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Passive Measures
IAQ Workshop 20th August 2013, Johor Bahru
INDOOR AIR: THE SILENT KILLER
1. IEQ & IAQ; Context
2. IEQ & GBI CONTEXT
3. NATURAL VENTILATION
4. IAQ TOXICITY
5. MOULD PREVENTION
Content 2
Indoor Environmental Quality 4
Visual Comfort
IEQ and GBI Context 5
RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3
Visual Comfort
EE4 – Lighting & Control 2 point
Maintain overall luminance not more than specified in MS1525
EQ4 – Day Lighting 3 points
> 50%/75% habitable rooms daylit
EQ5 – External Views 1 point
All habitable rooms to have direct views.
IEQ and GBI Context 6
RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3
Sound Quality
EQ6 – Sound Insulation 1 point
Reduce noise pollution, acoustic insulation between dwellings.
Sound Quality
IEQ and GBI Context 7
RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3
Thermal Comfort
EQ1 – Min. IAQ Performance 3 points
Adequate fresh air to maintain thermal comfort and air quality.
Thermal Comfort
Environ-mental Toxicity
Odour Quality
IEQ and GBI Context 8
RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3
Odour Quality
EQ1 – Min. IAQ Performance 3 points
Adequate fresh air to maintain air quality.
EQ2 – VoC Minimisation 2 points
Reduce VoC to reduce odour
EQ3 – Formaldehyde Minimisation 1 point
Reduce Formaldehyde to reduce odour
Environmental Toxicity
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Air Quality
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 9 Passive design measure Low cost alternative to low building energy
Natural means to maintain air quality Vents build-up of toxic gases and
indoor pollutants (principally pathogens)
Low cost/ natural means of maintaining indoor thermal comfort.
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 10
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 11
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,” minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality acceptable for human occupants of a building Considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants.
Table 6-1 Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone Flow rate per person or per unit area (ASHRAE 62.1 -2007) e.g. Office space – 5 cfm/person Mall & supermarket – 7.5 cfm/person Restaurant & Café – 7.5 cfm/person Lecture hall – 7.5 cfm/person Games arcade / Casino – 7.5 cfm/person Computer & Science Lab – 10 cfm/person Disco & Aerobics room – 20 cfm/person
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 12
Outdoor Air-Ventilation Rates should comply with Third Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12 (1) of Uniform Building By Laws, 1984 ( UBBL )
MS 1525:2007 - Section 8.1.4 Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 13
Outdoor Air-Ventilation Rates should comply with Third Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12 (1) of Uniform Building By Laws, 1984 ( UBBL )
MS 1525:2007 - Section 8.1.4 Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 14
BUILDING TYPE MINIMUM FRESH AIR
VENTILATION cubic meter/min
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
OFFICES
SCHOOL CLASSROOM
HOSPITAL WARDS
0.14/occupant
(0.23 lit/sec/m2 floor area
average)
CONFERENCE ROOMS 0.28/occupant
FACTORIES 0.21/occupant
Basement car Park (Mech) 6 air change/hour
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 15 Bylaw 39(1) Every room designed for residential, business or other purposes
except hospitals & schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having total area not less than 10% of the floor area and shall have opening for uninterrupted air passage of 5%
Bylaw 39(2) Hospitals window area 15% and open able windows 10%
Schools window area 20% and open able windows 10%
Ventilation, whether mechanical or natural, may be used for: AIR QUALITY CONTROL: to control building air quality, by diluting internally-generated air
contaminants with cleaner outdoor air, DIRECT ADVECTIVE COOLING: to directly cool building interiors by replacing or diluting warm indoor
air with cooler outdoor air when conditions are favorable, DIRECT PERSONAL COOLING: to directly cool building occupants by directing cool outdoor air over
building occupants at sufficient velocity to enhance convective transport of heat and moisture from the occupants, and
INDIRECT NIGHT COOLING: to indirectly cool building interiors by pre-cooling thermally massive components of the building fabric or a thermal storage system with cool nightime outdoor air.
