How Liberal Parties Succeed at the Local Level

7/31/2019 How Liberal Parties Succeed at the Local Level

1/25

0Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha`q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

Halqha m|5

NKN ]hjlbk`d Bnih nb} Ihkq}`d$ H`yq `ka Ybxqch`yqHx}bph$ Ybxqc I`xi`yxy `ka Ihkq}`d @yl`


2/25

= 0Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Nbxka`qlbk nb} N}hhabg]hjlbk`d Bnnlih nb} Ihkq}`d$ H`yq ka Ybxqch`yq Hx}bph$Ybxqc I`xi`yxy ka Ihkq}`d @yl` #Ha+,

Qcly p`ph} }hndhiqy qch ibkq}lmxqlbky `q qch zb}fycbp Cbz dlmh}`dp`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch dbi`d dh~hdb}j`klyha m| qch HDA] _`}q| `kaqch N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Nbxka`qlbk nb} N}hhabg #NKN, `q qch Ibk'j}hyy bn Hx}bph`k Dlmh}`d Ahgbi}`qy lk M`}ihdbk`$ 03'=? Kb~hgmh}=??? 0?6 N5 &98< = = ?= 19

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=?0?

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3/25

= 9Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

IBKQHKQY

Lkq}baxiqlbk 8@kkhglh Kh|qy'X|qqhm}bhif ka Xd}lic Klhg`kk

Yph`fh}y 3

Zhdibgh 0>G`}fxy Dklkj$ @kkhglh Kh|qy'X|qqhm}bhif`ka Xd}lic Klhg`kk

I}h`qlkj Abb}'Qb'Abb} _bdlqliy =?Db}a J}`c`g Qbph

Cbz i`k \bxkj Dlmh}`dy c`~h ` y`|`q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd2 =8@dlk'@a}l`k Kli`

Abkq nb}jhq qb ibggxkli`qh$ `dyb `nqh} Hdhiqlbky 9=]bd`ka Zh}kh}

Qlpy qb fhhp ` Dbi`d _`}q| M}`kic `iql~h 98@l}ly Ghlh}

Idbylkj ]hg`}fy 1?

_}bj}`ggh 1=


4/25

1 8Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

LKQ]BAXIQLBK

@y ` pbzh}nxd pbdlqli`d nb}ih lk Hx}bph$ Hx}bph`k dlmh}`dy lk jhkh}`d`ka qch HDA] _`}q| lk p`}qlixd`} c`~h `k lkqh}hyq lk yq}bkj dlmh}`d`ka a|k`gli p`}qlhy ì}byy qch zcbdh bn Hx}bph lkidxalkj ibxkq}lhybxqylah qch p}hyhkq mbxka`}lhy bn qch Hx}bph`k Xklbk+

@dd pbdlqliy ly dbi`d+ Qch n`gbxy xbq`qlbk m| nb}gh} yph`fh} bn qch

XY Cbxyh bn ]hp}hyhkq`ql~hy Qlp BKhldd ppdlhy gb}h qc`k h~h}+ @i}byyHx}bph zh zlqkhyy j}bzlkj n`qljxh zlqc p`}q| pbdlqliy+ Qcly lki}h`y'lkjd| }hyxdqy lk pbpxdlyq nb}ihy zclic hspdblq qch j}bzlkj `dlhk`qlbkbn ilqluhky n}bg pbdlqli`d p`}qlhy+

@y Dlmh}`dy zh fkbz mbxq qch lgpb}q`kih bn ql}hdhyy j}`yy}bbqy zb}flk ibkyqlqxhkilhy qb hspd`lk pbdlqli`d ìqlbky al}hiqd| `ka cbkhyqd| qbqch ilqluhky ka qb }hypbka qb qchl} khhay+ bqh}y }hìq gbyq p`yylbk'`qhd| qbz`}ay p}bmdhgy `ka ibkih}ky lk qchl} bzk khljcmbx}cbbay$ilqlhy `ka }hjlbky+ Qcly ly zc| pbdlqli`d p`}qlhy `}h bkd| yxiihyynxd lnqch| `}h ph}g`khkqd| p}hyhkq bk qch j}bxka$ jhkxlkhd| hkj`jh zlqcnhddbz ilqluhky `ka àa}hyy dbi`d ic`ddhkjhy+

