How effectively did the USA stop the spread of communism? · 9 The CIA trained 10,400 exiles to invade Cuba - Bay of Pigs 10 The exiles invasion was a disaster & JFK was embarrassed

IGCSE CambridgeInternational Relations since 1919

How effectively did the USA stop the spread of communism?

Name: __________________________________________________ Form: _______

Core Content: Option B

Background

Japanese ruled Korea from 1910 - 1945.

After WWII Japan had lost and left Korea, with the Russian army in the North and USA army in the South.

Country divided along 38th parallel.

In the North - communists ruled with Kim Il Sung as leader.

In the South - elections were held & anti-communist Syngman Rhee was leader.

Both sides claimed to be the rulers of all Korea.

Sometimes there was fighting (clashes) on the border between North & South.


Events in Korea 1950-53

Why was the USA involved?

Before 1950 USA was not very interested in Korea.

BUT in 1950:USA policy of Containment: stop communism

USA ideas in NSC 68 which said USA needed more arms & it should ‘roll back’ communism.

USA believed in Domino Theory. If South Korea were to become communist it would spread to other countries for example Japan.

Why was the USSR involved?

Before 1950 USSR was not very interested in Korea.

BUT in 1949:NATO was formed and Stalin was worried, plus USA was helping Japan.Stalin thought USA was being ‘aggressive’

When Kim Il Sung leader of North Korea told Stalin he wanted to invade the South, Stalin thought it a good idea as it would cause the USA problems

USSR gave North Korea weapons and advice, but never sent Russian soldiers

V

Korean War

Impact of the Korean War

. made the Cold War worse

. spread the Cold War from Europe to Asia

. SEATO - South Asian Treaty Organization formed (similar to NATO)

. USSR set up the Warsaw Pact

. Korea was ruined by the war, one in ten Koreans died

. USA thought the war was a success because South Korea did not become communist (Truman Doctrine)

. United Nations showed it could be strong

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5.2 5.3

5.4

Who was to blame for the Cold War?How did the USA react to Soviet expansion?

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On 25 June 1950, the North Koreans attacked. They were very successful. The North Korean People's Army (NKPA) easily defeated the Republic of Korea's army (the ROKs). They captured most of South Korea. The USA was shocked and alarmed.On 27 June they persuaded the United Nations to pass a resolution supporting South Korea. The USA sent troops to Korea as part of the UN force to help the South Korean Army at Pusan.

The Americans landed more troops. They used bombers. The Chinese admitted to losing 390,000 men dead - UN sources put the figure at up to a million Chinese and half a million North Koreans dead.The US drove the Chinese back, but 54,000 American soldiers died doing so. MacArthur reached the 38th parallel in March 1951.

He threatened to invade China.

Now the Chinese were alarmed. On 25 November, 200,000 Chinese troops ('People's Volunteers') attacked MacArthur. They had modern weapons supplied by Russia, and a fanatical hatred of the Americans. Then, on 31 December, half a million more Chinese troops entered the war and attacked the Americans. They drove the Americans back (using 'human wave tactics'). They recaptured North Korea, and advanced into South Korea.

On 15 September, the US General MacArthur led a UN amphibious landing at Inchon (near Seoul) behind the NKPA . Out of the 300,000 UN troops, 260,000 were Americans. In danger of being cut off, the NKPA had to retreat. The Americans drove them back and recaptured South Korea. 125,000 NKPA prisoners were taken. On 7 October 1950 MacArthur invaded North Korea. He advanced as far as the Chinese border. He boasted that the Americans would be 'home by Christmas'.

Phase Five: March 1951 – 1953Truman told MacArthur to stop. MacArthur was sacked when he publicly criticised Truman’s order. In 1953, Eisenhower became American president. The Americans threatened to use the atomic bomb if China did not stop fighting. The Chinese & Koreans agreed to a truce, which was signed on 27 July 1953. It is estimated that 10 million people died in the war - as many as died in the First World War.

Korean War: events 55.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

5.9





Cuban Missile CrisisBackground

Before 1959Dictator Batista was the ruler but was unpopular with many Cubans. Many USA businesses benefitted under Batista including sugar plantations & casinos. Cuba leased Guantanamo Bay to the USA.Fidel Castro wanted to improve the lives of the peasants & end corruption.

USA was opposed to Castro. He was friends with communists & was a threat to US business interests. Cuban Revolution 1959Castro seized power & appointed communists to his government.Castro turns to the USSR after USA opposed his rule.Many Cubans fled to the USA.Nationalisation: Castro seized much of the land & many companies

USA response:. refused to buy Cuban sugar. end all trade with Cuba. refused to supply arms. ended diplomatic relations. supported Cuban exiles in overthrowing Castro

USSR response: (after 1961). bought Cuban sugar. supplied Cuba with arms. offered support to Cuba

USA response: (to USSR). feared USSR supported the country on the USA's doorstep. USA warns USSR not to put nuclear missiles on Cuba

Bay of Pigs Operation

1961

Plan. President Eisenhower supported Cuban exiles in overthrowing Castro

. JFK continued with the plan, with the exiles invading Cuba with the support of the CIA

Invasion . CIA trained 1,400

exiles. invaded with support

of bombers flown by Cubans

. invasion easily stopped & 1,200 exiles

were captured by Castro's forces

Consequences. USA: JFK hugely embarrassed - seen as a bully

. Cuba: moved Castro closer to the USSR. USSR: supports Cuba, gains an ally (friend) in Central America

Soviet Missiles in Cuba

Why didKhrushchev put missiles

in Cuba?

Kennedy weakSome saw Kennedy as a

young inexperienced President who could be

pushed around. He was seen as being

weak after the unsuccessful Bay of

Pigs operation

Central America. Supporting Cuba was seen as important in establishing an ally (friend) in Central America & try to limit or stop US influence

Missiles in Turkey. US missiles in Turkey gave the US a strategic military advantage. Khrushchev hoped that his missiles in Cuba could be used to negotiate the removal of the Turkish missiles plus US position in Berlin

55.10

5.11

5.12


Events in Cuba 1959-62

Cambridge IGCSE History : International Relations since 1919



test your knowledgeRead each statement and decide if it is TRUE or FALSETrue or False



5a




Statement T

2 Cuba leased Guantanamo Bay to the USA.

3 USA supported Castro to take over in Cuba

F

4 Castro had friends who were communists

5 Everyone in Cuba was happy when Castro took over as leader

6 Castro introduced nationalisation

7 The USA remained trading partners with Cuba

8 The USA supported Cubans exiles in overthrowing Castro

9 The CIA trained 10,400 exiles to invade Cuba - Bay of Pigs

10 The exiles invasion was a disaster & JFK was embarrassed as a result

11 Cuba became friendlier with the USSR after the attempted exile invasion

12 Khrushchev wanted a friendly country in central America

13 Khrushchev thought JFK was weak & could be pushed around

14 USSR hoped to get the US missiles in Greece removed

15 The USA warned the USSR not to place missiles on Cuba

1 Batista was a Cuban leader


Events 1962August: USA spy planes observe Soviet personnel & weapons in Cuba.

September:JFK warned the USSR that he would prevent them from putting missiles on Cuba 'by whatever means necessary’.

14 October: USA U2 spy plane takes photographs of the construction of nuclear missile launch site in Cuba.

USSR ships seen in the Atlantic Ocean heading to Cuba, with what looked like missiles on board.

16 October: was opposed to Castro. He was friends with communists & was a threat to US business interests. By 16 October it had become clear that the Cubans were allowing the USSR to assemble missile sites.

JFK was advised that the missiles could be ready to be fired before the end of October.

JFK had announced he would not allow the Soviets to place missiles on Cuba, but how could he get Khrushchev to remove them without risking a nuclear war?

Cuban Missile Crisis

Attack the missile sites by air to destroy the missile launch sitesBut no guarantee that all the sites would be hit & risk the Soviets striking back.

Do nothing and avoid a possible nuclear war with

the USSRBut make JFK

look weak & risk Soviet action

elsewhere e.g. Berlin.Invasion of Cuba

Destroy the missile sites & remove CastroBut invasion lead to killing Soviet personnel & likely result in war against USSR.

Choice: naval blockadeJFK announced all Soviet ships would be searched & those carrying missiles turned back. At the same time US armed forces were put on red alert & the USSR warned any missile launch would be met with full retaliation.

Kennedy’s Choices

Blockade of Cubanaval blockade of Cuba to stop missiles

arriving & give JFK time to negotiate But no guarantee that the Soviet

ships would stop & not necessarily get missiles removed from Cuba.

Nuclear deterrence was based on MAD:Mutually Assured Destruction.

Neither superpower would attack the other as retaliation from the other would mean both countries would be destroyed - potentially many times over.

However, missiles based in Cuba, could in theory mean the USSR could attack and destroy nuclear bases in the USA before they could retaliate.

Thus the USSR could win a nuclear war.