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 16
Outdoor air required (L/s,m2 of floor area)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Air
Flo
w w
ind
ow
are
a /
Flo
or
Are
a (x
10
0%
) 100
0
20
40
60
80
If by-law 39 is complied, air change requirement will comply
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 17
Global Cross Ventilation
Global Stack Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 18
Local Single Sided Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & IAQ 19
• Wind-driven Cross Ventilation • Buoyancy-driven Stack Ventilation • Single-sided Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 20
1. Estimate heat load from Internal Heat sources 2. Add Fabric and roof heat gains using OTTV & RTTV
calculations 3. Total the heat gains 4. Use charts to estimate openings required for the
heat loads w/m2 5. If opening sizes not sufficient, fans may be required
to achieve the required cooling
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 21
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 22
CROSS VENTILATION COOLING ESTIMATES
DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSE 6M X 10M
COMPONENT DAY NITE
HEAT(w/m2) HEAT(w/m2)
Internal heat gains 12 12
Roof heat gains 25 0
Front & Back Elev heat gains 30 0
Total Heat Gains 67 12
Vent Cooling
Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 5% 80 20
Effective Vent cooling 13 8
Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 7% 110 30
Effective Vent cooling 43 18
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 23
Cross Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 24
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 25
COMPONENT DAY NITE
HEAT(w/m2) HEAT(w/m2)
Internal heat gains 12 12
Roof heat gains 25 0
Front & Back Elev heat gains 30 0
Total Heat Gains 67 12
Vent Cooling
Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 5% 80 20
Stack 3m Opening 5% 30 30
Combined Vent Cooling 110 65
Effective Vent cooling 43 53
Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 7% 110 30
Stack 5m Opening 7% 45 45
Combined Vent Cooling 125 80
Effective Vent cooling 43 18
Cross & Stack Ventilation
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 26 STACK VENTILATION
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 27 STACK VENTILATION
Natural Ventilation & Cooling 28 CROSS & STACK VENTILATION
Indoor Air Quality 30
Indoor Air Quality
Environ-mental Toxicity
Odour Quality
Indoor Air Quality Chemicals 31
Indoor Air Quality
Environ-mental Toxicity
Odour Quality
Indoor Air Quality Pathogens 32
Indoor Air Quality 33
Odour Quality
EQ1 – Min. IAQ Performance 3 points
Adequate fresh air to maintain air quality.
EQ2 – VoC Minimisation 2 points
Reduce VoC to reduce odour
EQ3 – Formaldehyde Minimisation 1 point
Reduce Formaldehyde to reduce odour
Environmental Toxicity
Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air
Quality
Environ-mental Toxicity
Odour Quality
EQ1 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 34
EQ1 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 35
EQ2 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 36
EQ2 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 37
EQ2 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 38
EQ2 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 39
EQ2 – MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE 40
EQ3 – Formaldehyde Minimisation 41
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 42
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 44
Mould is a major cause of IAQ issues in the tropics. Whilst RNC may not have recommendations on mould prevention, it is good design practice to prevent moulds during design & construction stage.
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 45
Typical waterproofing details
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 46
Typical waterproofing details
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 47
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 48
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 49 Typical waterproofing details
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 50
Typical waterproofing details
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 51
Rain Water Down Pipe encased in concrete column – grade incorrectly specified (by QS/architect in tender). RWDP will crack inside concrete column leading to moisture seepage issues. AIR COND DRAIN PIPE CONNECT TO RWDP WITHOUT ADEQUATE WATER SEAL.
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 52
No proper water seal for sanitary pipes through concrete slab.
Floor trap without proper joint and seal.
NRNC, EQ5 – Mould Prevention 53
Rising damp at skirting level of last unit (near river where water table is high). No proper water proofing detailings.
CELEBRATING 50 MILLION SQ FT CERTIFIED GBI S P A C E I N M A R C H 2 0 1 3
Passive Measures
IAQ Workshop 20th August 2013, Johor Bahru
INDOOR AIR: THE SILENT KILLER
Ir. Looi Hip Peu [email protected]
President
Malaysia Green Building
C o n f e d e r a t i o n
www.mgbc.org.my