Cbzh~h}$ qcly ly m| kb gh`ky h`y| zb}f+

Yxiihyynxd dlmh}`d p`}q| pbdlqliy gxyq mh m`yha bk hnnhiql~h b}j`kly`'qlbk lk b}ah} qb mh ah~hdbpha$ ibggxkli`qha `ka lgpdhghkqha+ Yxi'ihyy ly m`yha bk qch yq}hkjqc bn ` p`}q| b}j`kly`qlbk$ qch `mldlq| qbi`gp`ljk `ka qch ~l`mldlq| bn lqy dbi`d }bbqy+ Qch ahg`kay bk ` p`}q|b}j`kly`qlbk nb} p}bnhyylbk`d zb}f `}h cljc+ @q qch y`gh qlgh$ g`k|p`}qlhy ahphka bk qch ~bdxkq`}| hkj`jhghkq `ka hkqcxyl`yg bn bkd|` c`kanxd bn ghgmh}y+


5/25

> :Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

_`}qlhy `}h ibkyq`kqd| }hxl}ha qb xpcbda `k ìql~h ghgmh}yclp m`yh$zclic ibkqlkxbxyd| i`k~`yyhy bplklbky `ka `qqlqxahy$ ibkq}lmxqhy qbpbdli|'g`flkj$ j`lky qch pxmdliy lkqh}hyq$ }hi}xlqy gb}h nbddbzh}y kag`lkq`lky ahgbi}`qli lkqh}k`d ahilylbk'g`flkj p}bihyyhy+

Lq ly `j`lkyq qcly mìfj}bxka qc`q Hx}bph`k Dlmh}`dy lkqhkyln| qchl}hnnb}qy qb chdp qb i}h`qh yxyq`lk`mdh p`}q| yq}xiqx}hy+

Qcly zb}fycbp `q qch HDA] _`}q| Ibkj}hyy lk Kb~hgmh} =??< lk M`}'

ihdbk` c`y mhhk bkh `gbkj g`k| zclic qch HDA] _`}q| c`y mhhkb}j`klylkj b~h} qch |h`}y qb yc`}h mhyq p}ìqlihy `gbkj lqy ghgmh}y+Qch N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Yqlnqxkj n} alh N}hlchlq #NKN, c`y mhhk a~ly'lkj dlmh}`d p`}qlhy bk qch j}bxka nb} g`k| |h`}y$ p}b~lalkj qchg zlqcyflddy$ fkbzdhajh `ka hsph}lhkihy qc`q `}h lgpb}q`kq nb} yq}hkjqchk'lkj p`}qlhy `ka lgpdhghkqlkj dlmh}`d pbdlilhy+

Qcly m}bicx}h abixghkqy ybgh yhdhiqha yq}`qhjlhy bn dlmh}`d p`}qlhybk cbz qb hkj`jh yxiihyynxdd| bk qch dbi`d dh~hd+ Zh cbph qch p}h'yhkq`qlbky `ka alyixyylbky bn qcly zb}fycbp chdp yqlgxd`qh ` ahm`qh`ka lkypl}h qch zb}f bn dlmh}`d p`}qlhy ì}byy Hx}bph `ka mh|bka+

Qch HDA] _`}q| zldd ibgh nb}z`}a zlqc g`k| gb}h yxppb}q h~hkqy`ka pxmdli`qlbky qb yq}hkjqchk lqy ghgmh}y `ka }hìc bxq qb bqch}p`}qlhy$ zcldh qch N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Yqlnqxkj n} alh N}hlchlq zldd

ibkqlkxh lqy à~lyb}| p}bj}`gghy lk qch ibxkq}lhy ibkih}kha+

@kkhglh Kh|qy'X|qqhm}bhif Xd}lic Klhg`kk

GH_$ _}hylahkq bn qch HDA] _`}q| NKN$ Chà bn Ahp`}qghkqGlklyqh} bn Yq`qh Lkqh}k`qlbk`d _bdlqliy


6/25

3


7/25

0? 00Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

Xd}lic Klhg`kk c`y mhhk Ch`a bn qch Ahp`}qghkq Lkqh}k`qlbk`d_bdlqliy bn qch N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Nbxka`qlbk nb} N}hhabg #NKN, lk_bqya`g$ Jh}g`k|$ ylkih Exd| =?0?+ Ch p}h~lbxyd| yh}~ha y ]hjlbk'`d Al}hiqb} bn qch Nbxka`qlbk m`yha lk Ybnl` n}bg =??: lk ic`}jh bnIhkq}`d$ Ybxqc H`yq `ka H`yq Hx}bph$ Ybxqc I`xi`yxy `ka Ihkq}`d@yl`+ H`}dlh} bk$ ch chda qch pbylqlbk bn ]hylahkq ]hp}hyhkq`ql~h bnNKN lk Ybxqc Fb}h` `ka bn Al}hiqb} bn qch @yl`'Hx}bph'Nbxka`qlbklk Ylkj`pb}h+ Mhnb}h eblklkj NKN ch yh}~ha lk qch Jh}g`k Glklyq}|nb} qch Hibkbg|+

