢ Present online instructions in point size of 14 - 15
➢ Online headers range between 18 - 24 points
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Alignment for learning
Where does textual alignment fit into visual literacy?
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Alignment
• Left Alignment
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Alignment
• Right Alignment
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Alignment
• Center Alignment
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Alignment
• Justified Alignment
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Alignment for learning
Key points:
➢ No more than 12 - 15 words in a single line
➢ Chunk the text into small paragraphs
➢ Embrace white space
➢ Steer clear of scrolling web pages
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Activity 2
Refer to activity sheet
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Summary
• Mayer: words + graphics =
• Select carefully with audience in mind:
– Graphics
– Text
– Alignment
• Design for maximum potential for student
learning.
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Q & A
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Resources on multimedia and
instructional design
Gagne, R., Golas, K., Keller, J., & Wager, W. (2005). Principles of
instructional design (5th ed.). California: Wadsworth/Thomson
Learning.
Lohr, L. (2006). Creating visuals for learning and performance: Lessons
in visual literacy (2nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Prentice-Hall.
Clark Colvin, R., & Chopeta, L. (2004). Graphics for learning: Proven
guidelines for planning, designing and evaluating visuals in training
materials. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
52
Resources on visual design
Lynch, P., and Horton, S. (2004). Web style guide: Page design.
http://www.webstyleguide.com/page/index.html.
Williams, R. (2004). The non-designer’s design book (2nd ed.).
California: Peach Pit Press.
