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Luther’s Reforms Luther sought to reform the church, but ultimately broke from it completely Called for an end to sacraments Called for clergy to marry Reformed church services New ideas became Lutheranism, the first Protestant Faith
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How does this quote by Johann Tetzel anger Martin Luther?“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”•Luther was disgusted by sale of relics as a means of achieving salvation•Issued 95 Theses criticizing the sale of indulgences
Luther sought to reform the church, but ultimately broke from it completely
Called for an end to sacraments
Called for clergy to marryReformed church servicesNew ideas became
Lutheranism, the first Protestant Faith
Luther’s Reforms
People felt they held a worldly view focused on power, and lacked a spiritual connection with the people of the church
Focused too much on good works, not on faithSalvation had become mechanical in the view of
someMartin Luther was disgusted by the selling of
indulgences
Criticisms of the church
• Church excommunicates Luther in 1521• Edict of Worms – Martin Luther declared an
outlaw• German ruler protects and hides Luther• Charles the V, Holy Roman Emperor and King
of Spain, wants to keep Germany Catholic, but there is too much resistance…
• Peace of Augsburg – agreement that accepts religious division in Germany
• Each German state has the right to choose its form (Catholicism or Lutheranism), but the individual does not have the right to choose
Break from the church, and German acceptance…
Meanwhile - Reformation in EnglandKing Henry VIII – seeks annulment, but the pope
refuses1534 – Church of England forms (Anglican
Church) marks official break from CatholicismHis daughter, Mary, becomes queen and tries to
restore Catholicism in England. Burns Protestants for being heretics. “Bloody Mary”
Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zürich
He reformed the church in Switzerland before being killed by Catholic enemies in a religious war in 1531
John Calvin assumes control in Switzerland…publishes Institutes of a Christian Religion
Becomes a new leader among the Protestant movement
Spread of Protestantism
• Preached of the “Power, Grace, and Glory of God”
• Developed idea of Predestination – God had determined in advance who was to be saved and who would be damned
• Calvinists, believing they were predetermined to be saved, now believed they were doing God’s work… Calvinists are a very active bunch
• Geneva, Switzerland – city becomes the stronghold of Protestant faith as Calvinism becomes the leading faith over Lutheranism
John Calvin
Ignatius of Loyola – Spanish nobleman who founded the Jesuits (Jeh-zoo-its), also known as the Society for Jesus
Ignatius believed in education, and set out to spread the Catholic message through his teaching
1540 – the pope recognizes the Jesuits1545 – Council of Trent begins meeting to evaluate
the Catholic ChurchCouncil affirms that Catholicism remains the way it is,
and that earlier problems were caused by the actions of popes
Catholic Counter Reformation