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How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Glen BroderickU.S. Dairy Forage Research CenterMadison, Wisconsin
World Dairy ExpoOctober 3, 2012
How can we Maintain Production on Lower Protein Diets?
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Rumen-Degraded Protein (RDP) Source(Broderick & Reynal, 2009)
RDP from Urea, % of DMItem 0 1.2 2.4 3.7
----------------(% of DM)----------------Corn silage 40 40 40 40Alfalfa silage 15 15 15 15Ground corn 30 31 33 34Solvent SBM 14.0 9.8 5.0 0High RUP SBM 0 2.5 5.1 8.0Urea 0 0.41 0.84 1.31Crude protein 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1RDP (NRC, 2001) 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.5NPN, % of Total N 20.3 27.8 35.5 43.6
Omasal Sampling Tube; Inserting Tube into Omasum
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Sampling Tube Positioned thru the Omasal Orifice
R.R. Ashdown
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Wisconsin Omasal Sampler
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Omasal Sample Collection
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Milk
, kg/
day
0 1 2 3 4
Urea RDP, % of DM
Microbial Efficiency
MUN
Milk Protein
Milk40
35 1.20
1.15
1.25
1.30
Milk Protein, kg/day
Milk
Ure
a-N
, mg/
dl
Microbial E
ff., g NA
N/kg O
MT
DR
6.25
7.50
8.75
25
30
Replacing RDP from True Protein (SSBM) with RDP from Urea Reduced N-Utilization(16% Protein Diet)(Broderick & Reynal, 2009)
Rumen-Degraded Protein from True Protein Stimulates
Microbial Protein Formation
86 lb2.8 lb
79 lb
2.6 lb
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Effect of Processing on Digestibility of Corn & Barley Starch (Owens et al., 1986)
Proportion of Starch Digestion, %Processing Rumen Small Large TotalMethod Intestine Intestine tract
Cracked Corn 69 13 8 89Ground Corn 78 14 4 94Steam-Flaked Corn 83 16 1 98High Moisture Corn 86 6 1 95
Ground Barley 94 . . . . . . . . .(Oats & Wheat)
Reduce Corn Particle Size to Improve Rumen Digestion
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35R
umen
am
mon
ia (m
g N
/dl)
0 5 10 15 20 25Time after feeding (h)
Ground HMEC (1.7 mm)
HMEC (4.3 mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Milk & Protein Yield (kg/day)
Ground HMECHMEC
Milk
Protein
1.0
0.8
28
30
32
+2.4
+.12
Rumen NH3 & Production of Cows fed Alfalfa Silage & High Moisture Corn (Ekinci & Broderick, 1997)
5.3 lb/d
0.26 lb/d
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
RHA Fat Protein Dietary CP-------------(lbs/lactation)-------------
31,300(119 cows)
1113(3.55%)
937(3.2%)
(total protein)
19.4%(18.5-21.5%)(28% NDF)
Production & Feeding--Top Wisconsin Herds(Shaver et al., 1998)
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Effect of Dietary [CP] on Intake, Yield & Urinary N (Broderick, 2003)
Dry
Mat
ter
Inta
ke, k
g/da
y
15.1 16.7 18.4 15.1 16.7 18.4
Dietary Crude Protein, % of DM
17.5
20.0
22.5
Intake
30
35
Milk Y
ield, kg/day
Milka
a
a
b
b
c
Milk
Pro
tein
, kg/
day
15.1 16.7 18.4 15.1 16.7 18.4
Urinary N
, g/day
1.00
0.95
1.05
100
150
200
Milk Protein
Urinary Na
aa
bb
c
250
32.5
Effect of CP (Solvent SBM) on Milk & Protein Yield (Olmos & Broderick, 2006)
70
75
80
85
Milk
yie
ld, l
bs/d
ay
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Dietary CP, % of DM
2.25
2.50
2.75
Milk protein, lbs/day
Milk yield max = 16.7% CP
Milk protein max = 17.1% CP
RHA Fat Protein Dietary CP-------------(lbs/lactation)-------------
34,250(696 cows)
1254(3.7%)
1032(3.0%)
(true protein)
16.9%(16.3-17.5%)(28% NDF)
Production & Feeding--Top Wisconsin Herds(Shaver et al., 2010)
Production is Going Up while Dietary Protein is Going Down
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Sampling Forage is Very Important
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Variation of DM & CP in Alfalfa Silage(GAB53)
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Dry
Mat
ter,
%
1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Week of Experiment
Crude Protein
Dry Matter
-Silo B-2- ----------Silo A-6---------- ---------------------------Silo B-4---------------------------
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Crude Protein, %
as fed