Db}a J}`c`g Qbph mhi`gh ` ghgmh} bn qch M}lqlyc Cbxyh bn Db}aylk 0


8/25

0= 09Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

@dlk'@a}l`k Kli` c`y mhhk G`|b} bn qch ilq| bn Axahyqll Kbl$ ]bg`'kl` ylkih =??1 `ka z`y }h'hdhiqha lk =??3 `y qch |bxkjhyq g`|b}lk ]bg`kl`+ Ch ly ` ghgmh} bn qch K`qlbk`d Dlmh}`d _`}q| #_KD,+ Chc`y dyb yh}~ha y ghgmh} bn qch Ibgglqqhh bn qch ]hjlbky bn qchHX ylkih =??8 `ka ly qch ^lih _}hylahkq bn qch _KD m}`kic bn QlglyIbxkq|$ ]bg`kl`+

@l}ly Ghlh} ly ` ghgmh} bn qch Hyqbkl`k ]hnb}g _`}q|+ Ych c`yyh}~ha qch p`}q| `ka qch Hyqbkl`k jb~h}kghkq lk alnnh}hkq nxki'qlbky+ Lk Hyqbkl` ych z`y lk ic`}jh bn qch i`plq`dy yhiqlbk bn qchp`}q|$ l+h+ }hypbkylmdh nb} qch ah~hdbpghkq bn qch p`}q| m}`kic `kalk ic`}jh bn yh~h}`d hdhiqlbk i`gp`ljky+ Ych ix}}hkqd| yh}~hy y qchlkqh}k`qlbk`d bnnlih} bn Hyqbkl`k ]hnb}g _`}q| ka zb}fy y ` pbdli|`a~lyh} nb} qch @DAH j}bxp lk qch Hx}bph`k _`}dl`ghkq+


9/25


]bd`ka Zh}kh} c`y mhhk Yhi}hq`}| bn Yq`qh bn qch Y`sbk Yq`qhGlklyq}| nb} hibkbgli `nn`l}y$ d`mbx} `ka q}`kypb}q lk qch }hjlbk`djb~h}kghkq bn Y`sbk|$ Jh}g`k| ylkih =??


10/25

0> 0:Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

ZHDIBGH

G`}fxy Dklkj bphkha qch zb}fycbp m| yq`qlkj cbz lgpb}q`kq lqly nb} dlmh}`dy lk Hx}bph qb dh`}k n}bg hìc bqch}6 qb g`fh p}bj}hyyzlqcbxq }hlk~hkqlkj qch zchhd+ Ch bmyh}~ha qc`q g`k| dlmh}`d p`}'qlhy cà hkeb|ha yxiihyy `ka yxnnh}ha n`ldx}h `q alnnh}hkq qlghy lkalnnh}hkq Hx}bph`k yq`qhy+ Qch x}jhkq lyyxh nìlkj qcly zb}fycbpz`y cbz qb i}h`qh qch khihyy`}| ibkalqlbky nb} yxiihyy bk qch dbi`d

dh~hd+

@kkhglh Kh|qy'X|qqhm}bhif `ka G`}fxy Dklkj #n}bg dhnq qb }ljcq,

@kkhglh Kh|qy'X|qqhm}bhif àa}hyyha qch qbpli m| ibkylah}lkjqch g`lk nxkiqlbk bn dlmh}`d p`}qlhy+ Lq ly lk p`}q qb lgpdhghkq dlm'h}`d lah`y$ lk ` z`| qc`q ibxda kbq mh abkh m| b}j`kly`qlbky yxic`y qclkf q`kfy+ Lgpdhghkq`qlbk }hxl}hy i`kala`qhy mhlkj hdhiqha$zclic c`y qb c`pphk kbq exyq bkih mxq }hph`qhad| b~h} ahiàhy+

Ch} bzk p`}q| z`y nbxkaha `y dbkj `jb `y 031> lk M}xyyhdy+ Lq c`yic`kjha lqy k`gh mxq hslyqha ibkqlkxbxyd|+ Lqy }bdh c`y `dz`|y mhhkxkah}yqbba `y mhlkj qch yhdhiqlbk `ka p}bgbqlbk bn i`kala`qhyzlqc dlmh}`d ~`dxhy lk hdhiqlbky `q `dd dh~hdy5 k`qlbk`d$ }hjlbk`d$ `kagxklilp`d+