Situation: missiles close to the USA

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5.14

5.15

5.16





Cuban Missile Crisis - Kennedy’s ChoicesExplain the advantages & disadvantages for each of the choices that Kennedy faced5b



test your knowledge


Kennedy’s Choice Advantages Disadvantages

Diplomacy

Attack missile sites from the air

Invasion of Cuba

Blockade of Cuba


USA. Cuban Missile Crisis showed the need to look at all options and not always use the military one. Kennedy looked strong in the USA, making Khrushchev back down. Kennedy was respected around the world for avoiding war. A communist Cuba was still embarrassing. US missiles removed from Turkey

Cuba. Missiles removed

. Stayed Communist. Kept Soviet support

. Acted as a centre for communism in central America

Cuban Missile Crisis: events & consequences

Consequencesof the

Cuban MissileCrisis

USSR . Stopped US invasion of Cuba

. China criticised Soviets for backing down to USA

. Khrushchev seen as backing down to Kennedy

. Khrushchev removed from power two years later - partly due to CMC

Superpower Relations. Cold War thaw after CMC, as both leaders realised there was nearly a war. ‘Hot line’ established so leaders could talk directly to each other to avoid misunderstandings. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963 helped improve relations

Khrushchev's response was to ignore the blockade & did not admit to having missiles on Cuba. It said it was merely helping Cuba defend itself & the USA was taking the world to war.

23 October

24 October

25 October

26 October

27 October

28 October

Soviet ships stop and turn around at the blockade line, except one carrying oil

Missile sites construction continued in Cuba

Khrushchev sent a letter saying that the USSR would remove the missiles if: USA stopped the blockade & USA promise not to invade Cuba in the future

Khrushchev second letter adds a demand that US missiles should be removed from Turkey. A U2 spy plane is shot down & JFK is pushed to retaliate. USA agree to first letter demands then JFK sends a secret message to Khrushchev agreeing to remove Turkey missiles.

Timeline of events

Removal of missiles from Cuba agreed by Khrushchev

1962

5

5.17

5.18





test your knowledgeAnswer: Question:

Cuban Revolution ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

Agreed by Khrushchev ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

‘Hot line’ ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

Cuban missile sites ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

Fidel Castro ___________________________________________________________

Answers & Questions:You have the answer, but what is the question?

Answer: Question:

Blockade of Cuba ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

Batista ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ___________________________________________________________

Answer: Question:

US spy planes ___________________________________________________________

5c





test your knowledge

. Kennedy . Khrushchev . Event . Consequence .

Decide for each statement if it is a:a. reason for Khrushchev to put missiles in Cubab. a choice for Kennedy to makec. an event of the Cuban Missile Crisisd. a consequence of the Cuban Misslie Crisis

Circle the correct answer

Do nothing and avoid a possible nuclear war with the USSR. But make JFK look weak & risk Soviet action

elsewhere e.g. Berlin.

. Kennedy . Khrushchev . Event . Consequence .

Cuba stayed Communist.and continued to receive Soviet support.

. Kennedy . Khrushchev . Event . Consequence . . Kennedy . Khrushchev . Event . Consequence

Some saw Kennedy as a young inexperienced President who could be pushed around. He was seen as being weak after

the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs operation.

Destroy the missile sites & remove Castro,but an invasion lead to killing Soviet personnel & likely

result in war against USSR.

. Kennedy . Khrushchev . Event . Consequence . . Kennedy . Khrushchev . Event . Consequence .

‘Hot line’ established so leaders could talk directly to each other to avoid misunderstandings.

Naval blockade of Cuba to stop missiles arriving & give JFK time to negotiate, but no guarantee that the Soviet ships would stop & not necessarily get

missiles removed from Cuba




Khrushchev sent a letter outlining that the USSR would remove the missiles if: USA stopped the blockade & USA promise not

to invade Cuba in the future.

Khrushchev seen as backing down to Kennedy.Khrushchev removed from power two years later - partly

due to CMC.

US missiles in Turkey gave the US a strategic military advantage.Khrushchev hoped that his missiles in Cuba could be used to

negotiate the removal of the Turkish missiles.

Khrushchev's response was to ignore the blockade & did not admit to having missiles on Cuba. It said it was merely helping Cuba defend itself & the USA was taking the world to war.

Cuban Missile Crisis showed the need to explore the all options and not always go the direct military one.

Kennedy looked strong in the USA, making Khrushchev back down and was respected around the

world for avoiding war.

Events & consequences 5d





Short Term(immediate)

Medium Term(soon after the event)

Long Term(over the next year or more)

Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis Place each consequence as a short, medium or long term consequence

Then rank each consequence according to its importance by highlighting each consequence:most important = RED important = BLUE least important = GREEN

5e



test your knowledge




US involvement in Vietnam

1. 1960 - 1963: Kennedy increased military advisors from 900 to 11,000

Steps to War for the USA

Vietnam War

Reasons why

the USAbecame

involved inVietnam

Truman DoctrinePolicy of containment said

USA to support anti-communists.

Presidents Eisenhower in the 1950s and Kennedy

after 1960 believed in the Domino Theory. If Vietnam

became communist then other countries would

follow: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma , India etc

Background. French colony since C19th called Indochina.. Rebellion in 1930s crushed by the French army.. WWII, 1940 French surrender to Germans.. Japan (Germany’s allies) take over Vietnam from French.. WWII, anti-Japan resistance movement (Viet Minh) led by Ho Chi Minh, who wanted an end to colonial rule.. WWII, 1945 Allies victory meant France wanted Vietnam back, even though Ho Chi Minh had declared an independent Vietnam.. 1946 war broke out between Viet Minh & the French. Ho Chi Minh was a communist but kept quiet so not to upset USA.The USA was against colonialism.. 1949, Mao’s communist takeover in China meant support for the Viet Minh. 1950 USA now saw Ho Chi Minh as a communist enemy & friends with China. They gave $500 million pa to the French as part of their policy of containment.. French controlled the cities & the Viet Minh the countryside.. Viet Minh guerrilla tactics meant the French pulled out after defeat at Dien Bien Phu.. 1954 Peace Conference, Geneva Settlementsaw Vietnam divided into North & South (along 17th parallel) until elections were held which the USA did not want as they feared a communist victory.

Already involvedUSA had supported France since the end WWII.

Given $500 million per year to help France inc. equipment

After 1954, helped South Vietnam with money, equipment & military advisors.

USA counter the support that North Vietnam was getting from USSR & China.

Committed to supporting the South Vietnam government at Geneva Settlement. Backed unpopular leader Ngo Diem with $1.6 billion in 1950s.

. 1963: Vietcong take over 40% of S.Vietnamese countryside

Viet

cong

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outh

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com

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+ No

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mes

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. 1963: President Johnson sends more help to stop Vietcong Johnson not a ‘war monger’ but not want to be seen as soft on

communism Defence Sec. McNamara believed war was winnable

3. March 1965: US Marines arrive No longer called advisors but troops US bombers start bombing North Vietnam called ‘Rolling Thunder’

2. Aug. 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (still debate about circumstances of incident)

US ships attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats Johnson attacked North Vietnamese naval bases

4. After 1966: Total war Over 500,000 US soldiers in Vietnam on 12 month tours Draft of young men in the US army

5. 1968: Nixon elected President - withdraw from Vietnam Peace with honour - took 4 years

55.19 5.20

5.21



test your knowledgeVietnam WarRank Reasons why USA became involved in the Vietnam & explanation of ranking

1

2

3

4

Mark

/10

Steps to war: how far did each ‘step’ take USA closer to war (mark out of 10)

Explain how it took the USA closer to war in Vietnam

1960 -63: Kennedy increased military advisors

1963: Johnson sent more help to South Vietnam & McNamara believed war was winnable

1964: Gulf of Tonkin resolution

1965: US marines arrive in South Vietnam & Rolling Thunder begins

5f





BombingOperation Rolling Thunder(Feb. 1965 - 1972). Targets:. industrial & military targets initially approved by President. then town & cities. then in Laos & Cambodia Ho Chi Minh TrailResult:. reduced number of soldiers needed. dropped more bombs than on Germany & Japan in WWII. damaged NV ability to fight the war. attacked Vietcong targets in South. 14,000 US bombers shot down. failed to stop the communists

. Killing civilians (women & children) turned many in USA against the war

Vietnam War

Guerilla tactics. Less soldiers & outgunned byUS & South Viet forces. Ho Chi Minh used guerilla tactics like Mao in China. Attack & disappear into jungle. Retreat if out numbered. Not always wear uniforms. Got peasant support - sometimes through terrorResult:. Very motivated fighters. Lower morale of US soldiers. Had peasant support. Network of informants. Over 1 million died

Supply lines & tunnels. The Vietcong in the South were

supplied via trails in Laos & Cambodia

. USA failed to stop the flow of supplies, often carried on

bicycles, despite heavy bombing

. Underground bases & tunnels kept Vietcong safe from

bombingResult:

. Vietcong constantly supplied. Tunnel network destroyed

US morale

UStactics

inVietnam

Chemical WeaponsAgent Orange & Napalm

. It was a sort of ‘weedkiller’ . Used to destroy the jungles,

so the Vietcong had no hiding place

Result:. Destroyed thousands of

sq km of jungle. Burned & killed thousands

of guerrilla fighters & civilians

. Shocking pictures of women & children burned by

chemical weapons turned many people in the USA

against the war

Events

Vietcongtactics

Search & destroy. Bombing was not winning the war

. USA built strong bases in the south & launched attacks via helicopters

. Result:. Some successes against Vietcong

. Pointless attacks based on poor information. Vietcong often ‘vanished’ before attacks

. Many civilians killed during attacks. Turned many peasants against the USA/South Vietnamese. My Lai Massacre turned US public opinion against the war

Trail through Laos & Cambodia kept Vietcong supplied.Bombing of trail was very controversial as countries not involved in the war. Bombing did little to disrupt supply lines as 35,000 + Vietnamese kept it open.