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Diet Composition (Brito & Broderick, 2007)
Item Urea SSBM CSM CM
----------------% of DM----------------Alfalfa silage 21 21 21 21Corn silage 35 35 35 35High Moisture Corn 41 31 29 27Urea 1.9 … … …Solvent soybean meal … 12.1 … …Cottonseed meal … … 14.1 …Canola meal … … … 16.5Crude Protein 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
CP SupplementItem Urea SSBM CSM CM P > F
-------------------(lbs/d)-------------------
DM intake 48.7c 53.4b 54.5ab 54.9a < 0.01Milk yield 72.5b 88.2a 89.3a 90.6a < 0.01Protein yield 2.03c 2.71ab 2.60b 2.80a < 0.01Fat yield 2.23c 2.69ab 2.60b 2.84a < 0.01
SSBM = Solvent Soybean Meal; CSM = Cottonseed Meal; CM = Canola Meala,b,c(P < 0.05)
Protein Supplements & Production(Brito & Broderick, 2007)
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Diets1
Item Urea SSBM CSM CM P > F
Microbial Efficiency(g N/kg of OMTDR)
26.3b 29.0a 29.7a 29.5a <0.01
-----------------g/d--------------------Microbial Protein 2340b 2710a 2710a 2780a 0.04RUP (‘Bypass’ Protein) 540c 990b 1350a 1150ab <0.01Total Protein 2880c 3700b 4060a 3930ab <0.01
Protein Supplements & Omasal Protein Flows (Brito et al., 2007)
1SSBM = solvent soybean meal; CSM = cottonseed meal; CM = canola meala,b,c(P < 0.05)
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Item Cow's Bacterial Solvent Cottonseed Canola Milk Protein SBM meal meal
Lys 16.0 15.8 13.9 9.7 13.2Met 5.5 5.2 3.2 3.7 4.4Lys:Met 2.9 3.0 4.4 2.6 3.0His 5.5 4.0 6.1 6.6 6.6
-----------------------(% of EA A)-----------------------
Essential Amino Acid Contents of Different Proteins (NRC, 2001)
Greater Protein on Canola Meal due Partly to Better Amino Acid Pattern
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Production of Cows Supplemented with Soybean Meal or Canola Meal
Protein sourceTrait SBM CM P > FDMI, lb/d 55.1 56.0 0.04Milk, lb/d 87.5 89.5 < 0.01Milk/DMI 1.59 1.60 0.16Fat, lb/d 3.48 3.57 0.11True Protein, lb/d 2.65 2.71 0.04MUN, mg/dl 11.5 10.4 < 0.01Rumen NH3-N, mg/dl 3.3 3.0 0.04BCVFA, mM 2.7 2.4 0.01
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Production of Cows Supplemented with Soybean Meal or Canola Meal
Protein sourceTrait SBM CM P > FDMI, lb/d 55.1 56.0 0.04Milk, lb/d 87.5 89.5 < 0.01Milk/DMI 1.59 1.60 0.16Fat, lb/d 3.48 3.57 0.11True Protein, lb/d 2.65 2.71 0.04MUN, mg/dl 11.5 10.4 < 0.01Rumen NH3-N, mg/dl 3.3 3.0 0.04BCVFA, mM 2.7 2.4 0.01
Greater Protein on Canola Meal due Partly to More RUP
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Effect on Production & Efficiency of Replacing SBM-CP with Protected-Met
a-d(P < 0.05); RP-Met = g Rumen protected Met/d from Mepron
Milk
(kg/
d); N
-eff
icie
ncy
(%) &
MU
N (m
g/dl
)
Milk N-efficiency MUN Urinary-N
14.8%/15 g
16.1%/10 g
17.3%/5 g
18.6%/0
% CP/RP-Met
c
ba a
a
b
ab
a
a
b b
bc
d
cd
20
30
40
250
150
Urinary-N
(g/d)
10
15
5
Strategies to Improve N-Utilization1. Optimize Microbial Protein in the Rumen
a. Meet Requirements for Rumen-Degraded Proteinb. Optimize Carbohydrate Fermentation
2. Feed Only the Crude Protein Needed.3. Accurately Track Dietary CP.4. Feed “Complementary” Rumen-Undegraded
Protein & Rumen-Protected Amino Acids.5. Lose a Little Production to Maximize Efficiency
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?
Effect of Lowering CP & Increasing RUP
IngredientNormal
17.5% CPRUP/RP-Met
14.0% CP----------(% of DM)----------
Alfalfa silage 25 10Corn silage 35 50High moisture corn 24.3 25.2Solvent SBM 13.3 0Expeller SBM 0 12.4
Protected-Methionine1 0 0.06 (Lys/Met = 3.0)
RDP2 11.7 7.4RUP2 5.8 6.6
2NRC (2001) Model1Mepron, SmartAmineM or MetaSmart
Effect of Lowering CP & Increasing RUP*
ItemNormal
17.5% CPRUP/RP-Met
14% CPMP, kg/d 2.68 2.56NEL-Milk, lb/d 84 84MP-Milk, lb/d 90 83Milk-N/NI, % 27 32Manure-N, lb/Lact. 344 260
*Estimated using the NRC (2001) Model (DMI = 55 lb/d)
Summary & Conclusions1. Optimize Microbial Protein (True Protein RDP;
Process Grains to Increase Rumen Digestion)2. Do Not Over-Feed CP; Track Dietary CP & DM3. Feed RUP with Complementary Amino Acid
Pattern4. Rumen-Protected Methionine May Help5. Lowering Dietary CP to Maximize
N-Efficiency???6. Dietary Crude Protein Can be Reduced to ~16.5%
How low can you go with protein in dairy cattle diets?