@ yxiihyynxd p`}q| c`y qb c`~h yq}xiqx}h+ Xyx`dd| qcly zldd mh p`}q|dhàh}$ `k hshixql~h ibgglqqhh$ `ka ` ibkj}hyy bn p`}q| ghgmh}yghhqlkj bkih b} qzlih ph} |h`}+ Qch}h `dyb c`y qb mh ` p`}dl`ghk'

q`}| j}bxp bn G_y `ka ih}q`lk àglklyq}`ql~h yq}xiqx}hy+ @ p`}q|jhkh}`dd| khhay dd qchyh hdhghkqy qb }hg`lk ~l`mdh+ Ln lq n`ldy qb zlk` qc}hycbda bn ~bqhy$ bnqhk 8($ lk b}ah} qb g`lkq`lk p`}dl`ghkq`}|}hp}hyhkq`qlbk$ qc`q zldd xyx`dd| pxq qch ibkqlkxlkj hslyqhkih bn qchp`}q| `y ` zcbdh lk yh}lbxy abxmq+

Ych yxjjhyqha qc`q dlmh}`dy lk Hx}bph c`~h q}àlqlbk`dd| mhhk yq}bk'jhyq lk qbzky ka ilqlhy }`qch} qc`k }x}`d }h`y+ Ghq}bpbdlq`k pbpx'd`qlbky qhka qb mh gb}h bphk'glkaha qc`k qcbyh lk qch ibxkq}|ylah$hyphil`dd| lk ihkq}`d ka H`yqh}k Hx}bph+ Nbxkah}y bn dlmh}`d p`}qlhyqhka qb mh lkqhddhiqx`dy$ pcldbybpch}y$ `ka bqch} q|phy bn ph}ybknbxka gb}h bnqhk lk ilqlhy qc`k qch ibxkq}|ylah+ @k lgpb}q`kq `kabnqhk xknxdnlddha ic`ddhkjh nb} dlmh}`dy ly cbz qb }bbq qchgyhd~hy lkqch zcbdh ibxkq}|+

@kkhglh Kh|qy'X|qqhm}bhif z`y ch} p`}q|y dhàh} ax}lkj hdhiqlbkylk 0+ Ych al}hiqha ch} p`}q| qb dbbf `q h~h}| `}h` `ka `k`d|yhqch p`}q|y yq}hkjqc+ Lgpb}q`kq qh}gy bn }hnh}hkih zh}h5 Ab zh c`~h` dbi`d m}`kic2 Ab zh c`~h dbi`d ibxkilddb}y2 @}h qch| lk ` gèb}'lq|2 Ych ihkq}`dlyha b}j`kly`qlbk `ka chda ghhqlkjy bn }hp}hyhkq`'ql~hy n}bg h~h}| m}`kic+ Lq z`y idh`} qc`q c`~lkj `k hnnhiql~h dbi`dm}`kic z`y ~h}| lgpb}q`kq nb} yxiihyy lk `k| dbi`d `}h`+ Lq z`y


11/25

03 0


12/25

=? =0Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

I]H@QLKJ ABB]'QB'ABB] _BDLQLIY

Db}a J}`c`g Qbph xbqha Qlp BKhlddy aliqxg qc`q @dd pbdlqliy lydbi`d0+ Lk qch XF$ Dlmh}`d Ahgbi}`qy jhkh}`dd| c`~h qb ah`d zlqc àlnnh}hkq hdhiqb}`d y|yqhg qc`k ly ibggbk lk qch }hyq bn Hx}bph+Hkjdlyc ka Zhdyc dbi`d hdhiqlbky ka M}lq`lky k`qlbk`d p`}dl`ghk'q`}| hdhiqlbky xyh qch nl}yq p`yq qch pbyq y|yqhg zch}h i`kala`qhy`}h hdhiqha nb} ih}q`lk alyq}liq zlqcbxq k| ahj}hh bn p}bpb}qlbk`d

}hp}hyhkq`qlbk lk qch y|yqhg+ Zlkklkj 8( b} ybgh bqch} qc}hycbdabn ~bqhy ly kbq hkbxjc+ \bx c`~h qb mh`q h~h}| bqch} i`kala`qh lk|bx} alyq}liq #i`ddha z`}ay `q ` dbi`d dh~hd b} ibkyqlqxhkilhy nb}qch p`}dl`ghkq`}| hdhiqlbky, qb zlk ` yh`q+ Qch M}lqlyc hsph}lhkihbn dbi`d ìql~lq| gljcq$ cbzh~h}$ mh à`pq`mdh qb bqch} hdhiqb}`dy|yqhgy lk Hx}bph+

Qch }bbq bn yxiihyy$ J}`c`g y`la$ ly hnnhiql~h ibggxkli`qlbk zlqcb}alk`}| ~bqh}y+ Gbyq phbpdh `}h kbq `y lkqh}hyqha `y zh `}h m|pbdlqliy+ _bdlqlil`ky i`k h`yld| yphka qbb gxic qlgh q`dflkj qb hìcbqch}$ `ka bqch} ~h}| lkqh}hyqha phbpdh$ }`qch} qc`k qb qch j}h`qgèb}lq| bn qch phbpdh+

