How is information stored in long term memory?How is information stored in long term memory?

Declarative Declarative knowledgeknowledge

Procedural knowledgeProcedural knowledge

Conditional Conditional knowledgeknowledge

-- -- knowing that something is knowing that something is the case-- the case-- facts, theories, events, facts, theories, events, objectsobjects

-- -- knowing how to do something--knowing how to do something-- how to fish the Sacramento river, how to fish the Sacramento river, write a journal article or fix bikewrite a journal article or fix bike

The propositionproposition is the basic unit of declarative knowledge

[proposes relationships among concepts]-- contains 2 elements (a relation & 1 or more arguments)=

props are meaningful ideas. Propositions are represented in memory as networks

They preserve underlying semantic relations.

DK is also stored as imagesimages (analog representations that preserve spatial relationships)

They preserve relative distances between elements.Metaphors may be the common imaginal

structures we retain between two apparently different concepts.

DK is stored as a linear orderingslinear orderings. They preserve order but not distance.

Can be seen in event sequences (eg. ordering at McDonalds)

Productions are combined into related sets called production systemsproduction systems.

They are given their relationship by virtue of the fact that they share the same goal structure.

PK can be domain generadomain generall-- that is , the productions can be applied in >1 domain.

(“be prepared” ; reading a novel); weaker of the two

PK can be domain specificdomain specific-- that is, the productions can be applied to specific areas or domains

(e.g. Solving a math problem, or reading a journal article; conducting a piece of research).

Procedural Knowledge is represented as productionsproductions. Productions are represented

as condition-action pairs, and are the basic units of PK. (IF-THEN statements)