Turning points:My Lai Massacre 1968 - 1969Charlie Company on search & destroy mission killed 300 - 400 villagers, mainly women, children & old men. No Vietcong were found. It was considered a success.One year later a letter was sent to politicians & Life magazine printed photos. An investigation ended in mass murder charges for Lt. Calley & others. Calley was blamed & got 20 years ‘hard labour’.USA people were shocked & protests increased.

Tet Offensive 1968On Tet religious holiday, Vietcong launched over 100 attacks across South Vietnam.Scale of offensive shocked USA.Vietcong suffered huge causalities, but USA morale badly affected.Americans thought the war was unwinnable.

General Giap (AP photo)

After a napalm attack

55.22 5.23

5.24





Vietnam WarVietcong Success

/10Explanation

Guerilla Tactics

Supply Lines

Bombing

USA Success/10

Explanation

Search & Destroy

Chemical weapons

5g



test your knowledge



Harsh lifestyleVietcong use to hard peasant lifestyleAt home in jungle environment & communal living

Why was the USA unable to win the Vietnam War?Military situation

US soldiers used to a comfortable lifeJoin up for different reasons: hero; patriotism;

learn to fly etcLife in Vietnam was harsh & uncomfortable

Many conscripts did not want to be there

Killing civiliansBombing & chemical weapons killed civilians & turned

Vietnamese against the USA

Tour of dutySoldiers were in Vietnam for 365 daysThe priority was to survive & go home,

rather than win the war

Disunity in the ArmyUS forces distrust South Vietnamese, as communists

had infiltrated the South Viet. army & government

High tech weaponsUp to 1964 US military advisors had

good relationsnip with VietnameseAfter 1965 US Marines very aggressive &

came to hate VietnameseAfter 1965 US relied on bombing inc. chemical

weapons which killed civiliansUS forces could not tell friend or enemy apart

because of Vietcong tactics

Reaction in USAAnti-war movement showed soldiers to be baby killers

Many soldiers were anti-war before they even went to Vietnam

Upon returning home not treated as heroesIn fact soldiers became anti-war protesters!

Attitude to

war

Guerilla warfareGuerilla warfare was central to VC tactics though Tet offensive showed it was capable of traditional warfare which shocked US generalsand US public alikeUS troops always scared of VC ambushes

SuppliesVC supplied through network of tunnels + Ho Chi Minh trails in Laos & CambodiaPeople repaired trials after US bombing

Serve their countryPatriotic soldiers fighting for their homelandAgainst colonial rule - French then USA

Win the hearts & mindsCommunits worked hard to win over the peasantsBUT treated peasants harshly if they did not support them

Support in Vietnam + China & RussiaFull support of Vietnamese people - working togetherUSSR & China supplied military hardware + advice

Communists U.S.A.

UnitySoldiers & Vietnamese people very motivated to defeat the ‘colonial invading’ army & worked togetherCommunists controlled & motivated in a variety of waysPeople made huge personal sacrifices inc. women & children to help the soldiers:‘Shock brigades’ repaired bomb damage after air raids

Drugs & R & RSoldiers were in Vietnam for 365 days

Priority was to survive & go home, rather than win the war

Many resorted to drugs to overcome the shock of war

Conflicts within the US armyOfficers often lacked experience & authority - soldiers mutinied

Over 100 officers were killed by their own men‘Grunts’ (infantrymen) were on average 19 years old, had low morale

& going on patrols was very unpopular with booby traps and ambushes common

Many army units experienced racial problems

InformationCommunists had informants in South Vietnam - in all areas inc.army, US Army and CIAThey often knew of planned attacks in advance

Military tactics

Support

5

5.26

5.27

5.28




5.25

Quality of

soldiers


test your knowledgeUSA

orCommunists

Statement

At home in the jungle environment & with communal living

Priority was to survive & go home

Supported & supplied by the USSR & China

Motivated to defeat the ‘invading colonial armies’

‘Grunts’ were on average 19 years old

After 1965 they relied on bombing & the use of chemical weapons

Had informants in the South Vietnamese govt., US army & CIA

“Shock brigades’ repaired bomb damage after air raids

Soldiers were in Vietnam for 365 day tour of duty

Supplied through a network of tunnels & trails through laos & Cambodia

Patriotic soldiers fighting for their homeland

Worked hard to win the ‘hearts & minds’ of the peasants

Often knew, in adavnce, of planned attacks

Found life in Vietnam harsh & uncomfortable

Many soldiers took drugs to overcome the shock & horror of war

Officers often lacked authority & there were mutinies

At home soldiers were often known as ‘child killers

Write in whether the statement applies to either the USA or communistsWhy was the USA unable to win the Vietnam War?5h





Why was the USA unable to win a military victory in Vietnam?

Rank Strengths Explanation

1

2

Rank

1

2

Weakness Explanation

3 3

4 4

5 5

Communists strengths

Rank with an explanation the military strengths of the North Vietnamese communistsand the military weaknesses of the USA

5i

USA weaknesses





Why was the USA unable to win the Vietnam War? Situation in the USA

Divided US societyUSA torn apart by the war - totally divided

Civil unrest - some feared civil war

President Johnson’s aimsPublic aim: defeat communism (containment)

support democracy (S.Vietnam)

Private aims: save face for USA not be first President to lose a war

BUT: many in US not care about democracy in VietnamUS supporting a corrupt S. Vietnam government

President Johnson’s methodsPolitical: Support democracy but alien to Vietnamese

Support educational, medical & social programmes

Military: Use bombing to win the warDestroy VC supply routes

BUT: bombing made Vietnamese more determinedChemical attacks turned US people against the war

Loss of McNamara 1967McNamara (Defence Sec.) with JFK then JohnsonMcNamara responsible for military policy & tacticsMcNamara changed from saying easily winnable,

to the war being unwinnableReplaced by Clark (advisor & friend of Johnson)

Tet OffensiveNorth Vietnamese VC attacked multiple targets in the SouthAttacked during Tet holiday surprising everyoneAttacks were unsuccessful & the VC lost 60,000 soldiers

BUT: US shocked by size of attack, confidence shakenUS intelligence failed & 10,000 US/South troops killedPeople in USA shocked by what their sawUS media showed it as a failure for the USA

President JohnsonJohnson’s health suffered

Advisors started looking at peace optionsBombing stopped whilst peace talks held

BUT: Peace difficult as North Vietnamese not want to compromise

Johnson in a weak negotiating position

Problems in South Vietnam 1966 - 67Government was corrupt & unpopular

Many South Vietnamese supported Ho Chi Minh

1966 1967

1968

Defence Secretary ClarkRealised USA did not have a plan to win in Vietnam

(policy of not losing to save face)By March 1968 Clark was telling President Johnson the

war was unwinnable

Public opinionStudents protests e.g. teach-ins - against conscription

Anti-war debates & demonstrations

Public opinionMembers of Congress start criticising Johnson’s policiesBuddhist nun sets herself on fire in protest in VietnamMartin Luther King & other church leaders join anti-war protestsTax increases to pay for war, leads to more demonstrationsMedia turn against the war

Financial costsGreat Society spending cut as military spending increasedDeficit: from $1.6 billion (1963) to $25.3 billion (1968)Inflation increased + people not want to pay increase in tax to pay for war

1965

5

5.29

5.30

5.31




Public opinionTV coverage: bombing & chemical attacks turned people against warMai Lai incident shocked people around the worldOpinion: win the war or get out


Negotiations: ‘Peace with Honour’May 1968: USA wanted a South Vietnam, the communists wanted a united Vietnam. USA wanted free elections in the south but North Vietnamdid not trust the elections would be fair.Kissinger (USA) & Le Duc Tho (North Vietnam) agreed:. US troops withdraw after ceasefire. Prisoners of war released. Elections in the south Paris Peace Agreement - 27 January 1972

The My Lai Massacre 1968 - 1970Event: Unit of soldiers (Charlie Company) on a ‘search & destroy mission’. Attacked what they thought was a Vietcong stronghold.After 3 / 4 hours 300-400 civilians were dead inc. women & children.There were no Vietcong & only 3 weapons found.Official report: only 20 civilians killed, the rest were Vietcong.The soldiers were praised for their actions.

The letter: Soldier Ridenhour who knew many soldiers at My Lai wrote a letter to politicians & officials in Washington saying what really happened there.Life Magazine: published photos of the massacre.Investigation: Lieutenant Calley was charged with murder and others were also charged, but the army made Calley solely responsible & said he was not acting on orders. Calley was sentenced to 20 years hard labour. (He was released after 3 years).The events of My Lai shocked the US people.

The Peace MovementPeace movement: no longer hippies & students but ordinary

middle class people who wanted an end to the ‘pointless’ war.

My Lai Massacre: after the incident came to light over 500,000 people protested against in the war in

Washington DC. The largest protest ever in the USA.

