Upload
kenneth-simpson
View
217
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
How Much Do You Remember???
Character
A heritable feature
Trait
A variant for a character
True-breeding
Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate
Hybridization
Crossing of two true-breeding varieties
P Generation
Parental generation; the true-breeding parents
F1 Generation
First filial generation; hybrid offspring from the P generation
F2 Generation
Second filial generation; offspring of F1 hybrids that self-pollinate
Allele
Alternative versions of a gene
Dominant allele
When 2 alleles at a locus are different, it determines the organism’s appearance
Recessive allele
When two alleles at a locus are different, it has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance
*both alleles must be recessive to see this trait
Law of Segregation
The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
*an egg or sperm only gets one of the two alleles that are present in the somatic cells
Punnett Square
A diagram for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
*Practice…
Homozygous
An organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene
Phenotype
An organism’s traits
Genotype
And organism’s genetic makeup
Test Cross
Breeding of a recessive homozygote with an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype to determine the unknown genotype
Monohybrid
Organism that is heterozygous for one character
Dihybrid
Organism that is heterozygous for two characters
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
Laws of Probability and Inheritance Patterns
Laws of Probability
Probability: 1 = will occur, 0 = will NOT occur
Probabilities of all possible outcomes must add up to 1. For a coin,
If the sides are both “heads,” the probability of landing on that side is 1; and the probability of landing on “tails” is 0.
If the coin has two different sides, there is a ½ chance of landing on a particular side.
For a stack of 52 different cards, there is a 1/52 chance that you will select any given card, and there is a 51/52 chance of selecting a card other than the one you want.
Outcome is not affected by previous trials.
Laws of Probability
Just as each coin toss’s outcome is independent of the others, so the alleles of a gene segregate into gametes independently of another gene’s alleles. (law of independent assortment)
Two rules will help predict the outcome of the fusion of gametes: Multiplication Rule
Addition Rule
Multiplication Rule
Take the individual probabilities of the given outcome and multiply them together Example: For a monohybrid cross Rr x Rr (R is dominant and r is
recessive) the possibility of each allele for a particular gamete being given to the offspring is ½.
The probability of both gametes giving the same allele to the offspring is ½ x ½ = ¼.
Addition Rule
Add the individual possibilities together when determining if one of two or more mutually exclusive events is going to occur.
For example: In a monohybrid cross (Rr x Rr), the probability of the dominant allele being passed on by one of the gametes is ½ x ½ = ¼ , and the probability of the dominant allele being passed on by the other gamete ½ x ½ = ¼ .
Probability of a heterozygote (Rr): ¼ + ¼ = ½.
Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene: the Spectrum of Dominance Complete Dominance – heterozygote and dominant homozygote
are indistinguishable
Mendel’s pea crosses (white OR purple, round OR wrinkled)
Codominance – both phenotypes are exhibited at the same time
Human blood surface molecules (MN has M AND N molecules)
Incomplete Dominance – phenotype is between the phenotypes of the parents
Snapdragons with red and white parents have pink offspring
Multiple Alleles
Human Blood Type: A, B, AB, O
Determined by which of two carbohydrates (A or B) are found of the surface of a person’s red blood cells
An enzyme (I) attaches the carbohydrates
I adds A, I adds B, i adds neither
Each person has 2 alleles, so there are 6 possible genotypes and 4 phenotypes
A B
Genotype
Phenotype
The End