Db}a Qbph kbqha qch gldlq`}|'yq|dh qh}glkbdbj| qc`q z`y xyha lkqch XF nb} hdhiqlbk i`gp`ljklkj5 qch `l} z`} }hnh}y qb xyh bn qch

ghal`$ d`}jh }`ddlhy `ka yb bk6 qch j}bxka z`} ly zc`q |bx ab `q` dbi`d dh~hd+

Lk 0 yh`qy lk ` _`}dl`ghkq bn mbxq >8? yh`qy+ @k `jj}h'

j`qh bn =$8?? ~bqhy i`yq alnnh}hkqd| lk qcbyh > alyq}liqy zbxda c`~hjl~hk qch p`}q| kb yh`qy `q `dd+ Qch p`}q| qchk àbpqha qch yq}`qhj|bn Ibggxklq| _bdlqliy$ zclic z`y `mbxq pxqqlkj dlmh}`dlyg lkqbp}ìqlih$ hyphil`dd| `q qch gbyq dbi`d dh~hd$ }`qch} qc`k ylgpd| q`df'lkj `mbxq lq `y ` qchb}hqli`d ibkihpq b} ybdhd| `y ` p}bj}`ggh bnk`qlbk`d jb~h}kghkq+

Db}a J}`c`g Qbph

Lk 0


13/25

== =9Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

d`} m`yly `ka XF Dlmh}`d Ahgbi}`qy i}h`qh qchl} dbi`d Nbixy dh`ndhqyqc}bxjcbxq qch ibxkq}|+

Qch g`lk nh`qx}hy bn qch Nbixy dh`ndhq }h5

`+ ibkihkq}`qlbk bk dbi`d lyyxhy$m+ pliqx}hy$i+ ycb}q$ ylgpdh d`kjx`jh qc q ly h`y| qb }hà$a+ `k lk~lq`qlbk qb ibkqìq qch dbi`d Dlmh}`d Ahgbi}`qy `mbxq

`k| lyyxh$ lkidxalkj p`}q bn qch dh`ndhq qc`q qch| i`k nldd lk kayhka mìf qb ` n}hhpbyq àa}hyy qc`q }hxl}hy kb yq`gp n}bgqch yhkah}+

Nbixy bnqhk pxqy dbi`d qzlyq bk k`qlbk`d lyyxh+ Nb} hs`gpdh$ qchK`qlbk`d Ch`dqc Yh}~lih zbxda mh }hnh}}ha qb zlqc qch dbi`d cbyplq`dlk glka+ Lq z`y lgpb}q`kq$ ch y`la$ qb }hd`qh qb phbpdh qc}bxjc lyyxhybxqylah qchl} n}bkq abb}+

Db}a Qbph yh}~ha y G_ n}bg 0


14/25

=1 =8Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

Ch }hi`ddha qc`q qch 0


15/25

=> =:Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

@dlk'@a}l`k Kli` `ka Db}a J}`c`g Qbph #n}bg dhnq qb }ljcq,

M}`kic ghhqlkjy ycbxda mh bnqhk ka kbq mb}lkj+ Qch gbyq lgpb}'q`kq qclkj ly qb i`gp`ljk `ka lq ly qch bkd| z`| qb jhq ~bqhy+ \bxc`~h qb fhhp ablkj lq h~hk ln |bx qclkf |bx `}h bk qbp `d}h`a|+

Lk =??3 @dlk'@a}l`k Kli` z`y hdhiqha nb} yhibka qh}g y g`|b}+

ALYIXYYLBK

Pxhyqlbk5 Cbz ab |bx jhq qch }ljcq i`kala`qhy2

@dlk'@a}l`k Kli`5 \bx i`k yhh zcb ly gbyq pbpxd`} lk qch dbi`dibggxklq|+ \bx c`~h qb jhq qb fkbz h`ic bqch}+

Db}a J}`c`g Qbph5 @q bx} dbi`d hdhiqlbky zh nlka 8> i`kala`qhy nb}

qc`q kxgmh} bn yh`qy lk Yxqqbk+ Qch i`kala`qhy$ ln qch| zlk$ mhibghibxkilddb}y nb} nbx} |h`}y+ Ybghqlghy lq i`k mh c`}a qb nlka phbpdh+H~h}| i`kala`qh$ lkidxalkj gh$ c`y qb nldd lk ` nb}g `ka c`~h `k lk'qh}~lhz zlqc p`khd n}bg qch dbi`d p`}q|+ Qcly p}b~lahy ybgh ichif`j`lkyq jhqqlkj qch z}bkj i`kala`qhy+ Zh abkq iihpq k|bkh exyqnb} qch y`fh bn c`~lkj i`kala`qh+ Ylkih qch 0