Politics: to be pro-war was political suicide for most politicians. Nixon was very anti-communist

but had to be against the war or at least pro peace to get elected in 1968

The end of war in Vietnam

VietnamizationNixon started replacing US soldiers

with Vietnamese soldiers AVRN.Between 1969 - 71 400,000 troops were

withdrawn from Vietnam.AVRN were no match for communist fighters.US invasion of Cambodia

The US was unable to cut off the supply lines as the communists used trials & bases in Laos & Cambodia.Nixon ordered the invasion of Viet Cong bases in Cambodia

BombingNixon ordered bombing to be increased.He hoped this would put pressure on the communists as peace negotiations continued.When talks broke down in Dec 1972, Nixon ordered a massive bombing campaign.In 11 days more bombs were dropped than in the previous 2 years.

Nixon’s

strategy

USSR & China relations USSR & China relations in 1969 were so bad some feared there

would be a war between the two.

As a result both countries tried to improve their relations with the USA.

1970: Nixon & USSR began talks about limiting nuclear arms (SALT) & asked USSR to pressure North Vietnam

to end the war.1972: Nixon was invited to visit China & he asked China to pressure North Vietnam to end the war.

Loss of faith in the military leadershipRealisation that the USA could not win a military victory

after the Tet OffensivePeople lost faith in the US army

1969

The end …..Fighting restarted in 1973, AVRN held for a while but low morale & poor leadership meant that by ……April 1975, communist forces entered Saigon - hundreds of thousands of S. Vietnamese were executed.People watched on TV as 6000 Americans fled, helicopters lifting people off the Embassy roof.

55.32

5.33





Nixon’sstrategy

The Vietnam War Match the event to the correct year

1965 19691966

1967 1968

North Vietnamese VC attacked multiple targets in the SouthAttacked during Tet holiday surprising everyone

Over 500,000 people protested against in th war in Washington DC. The largest peace protest ever in the USA.

Realisation that the USA could not win a military victoryafter the Tet Offensive and people lost faith in the US arm

McNamara changed from saying easily winnable, to the war being unwinnable

North Vietnamese VC attacked multiple targets in South Vietnam

Military spending increased to $25.3 billion

Nixon was very anti-communist, but had to be against the war or at least pro peace to get elected

Nixon started replacing US soldiers with Vietnamese soldiers AVRN.

The invasion of Viet Cong bases in Cambodia

In 11 days more bombs were dropped than in the previous 2 years

Johnson’s aims: defeat communism (containment) & support democracy (S.Vietnam)

Students start protests e.g. teach-ins - against conscription

Members of Congress start criticising Johnson’s policies

400,000 US troops were withdrawn from Vietnam

Peace movement: no longer hippies & students but ordinary middle class people who wanted an end to the ‘pointless’ war.

When talks broke down ordered a massive bombing campaign.

Both the USSR & China tried to improve their relations with the USA.

5j test your knowledge





What were the turning points that contributed to the situation in the USA becoming increasingly anti-war?

Event Score out of

/10

Explanantion

Johnson’s aims

Johnson’s methods: bombing & chemical weapons

McNamara resigns:war unwinnable

Tet Offensive

Clark: there is no plan to win the war

My Lai massacre

Invasion of Cambodia & Laos

Nixon’s increase in bombing

Score each event out of 10, in terms of it being a turning point that influenced the American public into becoming more anti-war - explain your score.

5k test your knowledge





Consequences of the Vietnam War

Vietnam

EnvironmentChemical warfare:

Huge areas of forest & agricultural land destroyed

Food shortages as a resultWater supply poisoned

Mines & unexploded bombs were everywhere and continued to kill people t=years after the war

SocietyMany peasants left the countryside & lived in shanty towns: poverty, prostitution & drugsRefugees = 5 millionCorruption in the South was rifeBlack market in US goods

PoliticalVietnam unified under communism

Communism spread to Cambodia & LaosSouth Vietnamese victimised after the war,

thousands executed & ‘re-educated’

US foreign policy: end of containmentPropaganda disaster for the USAUse of bombing, chemical warfare lost US supportNixon ended the ‘Truman Doctrine’US abandoned policy of containmentMilitary intervention less likely after VietnamLooked to talk with USSR & China: Detente

EconomicMilitary industrial production increased, consumer goods decreasedUSA had budget deficits which caused inflationInterest rates roseValue of the dollar fellGovt. spending was reduced on social programmes in Johnson’s ‘Great Society’

USA

Society58,000 died in the war

Divided the nation:Student demonstrations

Draft dodgersMany veterans became anti-war protestors

drug addicts & suffered post traumatic stress (est. at 800,000)

Others who handled Agent Orange suffered cancerTV war: pictures of the horrors of war on the news

every eveningUSA lost confidence in their country

PoliticalPresident Johnson destroyed by the war - even

though vast majority supported the war at the start

Pro-war became political liabilityNixon anti-communist but had to pursue peace

Politicians more isolationist

EconomicUSA banned trade with VietnamFood shortages were common‘Boat people’: 1970s saw 1 million Vietnamese try to leave the countryTook 20 years to recover to pre-war levels

5

5.34

5.35







test your knowledgeConsequences of the Vietnam War

5

4

3

2

1

2

3

4

5

Communists U.S.A.+

–

Vietnam unified under communism

Communism spread to Cambodia & Laos

South Vietnamese victimised after the war, thousands executed & ‘re-educated’

USA banned trade with Vietnam

Food shortages were common

Took 20 years to recover to pre-war levels

‘Boat people’: 1970s saw 1 million people try to leave the countryFood shortages were common

Many peasants left the countryside & lived in shanty towns: poverty, prostitution & drugs

Nixon ended the ‘Truman Doctrine’

Govt. spending was reduced on social programmes in Johnson’s ‘Great Society’

Many veterans became anti-war protestors drug addicts & suffered post traumatic stress

Interest rates rose and the value of the dollar fell

Looked to talk with USSR & China: Detente

US abandoned policy of containment

List the consequences for both sides as positive & negative on a scale of 1 - 5.

5 = very positive/negative

negative

positive

5l








How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948 - c.1989?

IGCSE CambridgeInternational Relations since 1919


How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948 -c.1989?

Opposition to Soviet rule in Hungary 1956

Hungary 1956

Freedom of SpeechThe Hungarians were not able to speak

freely. The communist government controlled the newspapers, radio, arts ,

theatre and music.The Hungarians were scared of the secret

police - State Protection Group (AVO) - who arrested people for criticising the

government, or communism

or the Soviets.

PatriotismHungary had a long history& a rich culture.They disliked the fact that Russian soldiers were in their country and the Russian language was being used.

EducationChildren in schools were taught the communist version of history, ignoring much of Hungary's history, especially its empire & links with Austria & Germany.

Quality of lifeIn addition, to

censorship & the secret police, the Hungarians

standard of living declined as pay

decreased for many workers.

Food shortages were common under the

communists. Some of the best industrial

equipment was shipped to the Soviet Union.

ReligionThe communists were against religion which

upset Christians.The Catholic leader, Cardinal Minszenty,

was arrested & sent to prison.

The period after Stalin's death 'Peaceful Co-existence', under Khrushchev brought some changes to many communist countries in Eastern Europe. Many countries wanted to 'reform' some of the communist policies & systems.Hungary brought in a more reformist leader - Imre Nagy

Yugoslavia had gained some independence from the Soviet UnionPoland had seen demonstrations which had seen them gain more freedoms.

Reasons why

Hungarians opposed Soviet control

6.26.1

6


Background

Hungary was established at the end of WWI, after the

collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire.

At the end of WWII, the USSR's Red Army

occupied Hungary & continued to do so with a 'mutual assistance treaty'.

A coalition government was elected in 1945.

The Hungarian communist party got

17% of the vote.Over the next 4 years

Communists took over key positions & set up the

secret police, who intimidated, arrested

& imprisoned non communists.

People's Republic of Hungary (communist)

was declared in 1949, under the

leadership of Rakos.

Hungary had to pay $300 million in reparations

to the Soviet Union.

The Soviet system was quickly established e.g.:

collectivisation,nationalisation of industry

etc.



Hungary 1956

The West. Voice of AmericaUSA's radio station

'Voice of America' encouraged the uprising & suggested

the USA would help Hungary

. Suez CrisisMany Western countries were distracted by the Suez Crisis

. ProtestsPresident Eisenhower & other

leaders protested to Khrushchev

. United NationsThe Western countries tried to

get a resolution (Soviet troops to leave Hungary) but the USSR

vetoed it

USSR. Domino effectKhrushchev was worried that other communist countries would want more freedoms & independence if they let Hungary have reforms.

. ChinaChina advised Khrushchev to be strong with Hungary & not give in.

. Khrushchev's leadershipKhrushchev could not afford to look weak in the USSR & Eastern Europe.

. United NationsThe USSR used its veto to block action & stopped the UN Secretary General from visiting Hungary

Short termHungarians killed: 3,000 Red Army killed: 7-8,000200,000 Hungarians left the country Nagy arrested, sent to Moscow & shot.

Events:23 October

Demonstrations in Budapest including pulling down a

statue of Stalin.Demonstrators want

Emo Gero out & Imre Nagy in.

24 OctoberNagy becomes Prime

Minister with Khrushchev's approval.

27 October Nagy forms new government including non communists.Religious leader Cardinal

Minszenty freed from prison.

