How Earth Moves - WordPress.com · 1. The sun’s rays heat Earth. 2. Earth has seasons. 3. In the Northern Hemisphere, fall begins in September and spring begins in March. 1. Areas

Earth, Moon, and Sun

How Earth Moves

- Earth in Space

Earth moves through space in two major ways: rotation & revolution.

Tuesday, April 3, 2012


How Earth Moves

- Earth in Space




How Earth Moves

- Earth in Space




Sunlight Striking Earth’s Surface

- Earth in Space

Near equator, sunlight strikes Earth’s surface more directly & is less spread out than near poles.



Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space

Earth has seasons because it is tilted as it revolvesaround the sun.



Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space




Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space




Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space




Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space

The height of the sun above the horizon varies with the season.



Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space




Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space




Seasons on Earth

- Earth in Space




Seasons Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the seasons.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned

Using Prior KnowledgeBefore you read, write what you know about seasons on Earth in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned


1. The sun’s rays heat Earth.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned


1. The sun’s rays heat Earth.2. Earth has seasons.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned


1. The sun’s rays heat Earth.2. Earth has seasons.3. In the Northern Hemisphere, fall begins in September and

spring begins in March.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned




1. Areas where the sun hits Earth at a more direct angle are generally warmer than areas where the sun’s rays are more spread out.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned





2. The tilt of Earth’s axis as it moves around the sun causes seasons.

- Earth in Space



What You Know

What You Learned





2. The tilt of Earth’s axis as it moves around the sun causes seasons.

3. Around March 21 and September 22, day and night are each 12 hours long.

- Earth in Space



Gravity

- Gravity and Motion

The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors: the masses of the objects and the distance between them.



Gravity





Gravity





Gravity Versus Distance

As a rocket leaves a planet’s surface, the force of gravity between the rocket and the planet changes. Use the graph to answer the following questions.




Gravity Versus DistanceReading Graphs:

What two variables are being graphed? In what units is each variable measured?





Force of gravity on the rocket in millions of newtons and distance from the planet’s center in planetary radii

Reading Graphs:

What two variables are being graphed? In what units is each variable measured?





Reading Graphs:

What is the force of gravity on the rocket at the planet’s surface?





Four million newtons

Reading Graphs:

What is the force of gravity on the rocket at the planet’s surface?




Gravity Versus DistanceReading Graphs:

What is the force of gravity on the rocket at a distance of two units (twice the planet’s radius from its center)?





One million newtons

Reading Graphs:

What is the force of gravity on the rocket at a distance of two units (twice the planet’s radius from its center)?




Gravity Versus DistanceMaking Generalizations:

In general, how does the force of gravity pulling on the rocket change as the distance between it and the planet increases?





It decreases.

Making Generalizations:

In general, how does the force of gravity pulling on the rocket change as the distance between it and the planet increases?




Gravity and Inertia


Newton concluded that two factors–gravity and inertia–combine to keep the moon in orbit around Earth.



Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.

What is gravity?

Question Answer





What is gravity? Gravity is the force that attracts all objects toward one another.

Question Answer






What is inertia?

Question Answer






What is inertia? Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

Question Answer




Motions of the Moon

- Phases, Eclipses, and Tides

The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth, and sun cause the phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides.



Motions of the Moon





Motions of the Moon





Motions of the Moon





Motions of the Moon




Luna: The Moon of Earth, continued

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•Phases of the Moon - The different appearances of moon due to changing relative position of Earth, sun and moon are called phases.

•Waxing and Waning - When moon is waxing, sunlit fraction we can see from Earth getting larger (light is right). When moon is waning, sunlit fraction getting smaller.


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Phases of the Moon


The phase of moon you see depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.



Phases of the Moon





Phases of the Moon





Phases of the Moon




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The Moon’s Orbit


Moon’s orbit is tilted ~5 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun.


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Vocabulary Terms

Penumbra - (paene: almost & umbra: shadow) a space of partial illumination. Would see partial eclipse.

Umbra - a shaded area. Would see total eclipse.

Eclipse - the total or partial obscuring of one celestial body by another.

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Solar Eclipse


A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from parts of Earth.