16/25

=3 =


17/25


Db}a J}`c`g Qbph5 ]h`d d`yqlkj ic`kjh ibghy n}bg mhdbz+ Lq c`y qbmh mxldq zlqc nbxka`qlbky n}bg qch dbi`d dh~hd+ Qch `l} z`} `dbkh lykbq hkbxjc+ \bx c`~h qb q`df qb phbpdh+ Lq q`fhy ` dbq bn qlgh5 |h`}ykbq a`|y+

_`}qlilp`kqy `q qch zb}fycbp

Pxhyqlbk5 I`k zh yxiihha `q qch dbi`d dh~hd lk qch y`gh z`| `y c`ymhhk abkh mhnb}h zchk$ lk ybgh Hx}bph`k yq`qhy$ phbpdh `}h qx}klkj

qb qch }ljcq `j`lkyq qch m`ifj}bxka bn qch hibkbgli i}lyly2

Xd}lic Klhg`kk5 Hibkbgli }hnb}gy `}h khihyy`}| `ka dlmh}`dy i`k`ka ycbxda y`| yb+ @nqh} 08'=? |h`}y bn }`pla hibkbgli q}`kynb}g`'qlbk lk H`yqh}k Hx}bph qch}h ly kbz c`}a h~lahkih bn yxiihyy+ Mxqlq c`y mhhk yq`lkha m| ib}}xpq p}l~`qly`qlbk qc`q c`y dha qb bphkg`}fhqy mhlkj ybghqlghy m`ad| ph}ihl~ha+ Zh gxyq mh idh`} `mbxqqch q}xh pbylqlbk+


18/25


ABKQ NB]JHQ QB IBGGXKLI@QH$ @DYB @NQH] HDHIQLBKY

]bd`ka Zh}kh} q`dfha `mbxq qch yxiihyy bn qch NA_ `q dbi`d dh~hdlk Y`sbk|+

Lk 0


19/25


mh}y bn qch Y`sbk p`}dl`ghkq q`mdha bkih hdhiqha+ H~h}| bqch} p`}q|~bqha j`lkyq lq mxq NA_ G_y qchk ~bdxkq`}ld| ixq qchl} bzk p`|+ Qchp`| qch| icbyh kbq qb q`fh z`y pxq lkqb `k NA_ Chdpy nxka+ Qclyz`y xyha qb nlk`kih b~h} 3? ybil`d p}behiqy$ yxic `y chdp nb} ypb}qyidxmy$ nl}h yh}~lih hxlpghkq ka mbbf abk`qlbky+

Qch p`}q| `dyb }h`icha bxq qb qch pxmdli m| dbi`d h~hkqy+ Bkh G_b}j`klyha xp qb 9? i}`nqyghk h~hklkjy$ qb zclic bkh qb qzbqcbxy`ka phbpdh zh}h lk~lqha+ Qch}h zh}h 1?'>? h~hklkjy nb} yg`dd"

ghalxg mxylkhyyhy$ nb} p}bnhyylbk`dy$ yg`dd ycbpfhhph}y$ `ka yhdn'hgpdb|ha phbpdh yxic y q`sl a}l~h}y+ Qchyh zh}h phbpdh zcb gljcq~bqh NA_ `ka qch h~hkqy mxldq xp bx} bzk hk~l}bkghkq nb} qchNA_ lk Y`sbk|+ Qch}h zh}h `dyb pxmdli ghhqlkjy bk lyyxhy yxic `yyicbbd }hnb}g ka ch`dqci`}h+ Qchyh zh}h chda }hjxd`}d|+

Qch NA_ yxppb}q h~h}| p`}dl`ghkq`}| lklql`ql~h zlqc ` g`ldlkj+Ybghqlghy qcly ly ` dhqqh} qb exyq 8? phbpdh$ ybghqlghy qb ` gxicd`}jh} kxgmh}+ @ }hihkq g`ldlkj z`y bk }haxilkj ^@Q nb} qbx}lyg+]bd`ka Zh}kh} ypbfh bn ~lyx`dlylkj pbdlqliy qb ibk~h| qch NA_yghyy`jh+ Qch| pd`kqha ndbzh}y lk pbqcbdhy ka chda zclqh i}byy lkn}bkq bn qch haxi`qlbk glklyq}|+ _byqh}y c`a p}h~lbxyd| mhhk xlqhmb}lkj mxq zh}h kbz hkdl~hkha `ka gb}h hgbqlbk`d+ Hs`gpdhy lk'idxaha _lkbiiclb ~bqhy Y_A zlqc ` pliqx}h bn qch pxpphq zcbyhkbyh j}hz zchk ch dlha$ `ka ycb}q z`|y nb} ycb}q z`|y$ zlqc `

pliqx}h bn ` yg`dd jl}d z`dflkj$ z`y ` pbyqh} `mbxq yicbbd idbyx}hy`ka qch dbkjh} alyq`kih qb `ka n}bg yicbbd$ hyphil`dd| nb} iclda}hklk qch ibxkq}|ylah+