29 OctoberSoviet troops withdrawn after

battles with the Hungarian army & militia.

Nagy announces:. end of collectivisation

(farms to return to private ownership)

. end of one party rule. Hungary to be neutral

. withdrawal from Warsaw Pact

4 NovemberRed Army (200,000) + 2,500

tanks invades HungaryNagy appeals to President

Eisenhower for help

Janos Kadar becomes Prime Minister

Medium termNew leader Kadar crushed

further resistance: arrested 35,000 & killed 300+

Khrushchev established himself as Soviet leader & showed

he could be strong like Stalin if he

needed to be - giving a warning to other

communist countries

6.4

6.5

Responses to the

Hungarian uprising

Consequences of the

Hungarian uprising

6.36



Long termMany Hungarians lost faith in the West - after their false promises & realised the

policy of 'containment' did not include Eastern European countries.United Nations proved to be ineffective against an agressor

East - West relations deteriorated.USA was unable to influence events in Eastern Europe but were more determined

to stop communist expansion elsewhere in the world.

www.resourcesforschools.comwww.resourcesforschools.com


test your knowledgeHungary 1956

Rank Reason why Hungarians opposed Communist/Soviet control

Explanation

1

5

4

3

2

List the reasons why the Hungarians opposed Soviet control & explain why you gave it that ranking6a







test your knowledge

C historystudent.co.uk


Hungary 1956

1. The Hungarian secret police: ___________ _____________ Group

2. The Hungarians were proud of their country and its long history: _________________

3. The name given when the government controls newspapers, radio, TV etc ________________

4. Name of new Hungarian leader: ______ _____

5 Capital of Hungary: ________________

6. Name of religious leader: _______________

7. Leader of USSR in 1956: ________________

8. Name of leader appointed on 4th November : ___________

9. USSR blocked action in the United Nations by using its : ___________

10. Month when the demonstrations started in Hungary: ______________

11. Western Countries were distracted by the: ______ _______

12. Hungary withdrew from this organisation in October 1956: W ____________ P _______

13. USSR’s first satellite in space: S __________

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Answer the questions & find the word(s) in the wordsearch6b






1. Improve people’s standard of living(more consumer goods made)

2. More freedoms (let workers have more say, public discussions, free speech & media, political parties)

3. Federal Czechoslovakia(more power to the regions)

+keep links with the USSR

stay in the Warsaw Pact

The Red Army & Czech fighters defeated the Nazi German forces.

After WWII a coalition government was formed, including Communists who held key posts.

Communist policies of nationalisation were introduced for industry & banks, plus land reforms.

1946 elections:Communists 38%

PM Gottwald accepted Marshall Aid until Stalin blocked it.Coalition parties were kicked out of government by the communists.

Czechoslovakia became a one-party state in 1948.

Dubcek became leader in Jan. 1968, with the approval of the Soviets.

In Feb. 1968 the Czech communist party introduced an economic reform programme to try to improve the economy.

Dubcek spoke of the need for change now that socialism had triumphed.

Czechoslovakia: “The Prague Spring” 1968

Political PartiesPeople wanted alternatives to the Communist Party. They wanted other political parties, to vote & choose their own leaders.

Secret PoliceThe STB were both feared & hated. These

plain clothed police watched & listened to all activities, via telephone taps, reading mail etc.

Anti communists were arrested & show trials were common in the 1950s

The economyPeople’s standard of living was very poor. Soviet style control of industry & agriculture did not work well. The country was already well industrialised & not suited to the Soviet plans.

Freedom of SpeechThe Czechs were not able to speak freely. The communist government controlled the

newspapers, radio, arts, theatre and music.

People were arrested for criticising the government, or communism or the Soviets.

Worker democracyFactory workers wanted a

greater say in how their factories were managed. Unrealistic targets & poor

working conditions left the workers wanting reforms.

Consumer goods were ignored for heavy industrial goods.

Reasons why

Czechs opposed Soviet control

BackgroundThe attempt to win more political & economic freedoms &

be more independent of Soviet control.

Ducek’s Action Programme‘Socialism with a Human Face’

6.7

6.8

6.6

6


Opposition to Soviet rule in Czechoslovakia 1968



ReactionsProtests across the West.

Some protests in Moscow & East Germany.

Communists’ reaction around the world was mixed.

Many western communists were shocked by the Soviet action, others were against the ‘revolutionary actions’ of

the reformers.

Background

Why did the USSR

invade Czechoslovakia?

Consequencesof the

Prague Spring

East-West relationsSoviet invasion condemned by the West but no more.US President Johnson wanted better relations with the USSR rather than oppose the Soviet’s actions.

Eastern EuropeReformers in other Eastern European

countries were reminded that

reforms had limits.

CzechoslovakiaUnder Husak’s

leadership thousands of

communist members were expelled &

lived as ‘outcasts’ doing menial jobs. Most of the Czech

communist party had supported Dubcek’s

reforms.Strict rule followed

for the next 20 years.Reformers remained

silent.

Political cartoon showing the different reactions to Soviet troops in 1945 & 1968

Warsaw PactYugoslavia was

communist but free from Soviet control.

Romania was not going to Warsaw Pact

meetings.

Soviets & others not want the break up of

the Warsaw Pact.

USSR not want to lose control.

Dubcek’s ideasDubcek’s ‘Action Programme’ & then the ideas & reforms that followed scared the Soviet Union & other Warsaw pact communists.The USSR & other countries were scared that their people would demand similar freedoms.USSR not want to lose control.

6.10

6.11

Czechoslovakia: “The Prague Spring” 1968

6.9

6



April 1968 Dubcek launches the ’Action Programme’May 1968 On May Day people executed during 1952 show rials were honoured. Workers Councils were proposed.June 1968 Censorship was abolished & political prisoners freed.People demanded more than Dubcek’s Action Programme.Soviet forces stay in Czech after Warsaw Pact exercisesJuly 1968 Soviet troops at the Czech border. Warsaw Pact meets to discuss situation in Czech. & warn leadersAugust 1968 Dubcek speech said there was no going back.Warsaw Pact agreed to stop ‘anti-socialist forces’ & backed the Brezhnev Doctrine20 Soviet & Warsaw Pact forces invade Czech21 Dubcek* arrested & flown to Moscow & signed Moscow Protocol (Soviet troops to stay in Czech)Workers & students confronted invading troops.700 - 1000 Czechs were killedSeptember/October70,000 plus fled from CzechNew govt formed headed by Husak.

* after release from solitary confinement Dubcek became a forestry official & remained under police surveillance

Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev showed that no Eastern European country would be allowed to pursue its own reforms.Countries: China, Yugoslavia & Romania spoke out against this.

GorbachevGorbachev said that his

reforms in the USSR in the 1980s were influenced by the

Prague Spring. He, like Dubcek wanted an end to

totalitarianism.



Czechoslovakia: The “Prague Spring” 1968

For each statement decide if it was:a reason for Czechs opposed the Sovietsa reason for the Soviets to invade Czechoslovakia

Soviets orinvade or

consequenceStatement

1 Reformers in other Eastern European countries were reminded that refoms had limits.

2 Gorbachev said that his reforms in the USSR in the 1980s were influenced by the Prague Spring.

3 USSR not want to lose control.

4 People were arrested for criticising the government, or communism or the Soviets.

5 The USSR & other countries were scared that their people would demand similar freedoms.

6 People wanted alternatives to the Communist Party

7 Anti communists were arrested & show trials were common in the 1950s

8 People’s standard of living was very poor.

9 Under Husak’s leadership thousands of communist members were expelled & lived as ‘outcasts’ doing menial jobs.

10 Consumer goods were ignored for heavy industrial goods.

11 Strict rule followed for the next 20 years. Reformers remained silent.

12 Duncek’s ‘Action Programme’ & then the ideas & reforms that followed scared the Soviet Union & other Warsaw pact communists

13 Brezhnev showed that no Eastern European country would be allowed to persue its own reforms.

14 Soviets & others not want the break up of the Warsaw Pact.

15 The Czechs were not able to speak freely. The communist government controlled the newspapers, radio, arts , theatre and music.

6c





test your knowledgeThe “Prague Spring” 1968

Rank Reasons why Czechs opposed Soviet

control

Explanation

1

2

3

4

5

Rank Reasons for the Soviet invasion Explanation

1

2

3

Rank Consequences of the Prague Spring

Explanation

1

2

3

4

5

6d





test your knowledgeHungary Czechoslovakia

Background

Causes

Events

Consequences

Make bullet points for: background; cause; events & consequences

Highlight similarities between the two6e


Opposition to Soviet rule in Hungary & Czechoslovakia



Berlin Wall 1961

West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims

stop USSR getting control of East Germany

keep control of East Germany

stop people from leaving East Berlin to go to West Berlin

signed treaty to look after West Berlin

Background

Potsdam agreement 1945:

Berlin divided between:Allies (USA/FRANCE/UK)Soviet Unionuntil all parties agree on a suitable government

Assumed that this would be a temporary situation.

In 1960 Berlin was still divided:

East Berlin: communistpart of East Germany

West Berlin: capitalistpart of West Germany

Berlin a focus for all leaders since 1945. Stalin was planning to build a wall before his death. Khrushchev often threatened West Berlin.

By 1961 about 2.5 million East Germans left for West Berlin, including many skilled workers.