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Lunar Eclipse


During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks sunlight fromreaching the moon.


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Luna: The Moon of Earth, continued• Eclipses - When the shadow of one celestial body

falls on another, an eclipse occurs.• Solar Eclipses - During a total solar eclipse, the

disk of the moon completely covers the disk of the sun, as shown below.

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Luna: The Moon of Earth, continued• Lunar Eclipses - During lunar eclipse, moon passes

through Earth’s shadow.• The Tilted Orbit of the Moon - You don’t see a

solar & lunar eclipse every month because moon’s orbit around Earth is tilted.

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Tides


Tides occur mainly due to the difference in the force of gravity between the moon and different parts of Earth.



Tides





Tides





Tides





Spring and Neap Tides


When Earth, the sun, and the moon are in a straight line, a spring tide occurs. When the moon is at a right angle to the sun, a neap tide occurs.



Spring and Neap Tides


When Earth, the sun, and the moon are in a straight line, a spring tide occurs. When the moon is at a right angle to the sun, a neap tide occurs.



Previewing VisualsPreview Figure 11. Then write two questions you have about the diagram of the phases of the moon in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.

Q. Why does the moon have phases?Earth’s History





Q. Why does the moon have phases?

A. The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth, and the sun cause the phases of the moon.

Earth’s History







Q. Do we see different sides of the moon as the phases of the moon appear?

Earth’s History







Q. Do we see different sides of the moon as the phases of the moon appear?

A. No; the same side of the moon always faces Earth.

Earth’s History




The Moon’s Surface

- Earth’s Moon

Features on the moon’s surface include maria, craters, and highlands.


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The Moon’s Size

- Earth’s Moon

Moon is 3,476 km in diameter, a little less than distance across contiguous Untied States.


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Moon’s SurfaceMaria - dark, flat areas, which Galileo named (Mah ree uh); he thought incorrectly that they were oceans. Actually hardened rock from huge lava flows - 3 to 4 Gya.

Craters - First accurately described by Galileo - round pits ranging in size from marble to 2,240 km in diameter (from Phoenix to Chicago), made - meteoroid impacts.

Highlands - Galileo inferred light-colored features highlands. By shadows.

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Luna: The Moon of Earth• The Surface of the Moon - surfaces of bodies that

have no atmospheres, such as moon, preserve a record of almost all of the impacts that bodies have had. Moonquakes have shown core of moon may be molten.

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The Origin of the Moon

- Earth’s Moon

Scientists theorize that a planet-sized object collided with earth to form the moon.




- Earth’s Moon





- Earth’s Moon





- Earth’s Moon



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Main Idea

Detail Detail Detail

Identifying Main IdeasAs you read the section “The Moon’s Surface,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that further explain the main idea.

The moon’s surface has a variety of features such as…

- Earth’s Moon



Main Idea




Dark, flat areas called maria, which formed from huge lava flows

- Earth’s Moon



Main Idea





Large, round pits called craters, which were caused by the impact of meteoroids

- Earth’s Moon



Main Idea





Large, round pits called craters, which were caused by the impact of meteoroids

Highlands, or mountains, which cover much of the moon’s surface

- Earth’s Moon



Graphic Organizer

revolves

Earth

On its axis

Years

causing causing



Graphic Organizer

revolves

Earth

On its axis

Years

rotates

causing causing



Graphic Organizer

Around the sun

revolves

Earth

On its axis

Years

rotates

causing causing



Graphic Organizer

Around the sun

revolves

Earth

On its axis

Years

rotates

causing causing

Night and day


The Beginnings of Rocket Science• About 100 years ago, Russian high school teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed that machines called rockets could take people to outer space.

• Rocket - machine that uses escaping gas from burning fuel to move.

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The Beginnings of Rocket Science• A Boost for Modern Rocketry - While Tsiolkovsky proved scientifically that rockets could reach outer space, he never built any rockets himself.

• American physicist & inventor Robert Goddard launched the first successful liquid-fuel rocket in 1926.

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The Beginnings of Rocket Science•Goddard tested more than 150 rocket engines, by the time of WW II, Goddard’s work began to interest US military.