QL_Y QB FHH_ @ DBI@D _@]Q\ M]@KIC @IQL^H

@l}ly Ghlh} ypbfh `mbxq qch hsph}lhkih bn qch Hyqbkl`k ]hnb}g_`}q|+ Qch p`}q| z`y hyq`mdlycha lk 0


20/25

9> 9:Cbz Dlmh}`d _`}qlhy yxiihha `q qch Dbi`d Dh~hd

ibkkhiq G_y zlqc qch dbi`d dh~hd+ Q}`lklkj yhyylbky `ka kxgh}bxygbql~`qlbk`d h~hkqy fhhp phbpdh iql~h+

@l}ly Ghlh} `ka ]bd`ka Zh}kh}

Jbba i`gp`ljklkj yq`}qy qch a`| `nqh} qch d`yq hdhiqlbk+ ]hjxd`}pxmdli ghhqlkjy bphk qb dd phbpdh lkqh}hyqha lk pbdlqliy }h exyq bkhz`| bn jhqqlkj qb qch dbi`d ghal`+ Qch fh| i`kala`qh bn qch }hjlbkc`y qb mh ìql~h clg"ch}yhdn6 cbzh~h}$ lq ly hyyhkql`d qb c`~h `g'm`yyàb}y qb }hpdìh qch i`kala`qh zchk khihyy`}|+ H~hkqy c`~h qbmh }hjxd`} qb i}h`qh q}àlqlbk ka lq ly lgpb}q`kq qb }hghgmh} qc`q

phbpdh dlfh qb mh ch`}a h~hk ln qchl} p}bmdhg i`kkbq mh ybd~ha+

Qch}h }h qc}hh fh| xhyqlbky qb }hghgmh}5

0+ Abhy qch p`}q| c`~h ` idh`} dbkj qh}g jb`d #zc| ab zh hslyq,2=+ Ab ghgmh}y fkbz `mbxq qcly jb`d `ka glyylbk29+ @}h ghgmh}y lk~bd~ha hkbxjc qb nhhd p`}q bn lq2

ALYIXYYLBK

Pxhyqlbk5 Z`y qch}h ` dbq bn dbi`d ìql~lq| m| hsq}hgh p`}qlhy lk qcly|h`}y hdhiqlbk lk Jh}g`k|2

]bd`ka Zh}kh}5 Qch K_A #}ljcq'zlkj hsq}hglyqy, cà p}bnhyylbk`db}j`kly`qlbk zlqc dbq bn pbyqh}y$ mxq qc`q z`y hyyhkql`dd| qch dlglqbn qchl} i`gp`ljk+

Pxhyqlbk5 Ab qch i`gp`ljky |bx c`~h ahyi}lmha }hd| bk yq`qh nxka'lkj2

@l}ly Ghlh}5 Zh }hihl~h yq`qh nxkalkj zclic ahphkay bk qch hdhi'qb}`d }hyxdqy+ Ibgp`klhy i`kkbq abk`qh gbkh| qb p`}qlhy mxq lkal'~lax`dy i`k+

]bd`ka Zh}kh}5 Jh}g`k| c`y yq`qh nxkalkj m`yha bk ~bqhy `kabqch} ibkq}lmxqlbky xp qb ih}q`lk dlglq+

Pxhyqlbk5 Lk qch XF$ lq ly kb}g`d qb fkbif bk abb}y `ka yph`f qb phb'pdh qb hyq`mdlyc zchqch} b} kbq |bx i`k ibxkq bk qchl} ~bqh+ I`k |bxab qcly lk |bx} ibxkq}| ka$ ln kbq$ zc`q ab |bx ab qb nlka bxq phbpdhy

~bqlkj lkqhkqlbk2

@l}ly Ghlh}5 Ybgh i`kala`qhy ab abb}'qb'abb} i`gp`ljklkj lk qch`}h` lk zclic qch| `}h fkbzk+ Gbyqd| zh `}h p}hyhkq lk ycbpplkjg`ddy `ka `q pxmdli h~hkqy zch}h zh yph`f al}hiqd| qb phbpdh$ `yfnb} qchl} hg`ld aa}hyy ka yhka qchg gb}h lknb}g`qlbk+

]bd`ka Zh}kh}5 Zh xyh bx} g`ldlkjy `ka h~hkqy+ Qch g`ldlkjy hy'