The 'brain drain' was a cause for concern for East Germany & they wanted to find a way to stop it.

1953: East Germans need permission to travel to West Berlin

1957: Leaving East Germany without permission = 3 years in prison

1961: 15th June - East German leader Walter Ulbricht said he no intention of erecting a wall

1960: West Germany is bad for East German economy & it must be corrected according to East German leader

1961: 25th July - US President J.F. Kennedy spoke about the need to hold onto West Berlin. That NATO should react to any threat from the Soviets.

June - Vienna SummitKhrushchev tries to get USA to withdraw from West Berlin.

Kennedy not bullied by USSR & promises to stay in West Berlin

July - Berlin1000 people a day leave East Berlin to go to West Berlin

Kennedy says he will spend more money on arms for the USA

August - BerlinKhrushchev orders East German government to build a wall

between East & West Berlin

1961: 12th August - East German leader orders a barricade to separate Berlin Barbed wire used followed by concrete wall.

Events

Aims

USSR: . stop migration from East to West Berlin. keep control of East Germany. get the West to recognise East Germany

Allies: . keep West Berlin under their control. unite a democratic Germany. reduce influence of the USSR in Berlin

6.13

6.14

1961: June Summit - Khrushchev tries to pressure the new US president, Kennedy, by insisting the Western powers leave Berlin Kennedy pledges to support West Berlin

1958: Soviet demands - Khrushchev demanded: . the West to recognise east Germany. the West to take soldiers out of West Berlin. all routes into Berlin to be controlled by East Germany

- The West refused the demands & Khrushchev backed

6.12

6


Why was the Berlin Wall built in 1961?



West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims











Berlin Wall

Berlin Wall Facts

Wall was 11 - 13 feet high

Total length of the border to West Berlin 155km

Inner city border between East & West Berlin 43km

Border crossings between East & West Berlin 8

Observation tower 302

Bunkers 20

Dog runs 259

Anti vehicle trenches 105km

Contact/signal fences 127km

Border patrol roads 124km

Number of mines unknown

Attempted escapes 100,000+

Successful escapes 5-10,000

Killed while attempting to escape 200+

Most famous checkpointCheckpoint Charlie

6.16

Divided Berlin. Access from East to West

since 1945 ended. Families split, unable to

see each other. People unable to get

to work

East - West Relations. Soviet & US tanks faced each other for 18 hours at Checkpoint Charlie

. JFK had to accept the Wall or risk war. USA stayed in West Berlin despite Khrushchev's statement

. Tensions between USSR & USA increased. Berlin remain a potential flashpoint

. In a 1963 speech JFK said" Ich bin ein Berliner" (I am a Berliner), giving his support to West Berlin

Escapes. Constant embarrassment to USSR as people attempted to go over & under the wall (100,000+). Over 200 people killed whilst attempting to escape

Consequences

USSR/East Germany. Called the wall a necessary

‘anti-facist rampart’. Gained control of East Berlin

. Ended black market & economy began to grow

. Communism embarrassed by shooting would-be escapees

over next 25 years +

USA / the West. JFK appointed General Clay to Berlin as an ambassador. Army presence in Berlin was increased. Propaganda victory for the Westas East Berlin residents continued to find ways to escape

6.156


Consequences of the Berlin Wall 1961



test your knowledge

West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims











Berlin Wall

USSR aim . USA aimEvent . Consequences

Statement

Tensions between USSR & USA increased

Reduce influence of the USSR in Berlin

JFK had to accept the Wall or risk war

East Germans need permission to travel to West Berlin

Stop migration from East to West Berlin

Families split, unable to see each other

East German leader Walter Ulbricht said he no intention of erecting a wall

USA stayed in West Berlin despite Khrushchev's statement

Constant embarrassment to USSR as people attempted to go over & under the wall (100,000+)

Khrushchev demanded that the West to recognise east Germany, the West to take soldiers out of West Berlin and all routes into Berlin to be controlled by East Germany

Berlin remain a potential flashpoint

Khrushchev tries to pressure the new US president, Kennedy, by insisting the Western powers leave Berlin

US President J.F. Kennedy spoke about the need to hold onto West Berlin.

Read each statement and decide whether it is: an aim of USSR, an aim of the USA, an event or a consequence

6f


Berlin Wall 1961



Arms RaceUSA & USSR concerned over cost & risk of arms race.Missiles now had multiple nuclear warheads & submarines could launch nuclear missiles.

ConflictsUSA & USSR continued to fund allies with conflicts in:

Angola, Nicaragua, El Salvador & Arab-Israeli war.West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims











AfghanistanSoviet forces invaded to support the communist govt.

against the Mujahideen fighters. The USA was very worried that the Soviets were so close to the oil in the Middle East. The USA supported the Mujahideen with

money & supplies.

Background

Detente is French for relaxation or known as a thawing in relations between the USSR & USA.

During the Cold War there were periods when relations between the superpowers improved, when tensions were reduced.

Detente1. 1971 - 1979Nixon & BrezhnevSummits x 5:. SALT I (1972): limit nuclear missiles & bombers. SALT II (1975): further limits but stopped because of Afghanistan. joint space mission: shook hands in space. trade links: more trade between West & EastBUT. conventional forces: no agreement to reduce forces, USSR wanted larger army. SALT II: never really happened

2. Helsinki Conference 1973-75(European Security Conference)Signed Helsinki Accords:. security: European borders agreed inc. West/East Germany. human rights: respect human rights & right to travel between countries. co-operation: better links through trade & cultural visitsBUT. human rights: no improvement in USSR & E.Europe. Brezhnev said it was not others business.Critics of communism were still harshly treated.. rivalry: rivalry continued around the world as the superpowers looked to extend their influence

Reasons for

Detentein the 1970s

End of Detente

in the 1980s

DetenteUSSR

Chinese - Soviet relations were not good, so the USSR looked for better relations with the USA.

USAUSA’s failure in Vietnam forced Nixon to look for a new approach, as

containment did not work.People in the US wanted an alternative to war to solve the problems.

Peace MovementPeople across the

world but especially in Europe were

increasingly against nuclear weapons.

They questioned the morality of weapons that killed women &

children.

Nuclear WeaponsBoth sides were

replacing old weapons with new

missiles.

Moscow OlympicsIn protest the USA boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.Communist countries then boycotted the LA Games in 1984

Ronald ReaganBecame in US President. He was very anti communist & pro containment.Started ‘Star Wars’ programme for lasers to hit missiles from space.

Brezhnev did not see detente as an end to the rivalry.“ Some in the West said

detente was a waste of time as USSR would not change.

“ “ Critics said detente made little difference to the superpower rivalry.

6.17

6.19

6.186


Detente




’Solidarity’ movement in Poland and its effects

West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims











Solidarity in Poland

NationalismPolish people wanted to make their own decisions about their own country.Quality of lifeLife was hard in communist Poland. There was often a shortage of food & other goods.People wanted more freedoms.Role of the catholic church The catholic church was very influential in Poland, despite the communists trying to reduce its role. People looked to the church for leadership.

Pope John Paul II In 1978 a Polish cardinal, became Pope. This gave the people a sense of pride & made them more nationalist.The catholic church in Poland felt more able to stand up to communism.Leader: Gierek 1971-78Introduced economic reforms that helped living standards riseBUT:food shortages continuedprices rosepolice attacked protesters

Gdansk shipworkersShip workers in the port of Gdansk started a movement called ‘solidarity’. (Aug 1980)It’s leader was Lech Walesa.It had three main demands:. the right to form a trade union. improve the living standards of working people. more freedoms of expressionIt soon became linked with the catholic church.

Results of Solidarity strikes & protests in 1980

Govt. agreed:. right to form trade unions. workers have the right to protest & strike. to improve conditions for the workers. some freedoms & less control of the newspapers

Workers agreed:. communist party

rule in Poland. socialist form of

government. Poland’s links with

USSR & other communist countries

& membership of Warsaw pact etc

Long term consequences:. Communist party undermined by workers. showed the power of non violent protests

. communists less willing to use force. highlighted failings of communist economic policies

1980Solidarity formed.