•Goddard’s work drew much attention because of terrifying new weapon that the German army had developed.

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From Rocket Bombs to Rocket Ships• Toward end of WW II, Nazi Germany developed new weapon known as V-2 rocket

• V-2 rocket could deliver explosives from German military bases to London—a distance of ~350 km.

• V-2 rocket developed by team led by Wernher von Braun, young Ph.D. student whose research was supported by German military.

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Rocket Bombs to Rocket Ships, continued

• 1945 - near end of war, von Braun & entire research team surrendered to advancing America army. United States thus gained 127 of best German rocket scientists.

• With this gain, rocket research in the United States boomed in the 1950s.

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• Birth of NASA - End of World War II marked beginning of Cold War, a long period of political tension between US & Soviet Union.

• Cold War was marked by an arms race & by competition in space technology.

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• In response to Soviet advances in space, U.S. government formed National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, in 1958.

• NASA combined all of rocket-development teams in US (Brain Trust). Their cooperation led to development of many rockets, including those shown on next slide.

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How Rockets Work• For Every Action . . . Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal & opposite reaction.

• Can be demonstrated if you blow up a balloon & let it go. Air rushing backward from balloon (the action) results in forward motion of balloon (the reaction).

•Rockets work in same way. In fact, rockets were once called reaction devices.

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How Rockets Work, continued• Because exhaust gases are under extreme pressure, they exert a huge amount of force. Force that accelerates rocket is thrust.

• Thrust - pushing or pulling force exerted by engine of aircraft or rocket.

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How Rockets Work, continued• Because exhaust gases are under extreme pressure, they exert a huge amount of force. The force that accelerates a rocket is called thrust.

• Thrust - pushing or pulling force exerted by engine of aircraft or rocket.

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How Rockets Work, continued• You Need More Than Rocket Fuel - Rockets burn fuel to provide thrust that propels them. In order for something to burn, oxygen (O) must be present.

• O plentiful @ Earth’s surface, little or no oxygen in upper atmosphere & in outer space. (<1 atom/m3 on average)

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How Rockets Work, continued•For this reason, rockets that go into outer space must carry enough oxygen w/them to be able to burn their fuel.

• Space shuttles, for example, carry hundreds of thousands of gallons of liquid O. This O needed to burn shuttle’s rocket fuel.

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How Rockets Work, continued• Gravitational pull of Earth main factor rocket must overcome. Rocket must reach a certain velocity (speed & direction), to orbit or escape Earth.

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How Rockets Work, continued• Orbital Velocity and Escape Velocity - For rocket to orbit Earth, must have enough thrust to reach orbital velocity.

• Orbital velocity - speed & direction a rocket must travel in order to orbit a planet or moon.

• Lowest possible speed a rocket may go & still orbit Earth ~8 km/s (17,927 mph). If rocket goes any slower, will fall back to Earth.

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The First Satellites• Artificial satellite - any human-made object placed in orbit around a body in space.

• Many kinds of artificial satellites, including weather satellites, communications satellites, & remote-sensing satellites.

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The First Satellites, continued• 1957 - Soviets launched first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Orbited for 57 days before it fell back to Earth & burned up in atmosphere.

• Two months later, Sputnik 2 carried first living being into space—a dog named Laika.

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Choosing Your Orbit• Satellites are placed in different types of orbits. All early satellites were placed in low Earth orbit.

• Low Earth orbit (LEO) - an orbit less than 1,500 km above Earth’s surface.

• A satellite in LEO moves around Earth very quickly & can provide clear images of Earth. However, this motion can place a satellite out of contact much of the time.

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Choosing Your Orbit, continued• Most communications and weather satellites circle the Earth in geostationary orbit.

• Geostationary orbit (GEO) is an orbit that is about 36,000 km above the Earth’s surface and in which a satellite is above a fixed spot on the equator.

• A satellite in GEO always above the same spot on Earth. Ground stations are in continuous contact w/these satellites so that communications will not be interrupted.

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Choosing Your Orbit, continued

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How Earth Moves - WordPress.com · 1. The sun’s rays heat Earth. 2. Earth has seasons. 3. In the Northern Hemisphere, fall begins in September and spring begins in March. 1. Areas