21/25

93 9


22/25


IDBYLKJ ]HG@]FY

G`}ixy Dklkj idbyha qch zb}fycbp+ Qch yph`fh}y q qch zb}fycbpcà gàh idh`} qch khha qb fhhp lq ylgpdh ka fhhp lq dbi`d qb }hd`qhqb phbpdh+ Lq z`y idh`} qc`q mhlkj qch}h zchk phbpdh abkq hsphiq lqzldd mh }hz`}aha+

Cbphnxdd| qcly zldd mh qch nl}yq zb}fycbp lk yh}lhy mhi`xyh zh i`k

`dd dh`}k ` dbq n}bg hìc bqch}+

G`}ixy Dklkj qc`kfha$ bk h~h}|bkhy mhc`dn$ qch p`khddlyqy$ qchHDA] _`}q| ka qch N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Nbxka`qlbk nb} N}hhabg nb}b}j`klylkj qch zb}fycbp+


23/25


_]BJ]@GGH

03 Kb~hgmh} =??


24/25


]hjlbk`d Bnih nb} Ihkq}`d$ H`yq `ka Ybxqch`yq Hx}bph$

Ybxqc I`xi`yxy `ka Ihkq}`d @yl`

Bx} gèb} q`yfy }h qch p}bgbqlbk bn ahgbi}ì|$ ibkyqlqxqlbk`d yq`qh$ pdx'}`dlyg ka n}hh'g`}fhq hibkbg|+ Qb iclh~h bx} jb`dy$ zh ppd| qch id`y'yli lkyq}xghkqy bn pbdlqli`d haxi`qlbk$ pbdlqli`d ibkyxdq`ki| `ka al`dbjxhyxic `y ibknh}hkihy$ zb}fycbpy b} yqxa| ~lylqy+ @ idbyh khqzb}f bn pbdlqli`dp`}qlhy$ ilqluhky lklql`ql~hy$ cxg`k }ljcqy b}j`kly`qlbky$ qclkf q`kfy `kayilhkqli lkyqlqxqlbky nb}gy qch m`yly bn qch Nbxka`qlbky iql~lqlhy+

Qch Nbxka`qlbky }hjlbk bn Ihkq}`d$ Ybxqch`yq `ka H`yqh}k Hx}bph$ YbxqcI`xi`yxy `ka Ihkq}`d @yl` #IYHH,$ ly al~laha lkqb yls yxm'}hjlbky5 Ihkq}`dHx}bph `ka qch M`dqli yq`qhy6 Ybxqch`yq Hx}bph6 qch Zhyq M`df`ky6 Xf}`lkh`ka Mhd`}xy6 ]xyyl` ka Ihkq}`d @yl`6 ka Ybxqc I`xi`yxy$ hìc ibkq`lklkjyh~h}`d ibxkq}lhy+ Ix}}hkqd|$ qch ]hjlbk`d Bnih IYHH lk Yb` ibb}alk`qhyìql~lqlhy lk =3 p}behiq ibxkq}lhy+ Qch Nbxka`qlbk hgpdb|y 1? phbpdh lk qch}hjlbky 00 }hp}hyhkq`ql~h bnihy+ Qch Nbxka`qlbky ìql~lqlhy lk qch }hjlbk`gbxkq qb >?? h~hkqy ph} |h`} zlqc yh~h}`d qcbxy`ka p`}qlilp`kqy+

HDA] ly qch p`}q| nb} dlmh}`d ahgbi}`q ~`dxhy lk Hx}bph+ Hx}bph`k Dlmh}`dy

q}`kypbyh qch p}lkilpdh bn n}hhabg lkqb pbdlqliy$ hibkbgliy `ka `dd bqch}`}h`y bn bx} ybilhqlhy+

HDA] ibkylyqy bn 83 ghgmh} p`}qlhy i}byy Hx}bph ka z`y nbxkaha lk 0lk a~`kih bn qch }yq Hx}bph`k hdhiqlbky+ Lk 0


25/25

N}lha}lic K`xg`kk Nbxka`qlbk nb} N}hhabg

]hjlbk`d Bnih nb} Ihkq}`d$ H`yq `ka Ybxqch`yq Hx}bph$Ybxqc I`xi`yxy `ka Ihkq}`d @yl`

80M Mxdj`}l` Md~a+$ Gbqbplyq` LL$01?1 Yb`$ Mxdj`}l`

Q5 &98< = < >? 0?6 N5 &98< = = ?= 19

H'g`ld5 gybhOnkyq+b}jzzz+gybh+nkyq+b}j

HDA] _`}q| `lymd

90 }xh Gbkqb|h}yq}``q$0??? M}xyyhdy$ Mhdjlxg

Q5 &9= = =9: ?0 1?6 N5 &9= = =90 0< ?:H'g`ld5 lknbOhda}+hx

zzz+hda}+hx

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How Liberal Parties Succeed at the Local Level