First year nearly 10 million members

1981Solidarity demands free electionsUSSR imposes military rule under

JaruzelskiMartial law imposed

Walesa & other union leaders arrested

1982Solidarity banned

Demonstrations across the countrybut Walesa released from prison

Martial law ended 31/12/82

1983Lech Walesa awarded the

Nobel Peace prize

1984Preist for Solidarity murdered

by govt. agents

1985Solidarity prisoners (225)

released

1988More strikes & demonstrationsTalks between Walesa & govt

1989Free elections for lower house of

parliamentSolidarity does well, communists do

badly in electionsSolidarity refuses to join with

communists in govtJaruzelski appoints non communist as

Prime Minister

1990Lech Walesa elected President

1991Red army leaves Poland

First full free elections since WW2

Poland: from communism to democracy …

6.21

6.22

6.20Background

6



test your knowledge

West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims











Results of the Solidarity protests in 19806g

Rank Results Explanation

1

2

4

3

5

_________________Solidarity formed

First year nearly 10 million members

__________________Solidarity demands free elections

USSR imposes military rule under JaruzelskiMartial law imposed

Walesa & other union leaders arrested

_________________Solidarity banned

Demonstrations across the countrybut Walesa released from prison

Martial law ended 31/12/82

______________Lech Walesa awarded the

Nobel Peace prize

______________Preist for Solidarity murdered

by govt. agents _______________Solidarity prisoners (225) released

__________________More strikes & demonstrationsTalks between Walesa & govt

_______________________Free elections for lower house of parliament

Solidarity does well, communists do badly in electionsSolidarity refuses to join with communists in govt

Jaruzelski appoints non communist as Prime Minister

_________________Lech Walesa elected President

_________________Red army leaves Poland

First full free elections since WW2

6h Solidarity events 1980 - 1991For each event give its date:

1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991


’Solidarity’ movement in Poland and its effects



Lifeunder

communism


Gorbachev’s effect on the collapse of Soviet control of Eastern Europe

West Berlin

prosperous

not prosperous

capitalist

communism

help from USA

no help from USA

Aims











Communist Party. only communists could stand in elections.. communism more important than national

identity

Police state. police were feared by everyone

. people were scared of being arrested if they criticised the govt or communism. the police could do as they wish

Censorship & Propoganda. communists controlled radio, TV &

newspapers. criticism of the government or

communism was rare. people were given a diet of

propaganda about the good of communism & the evil of capitalism

& the West

Religion. communists did not believe in God

. religion was discouraged. many religious leaders were arrested

. people were often forced to pray in private

Economy. the state controlled the economy

. heavy industry was often preferred to consumer goods. the quality of goods was often poor. there were often shortages of food

. in the 1980s inflation rose

Changesunder

MikhailGorbachev

Background. became leader in USSR in 1985

. relations between USSR & Eastern Europe had changed:

. USSR no longer use force. some communist countries wanted more

control over their affairs. food shortages in USSR

. poor quality of USSR goods. need imports from USA. quality of life was poor

Gorbachev’s new attitude. Marxism had failed

. communist party had to listen to the people. USSR no longer use force

. military spending was too high. USSR not keep supporting other countries

Glasnost. translates to ‘openness’

. more justice less corruption. open to more debate about economy

& management of industry. open to more freedoms of speech

. multi candidates (communists) in elections

Perestroika.restructuring of the economic & political system

. less control of economy by communists. have more investment form the West. wanted economy to be more efficient

6.24

6.23

21

6


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communism

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Aims











6i

Statement T

2 Communist newspapers were critical of the government

3 Gorbachev said that the Red Army would not be used in other countries

F

4 Gorbachev said people should believe in Marxist ideas

5 Gorbachev wanted to increase military spending

6 The USSR was producing quality goods in their factories

7 The government controlled the TV, radio and newspapers

8 The USSR suffered from food shortages

9 Gorbachev wanted more openess and less corruption

10 Gorbachev wanted investment money from the West

11 Religion was encouraged in the USSR

12 The quality of life in the USSR was similar to that in the USA

13 The police were feared in the USSR

14 Gorbachev introduced Glasnost & Peretrokia

15 The communist party listened to the people’s concerns

1 Only selected communists could stand in elections

Decide whether the statement for life in the USSR is either TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)





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Gorbachev’s need for change. wanted to end the Cold war

. reduce military spending

. arms race unsustainable. needed Western money to overhaul industry

. needed imported food

Arms Reduction. Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty 1987

both sides to remove all intermediate range missiles in Europe in 3 years

. Conventional Forces 1990talks to reduce NATO & Warsaw Pact forces

. Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) 1991agreed to reduce weapons USA 20% & USSR 30%

Reagan’s approach. saw an opportunity to reduce arms

. bargain hard with Gorbachev, knowing that USSR could not afford to continue with military spending

. knew USSR weak after Afghanistan. Star Wars development worried the USSR

New Detente after 1985

Reasons for newDetente

Background

A new Cold War 1979-85US foreign policyReagan (Republican) became President in 1980. He did not support detente, he thought the USA should be strong with the USSR.Reagan was more aggressive towards the USSR e.g.. increased defence spending. Pershing & cruise missiles in Europe. started Strategic Defence Initiative (Star Wars) - which could in theory shoot down Soviet missiles in space.Tried to get arms reduction but relationship with USSR was tense from 1981- 85 (see above).Reagan hoped that being more aggressive would force the USSR into reducing arms as the cost was rising.AfghanistanUSSR’s invasion of Afghanistan & the USA’s support for the Mujaheddin continued to be a problem between the two superpowers.Iranian Revolution 1979The USA supported the Shah but he was overthrown in an Islamic revolution. The new govt was both anti US and anti communist. Both the superpowers were worried the revolution might spread across the Middle East.Olympic GamesThe USA boycotted the Moscow Games in 1980, and then the USSR + Eastern European countries boycotted the Los Angeles Games in 1984.

Consequencesof new

Detente

Personalities. Reagan & Gorbachev got

on very well. Reagan thought

Gorbachev to be genuine. Reagan less aggressive

after 1984. both willing to negotiate

End of the Cold War. US President George Bush took over from Reaganmore cautious, but Soviet control in E. Europe already collapsing

. Malta Summit Dec 1989

Collapse of Soviet Empirein Eastern Europe

. Gorbachev’s reforms in the USSR had a domino effect in Eastern Europe

admission that Marxism had failed & communism party not always right, leaders confused

without Red Army support E.European leaders not control their populations

. collapse an unintended consequencenot part of Gorbachev’s plans

& took the West by surprise as well

Europeans. W.German, UK & French govts pushing for detente

. European Economic Community looking to end

Cold War

6.26

6.27

6.256





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New Detente after 1985

Rank Reason for New Detente

Explanation

1

2

4

3

Arms reductionCollapse of Soviet EmpireEnd of Cold War

Consequence

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty 1987

Malta Summit Dec 1989

Without Red Army support E.European leaders not control their populations

Admission that Marxism had failed & communism party not always right, leaders confused

Talks to reduce NATO & Warsaw Pact forces

Agreed to reduce weapons USA 20% & USSR 30%

US President George Bush more cautious, but Soviet control already collapsing

6k

6j

Consequences: For each consequence decide if it is a consequence of Arms reduction, the collapse of the Soviet Empire or the end of the Cold war. Write in Arms / Collapse or Cold War as your answer.

Rank the reasons for Detente: explain your decision




test your knowledge


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Bulgaria 1989. Nov: large demonstrations

Zhikov leader since 1954 resigns. Communist party becomes Socialist Party

. 1990 elections won by Socialist Party

Poland 1989 - 1990. June: free elections, Solidarity won easily. Dec 1990: Lech Walesa became first non

Collapse of Soviet control in Eastern Europe6.28

Events leading to collapseGeneva summit Nov 1985Reagan & Gorbachev discussed a variety of issues, from SDI to human rights. No agreements but laid the foundation for further talks.

Reykjavik summit Oct 1986Gorbachev & Reagan discussed getting rid of all ballistic missiles. Agreement was close, but the USA would not give up research & development on SDI. Without that there was no agreement form the USSR. But it showed that both leaders were willing to discuss serious arms reduction.

Washington summit Dec 1987Discussed a range of issues including Afghanistan, Central America, South Africa & chemical weapons. Agreement on limiting intermediate range nuclear missiles.

Gorbachev’s UN speech Dec 1988Announced huge military reductions in Europe & on the Chinese border. Decision was unilateral and inc. 500,000 soldiers.Soviet troops were withdrawn from E. European countries.

Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1989Soviet power was shown to be limited. It become to USSR what Vietnam was to the USA. Soviets worried that anti Soviet feeling would spread across Muslim population in USSR.

Solidarity movement in PolandThroughout the 1980s the Solidarity movement in Poland had been gaining ground and winning concessions from the communist government.Other Eastern European countries were watching what was happening in Poland. Leaders were concerned by events and Gorbachev’s new attitude.Many people in E. Europe wanted changes to their lives: less Soviet interference, freedoms, better standard of living etc.

Hungary 1989 - 1990. May: border with Austria opened. Dec: free elections announced. 1990 Nationalists & Catholics won election

Czechoslovakia 1989 - 1990. Nov: large demonstrations inc. Dubcek. Dec: communist govt. resigned. 1990: free elections, communists only 14%

East Germany 1989 - 1990. Sept: East Germans escape to West Germany

via Hungary. Communist leader resigns, after no support

from army. Guards at the wall join the protests

. 10 Nov: Berlin Wall pulled down. March 1990: free elections

. Oct 1990: East & West Germany reunited

Romania 1989 - 1990. Dec: short & violent revolution where communist leader Ceausescu is executed. 1990: Former Communists win free elections

Break-up of the USSR

. The Baltic states, Latvia, Estonia & Lithuania & Azerbaijan wanted independence from the USSR, Gorbachev refused & sent in troops

. In Russia Boris Yeltsin became the leader & called for the end of the USSR & for the republics to become independent

. Hard-line communists in Russia were shocked at events, they led a coup & imprisoned Gorbachev in his holiday home in the Crimea

. Yeltsin led demonstrations against the coup & for the reforms. Yeltsin ended the Soviet Communist Party & the USSR in Dec 1991. Gorbachev resigned as President of the USSR (there was no USSR)

6.29

6





test your knowledge

West Berlin

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capitalist

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Aims











Bulgaria 1989

Collapse of Soviet control in Eastern Europe6l

Czechoslovakia 1989 - 1990

East Germany 1989 - 1990

Hungary 1989 - 1990

Poland 1989 - 1990

Romania 1989 - 1990

Match the statements to the correct country

May 1989: border with Austria opened

1990: Nationalists & Catholics won the election

June 1989: Solidarity wins elections

Dec 1990: Lech Walesa becomes first non-communist leader in Eastern Europe

Nov 1989: large demonstrations including Dubcek

1990: free elections with communist getting only 14%

Sept 1989: citizens fleeing to W. Germany via Hungary

1989: Guards at the Wall join the protests

Nov 1989: Berlin Wall pulled down

Oct 1990: Country reunited

Sept 1989: Communist leader resigns after getting no support from the army

May 1989: border with Austria opened

Zhikov leader since 1954 resigns

Dec 1989: short & violent revolution where communist leader Ceausescu is executed

1990 elections won by Socialist Party





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Collapse of Soviet control in Eastern Europe6m

Geneva summit Nov 1985

Reykjavik summit Oct 1986

Washington summitDec 1987

Gorbachev’s UN speech Dec 1988

Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1989

Solidarity movement in Poland

Rank Events leading to the collapse

Explanation

1

2

4

3

Reagan & Gorbachev discussed a variety of issues, from SDI to human rights. No agreements but laid the foundation for further talks.

Gorbachev & Reagan discussed getting rid of all ballistic missiles. Agreement was close, but the USA would not give up research & development on SDI. Without that there was no agreement form the USSR. But it showed that both leaders willing to discuss serious arms reduction.

Discussed a range of issues including Afghanistan, Central America, South Africa & chemical weapons. Agreement on limiting intermediate range nuclear missiles.

Announced huge military reductions in Europe & on Chinese border. Decision was unilateral and inc. 500,000 soldiers. Soviet troops were withdrawn from E. Europe.

Soviet power was shown to be limited. It become to USSR what Vietnam was to the USA. Soviets worried that anti Soviet feeling would spread across Muslim population in USSR.

Throughout the 1980s the Solidarity movement in Poland had been gaining ground and winning concessions from the communist government.Other Eastern European countries were watching what was happening in Poland. Leaders were concerned by events and Gorbachev’s new attitude.

MA

TC

H t

he E

VEN

T t

o th

e ST

AT

EMEN

T

6n Rank the events (above) in order of importance - leading to the collapse of Soviet control in E. Europe





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Ra1

9

13

16

18

23

25

24

14

20

26

2

28

A

3

10

15

29

4

7

27

11

17

21 22

31 32

33 34

12

30

5

19

8

T

ACROSS1. President’s ideas on communism in 1947. (6, 8)5. Name of US space monkey. (3)7. Leader of the USSR during & after WW2. (6)9. US President in the 1980s. (6)10. A place for missiles. (4)12. Name given to 1970s arms reduction talks. (4)13. Type of bomb built during arms race. (7)15. Country at war in 1950. (5)16. Games boycotted in 1980 & 1984. (7)17. Chinese leader in 1960s. (3)18. One of the allies in Berlin & W. Germany. (6)20. Home of the solidarity movement. (7)21. US President at end of the Vietnam War. (5)25. Military offensive in Vietnam war. (3)26. Capital of Germany. (6)27. US President after Reagan. (4)28. Soviet space satellite. (7)31. Gorbachev’s policy of openness. (8)32. Type of warfare used by Vietcong. (8)33. Gorbachev’s restructuring of the economy. (11)34. Vietcong had this, whilst the US army did not. (5)

DOWN1. Meeting in Iran during WW2. (6, 10)2. USA & USSR stand off in the Caribbean. (5, 7, 6)3. US President at Yalta. (8)4. Former General & US President. (10)5. Crisis in this country in 1956. (7)8. A thaw in relations between USA & USSR. (7)11. Country where the USA was defeated in 1974. (8)14. An arms & nuclear. (4)19. US President at time of Vietnam War. (7)22. Invasion here during Korean War. (6)23. Phone line set-up after Cuban Missile Crisis. (3)24. Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative (4,4)29. Hungarian leader. (4)30. Cold War US General. (4)

EASY

CR

OSS

WO

RD

Revision



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Rb1

9

13

16

18

23

25

24

14

20

26

2

28

A

3

10

15

29

4

7

27

11

17

21 22

31 32

33 34

12

30

5

19

8

T

ACROSS1. Truman Doctrine (6, 8)5. Ham (3)7. Stalin (6)9. Reagan (6)10. Site (4)12. SALT (4)13. Nuclear (7)15. Korea (5)16. Olympic (7)17. Mao (3)18. France (6)20. Poland (7)21. Nixon (5)25. Tet (3)26. Berlin (6)27. Bush (4)28. Sputnik (7)31. Glasnost (8)32. Guerilla 33. Perestrokia34. Unity

HA

RD

CR

OSS

WO

RD

ACROSS1. From which came containment (6, 8)5. A flying monkey (3)7. USSR leader (6)9. US President in the 1980s. (6)10. A place for missiles. (4)12. Arms reduction talks, known as this (4)13. Type of bomb built during arms race (7)15. Communists fought the United Nations here (5)16. Games boycotted in 1980 & 1984. (7)17. Chinese leader in 1960s. (3)18. One of the allies in Berlin & W. Germany (6)20. Stalin promised it democracy (7)21. Promised ‘peace with honour’ (5)25. Vietnamese holiday (3)26. Visited by JFK, where he made a famous speech (6)27. US President at the end of the Cold War (4)28. Soviet space satellite (7)31. Gorbachev’s policy of openness (8)32. Type of warfare used by Vietcong (8)33. Gorbachev’s restructuring of the economy (11)34. Vietcong had this, whilst the US army did not (5)

DOWN1. WW2 leaders meeting (6, 10)2. The world on the brink of war (5, 7, 6)3. US President (8)4. Ended the Korean war for the US (10)5. Invaded by the Red Army in 1956 (7)8. Happened in the 1970s and 1980s (7)11. Johnson’s nightmare (8)14. An arms & nuclear. (4)19. First President to lose a war (7)22. General MacArthur’s masterpiece(6)23. Phone line for JFK & Khrushchev (3)24. Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative (4,4)29. Hungarian leader (4)30. Cold War US General(4)

Revision



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Rc1

9

13

16

18

23

25

24

14

20

26

2

28

A

3

10

15

29

4

7

27

11

17

21 22

31 32

33 34

12

30

5

19

8

T

ACROSS1. Harry’s big idea (6, 8)5. Not a flying pig in the space race (3)7. Uncle Joe according to Churchill (6)9. US President in the 1980s (6)10. A place for the nuclear missiles (4)12. Less arms more pepper? (4)13. One bomb no city (7)15. A place still at war (5)16. No USA athletes here in 1980 (7)17. Chinese leader in 1960s. (3)18. One of four in Berlin (6)20. Solidarity rules (7)21. Republican President (5)25. Vietnamese holiday (3)26. A walled city(6)27. Actor turned President (4)28. Soviet space satellite (7)31. Gorbachev’s policy of openness (8)32. Warfafe gone ape (8)33. Gorbachev’s restructuring of the economy (11)34. Vietcong had this, whilst the US army did not (5)

DOWN1. WW2 leaders meeting (6, 10)2. Island incident causes a serious problem (5, 7, 6)3. President never saw the Cold War (8)4. Generally a President (10)5. Country looked west, turned East (7)8. Cold War turned French twice (7)11. A country divided (8)14. The first to space in this ………(4)19. First President to lose a war (7)22. General MacArthur’s masterpiece (6)23. Not a cold phone line (3)24. Movie of the same name (4,4)29. Hungarian leader (4)30. US General made of stone rather than this (4)

CR

YP

TIC

CR

OSS

WO

RD

Revision




Exam style questions

1. What were the effects of the Soviet invasion of Hungary?2. What were the effects of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia?3. What were the features of detente in the 1980s?4. What were the effects of the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s?5. What were the features of the collapse of the Soviet Union’s control over Eastern Europe ?6. What were the aims of Gorbachev policies of ‘Glasnost and Perestroika’??7. Describe the events of the new detente after 1985? 8. Describe the events of the ‘Prague Spring’ ?

1. ‘Events in Hungary in 1956, showed the USSR was in control of Eastern Europe’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.2. ‘The Berlin Wall was built for economic reasons.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 3. ’Solidarity was the beginning of the end for the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe’. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 4. Explain the consequences of the Hungarian uprising.

5. ‘Gorbachev was personally responsible for the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe’. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer

c

exam style questions4 marks: one mark for each point + mark for detail

10 marks: Level 2: gives reasons (2-3) Level 3: explains one side or one explanation of both sides (4-6)Level 4: explains both sides (7-9) Level 5: explanation of both sides + ‘how far’ (10)

b

1. Why did the Polish government agree to meet the demands of Solidarity?2. Why were the people of Czechoslovakia opposed to Soviet control?3. Why did the East Germans build the Berlin Walll in 1961?4. Why did Gorbachev introduce reforms in the Soviet Union?5. Why did the Soviet Union invade Hungary in 1956?

6 marks: Level 2: description (2-3) Level 3: explains one reason (4-5) Level 4: explains two reasons (6)


a

Documents

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